-76  #p 


SELECTIONS 


LATIN  CLASSIC  AUTHORS. 


PILEDRUS, -JUSTIN",  NEPOS. 


WITH  NOTES  AND  A  VOCABULARY. 


BY 

FRANCIS  GARDNER, 

HEAD  MASTER, 

A.    M.    GAY    AND    A.    H.    BUCK, 

MASTERS   IN   THE   BOSTON    LATIN    SCHOOL. 


BOSTON: 
LEE     AND      SHEPARD,     PUBLISHERS. 

NEW  YORK: 

LEE,  SHEPARD  AND  DILLINGHAM. 
1872. 


.  •  , 
•Sniered-  nccovdiii^  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1872, 

6y  Lfck  AND  SHEPARD, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


Electrotyped  at  the  Boston  Stereotype  Foundry, 
19  Spring  Lane. 


TO 


HENRY  F.  WASHBURN,  ESQ.,  SAM'L  K.  LOTHROP,  D.  D., 

FRANCIS  H.  UNDERWOOD,  ESQ.,     LYMAN  MASON,  ESQ., 
JOHN  P.  REYNOLDS,  M.  D., 

MEMBERS    OF   THE    SPECIAL    COMMITTEE    UNDER 
WHOSE    AUSPICES 

THE  NEW  COURSE  OF  INSTRUCTION 

WAS     INTRODUCED    INTO    THE 
PUBLIC    LATIN    SCHOOL, 

Slljis  Serie0  of  Catin  aulr  (Sfmk  2lutl)ar0 

IS  MOST  RESPECTFULLY  DEDICATED 
BY  THE  EDITORS. 


PREFACE. 


IN  presenting  to  the  public  this,  the  first  of  the 
series  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  authors,  included  in 
the  new  programme  of  the  studies  of  the  Latin  School, 
the  editors  think  it  desirable  to  state  in  a  few  words 
the  plan  which  has  been  adopted. 

The  present  state  of  classical  learning  demands 
that  the  scholar  shall  be  able,  at  the  close  of  his 
course  of  study,  to  read  a  Latin  author  with  a  facility 
which  the  methods  hitherto  pursued  of  studying  the 
language  have  rendered  impossible.  To  arrive  at  the 
desired  result,  and  to  secure  the  greatest  possible 
interest  on  the  part  of  the  pupil,  a  programme  has 
been  prepared  embracing  a  wide  range  of  the  ancient 
classics.  As  in  many  cases  it  is  impossible  that  the 
whole  of  an  author  should  be  read,  the  editors  have 
undertaken  the  task  of  making  such  selections  as 
shall  contribute  to  the  most  rapid  and  pleasant  ad- 
vancement of  the  pupil. 

It  has  been  assumed  that  in  the  books  preparatory 
to  this  series  the  scholar  has  become  tolerably  well 
acquainted  with  the  usual  constructions  and  the  more 
common  words.  Therefore  such  notes  have  been 
added  as  may  enable  him,  by  casting  his  eye  to  the 
bottom  of  the  page,  to  go  forward  with  his  reading, 
without  being  retarded  by  difficulties  of  construction 
or  translation.  References,  however,  have  been  added, 
for  the  use  of  those  pupils  who  may  wish  to  consult 
their  Grammars  upon  the  points  elucidated. 

As  it  is  believed  that  a  more  rapid  and  equally 
thorough  progress  can  be  made  by  having  the  notes 


vi  PREFACE. 

at  the  bottom  of  the  page,  the  usual  custom  of  placing 
them  at  the  close  of  the  volume  has  been  abandoned. 
Experience  has  shown  that,  unless  the  class  is  espe- 
cially examined  upon  the  contents  of  the  "Notes/' 
they  are  in  most  cases  neglected,  unless  absolutely 
necessary  for  ascertaining  the  meaning  of  the  passage. 
This  being  the  case,  the  more  immediately  they  are 
placed  before  the  eye  of  the  student,  the  more  readily 
will  their  contents  be  mastered. 

It  has  not  been  expected  that  all  of  the  notes  will 
meet  the  approval  of  every  teacher.  Each  one  will 
direct  his  pupils  to  such  as  he  prefers  should  receive 
their  attention.  One  may  think  that  at  this  point  of 
the  course  too  much  attention  has  been  given  to  the 
subjunctive  mood  ;  another  may  think  that  now  is  not 
the  time  to  draw  the  pupil's  attention  to  the  syno- 
nymes.  But  in  the  belief  that  much  profit  can  be  de- 
rived from  attention  to  them,  a  good  deal  of  pains 
has  been  taken  to  insert  those  which  are  manifestly 
within  the  power  of  discrimination  of  quite  young 
persons.  In  a  great  majority  of  cases,  the  words 
whose  difference  of  meaning  is  pointed  out  occur  in 
the  volume  ;  in  many,  in  close  proximity,  and  in  no 
case  is  a  word  given  with  wrhich  the  pupil  is  sup- 
posed to  be  unacquainted.  So,  too,  an  occasional 
point  of  construction  or  translation  may  seem  to  a 
teacher  to  be  hypercritical.  If  so,  he  can  direct  his 
scholars  to  disregard  it. 

In  preparing  the  notes  the  editors  have  freely 
availed  themselves  of  all  the  materials  within  their 
reach.  The  best  and  most  recent  German  editions  of 
all  three  of  the  authors  have  been  consulted. 

In  conclusion,  the  editors  wish  to  acknowledge 
the'ir  great  indebtedness  to  Professor  George  M.  Lane, 
of  Harvard  University,  for  the  valuable  suggestions 
kindly  afforded  by  him  in  the  progress  of  the  work. 

BOSTON,  March  25,  1872. 


LIFE  OF 


THE  few  facts  we  know  respecting  the  personal  his- 
tory of  Phsedrus,  the  author  of  the  following  fables, 
are  gathered  from  his  own  writings.  He  was  a  native 
of  Thrace  or  of  Macedonia,  and  at  a  very  early  age 
was  brought  to  Rome,  where  he  became  the  slave  of  - 
Augustus,  whose  attention  he  attracted  by  the  integrity 
of  his  character  and  his  superior  abilities,  and  from 
whom  he  subsequently  received  his  freedom.  In  the 
reign  of  Tiberius,  he  became  the  object  of  the  hate 
and  persecution  of  Sejanus,  the  infamous  confidant  of 
the  emperor ;  but  in  the  same  court  he  found  friends 
and  protectors,  and  it  was  to  these  noble  patrons  that 
he  dedicated  the  ingenious  work  in  which,  under  the 
veil  of  pleasing  allegory,  he  not  only  covered  his  ene- 
mies with  shame  and  ridicule,  but  gave  to  the  world 
beautiful  lessons  of  wisdom,  justice,  and  moderation  in 
good  as  well  as  in  evil  fortune.  By  many  pointed 
allusions  in  these  fables  he  so  far  incurred  the  wrath 
of  Sejanus  as  to  be  banished  from  the  imperial  court ; 
but  under  Caligula  we  find  him  in  hopes  of  being 
restored  to  favor  by  the  influence  of  his  friend  Euty- 

1 


2  LIFE   OF   PH^EDRUS. 

* 

chus.  The  date  of  his  birth,  as  well  as  of  his  death, 
is  uncertain;  but  he  is  known  to  have  lived  in  the 
reigns  of  Augustus,  Tiberius,  and  Caligula,  which  em- 
brace a  period  between  B.  C.  29  and  A.  D.  41.  He  was, 
therefore,  only  a  little  later  than  Virgil,  Horace,  and 
Ovid,  the  tlr-ee  greot  poets  of  the  Augustan  age.  His 
works,  as  the;;  h-ive  come  down  to  us,  consist  of  ninety- 
•sevoiT  fables,  distributed  into  five  books,  which  are 
'written  wiih  a  purity  of  niyle  and  clearness  of  expres- 
sion which  show  him  to  have  possessed  no  inferior  tal- 
ents as  an  author,  and  to  have  been  a  complete  master 
of  elegant  composition. 

In  comparing  him  with  La  Fontaine,  the  greatest 
of  the  French  fabulists,  the  historian  Hallam  says, 
"  Phaedrus,  a  writer  scarcely  prized  enough,  because  he 
is  an  early  school-book,  has  a  perfection  of  elegant 
beauty  which  very  few  have  rivalled.  No  word  is  out 
of  its  place,  none  is  redundant,  or  could  be  changed  for. 
a  better;  his  perspicuity  and  ease  make  everything 
appear  unpremeditated,  yet  everything  is  wrought  by 
consummate  art." 


REMARKS  ON  IAMBIC  VERSE. 


1.  The  verse  in  which  the  fables  of  Phsedrus    are 
written  is  called  the  Mixed  Iambic  Trimeter ; 

Iambic,  from  its  prevailing  foot,  the  Iambus  (  ^  — ), 
which  consists  of  one  short  and  one  long  syllable ; 

Trimeter,  from  the  fact  that  each  verse  contains 
three  Dipodies,  or  Pairs  of  feet ; 

Mixed,  as  distinguished  from  the  Pure  Iambic,  be- 
cause, while  the  earlier  verse  of  this  kind  admitted 
only  the  Iambus,  in  later  times  Metrical  Equivalents 
and  Metrical  Substitutes  took  the  place  of  the  Iambus. 

2.  Metrical  Equivalents   are   feet   having  the  same 
quantity  as   the  Original  foot.     Thus   dommus,  a  Tri- 
brach (  ^  ^  ^  ),  has  three  short  syllables,  which  in 
quantity  are    equivalent  to  those  of  parens,    an  Iam- 
bus (  ^  —  ). 

Metrical  Substitutes  are  feet  used  for  others  to  which 
they  are  not  equivalent  in  quantity.  Thus  a  Spondee 

( ),  containing  two  long   syllables,  may  be  used 

for  an  Iambus  (^  —  ). 

3.  The  feet  employed  in  this  verse  are : 
Iambus  (^  —  ),  one  short  and  one  long,  as  .  oves. 

Spondee  ( ),  two  long,  as vulpes. 

Tribrach  (^^^  ),  three  short,  as   ....  dommus. 
Dactyl  (—  ^  ^  ),  one  long  and  two  short,  as  carmina. 
Anapaest  (  ^ '  ^  —  ),  two  short  and  one  long,  as  capmnt. 
Proceleusmatic  (  ^  ^  ^  ^  ),  four  short,  as    .  memoria. 

3 


4  REMARKS    ON   IAMBIC   VERSE. 

4.  The  Iambus  is  allowed  in  any  place,  but  is  always 
found  in  the  last. 

The  Proceleusmatic  is  found  only  in  the  first  place. 

The  Spondee,  Tribrach,  Dactyl,  and  Anapaest  may 
stand  in  any  place  except  the  last. 

The  Iambus  receives  the  Ictus  or  Rhythmic  accent 
on  the  last  syllable.  The  Equivalents  and  Substitutes 
take  the  ictus  of  the  Iambus,  and  always  on  the  first 
of  the  two  short  syllables  into  which  a  long  one  is 
resolved. 

5.  SCALE  OF  MIXED  IAMBIC  TRIMETER. 


1st. 

2d. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

6t 

1. 

^^  — 

^_x  — 

v^x  

^_x  — 

'v-x  

•^x 

2. 











v^ 

• 
4. 

5. 

*^/  ^^  _ 

\^  v^y  

v^^   ^_X  

^^  — 

V-/    Vs_X    

V^ 

6. 

^-^  v_>/  v^x  v^x 

v»x 

6.  EXAMPLE  OF  SCANNING  IAMBIC  VERSE. 

pus  auc  |  tor  quam'  |  materi  |  am  rep7  |  pe-nt,* 
Hanc  e'go  |  poll  |  vl  veiy  |  sibus  |  sena'  |  rils. 
Duplex7  |  libel  |  II  dos'  |  est  :  quod  |  rlsum7  |  mo  vet.* 

The  Csesural  Pause  occurs  most  frequently  before 
the  arsis  of  the  third  foot  ;  sometimes,  also,  before  that 
of  the  fourth,  in  which  case  the  second  foot  usually 
ends  with  a  word. 


auctor  |  qnam  materiam  repperit. 
Quod  arbores  loquantur,  |  non  tantiim  ferae. 

*  The  last  syllable  of  a  verse  may  be  made  long  at  the  option  of  the 
poet.    H.  665. 


PHJEDRI  FABULJL 


PEOLOGUS. 

-5CSOPUS  auctor  quarn  materiam  repperit, 
Hanc  ego  polivi  versibus  senariis. 
Duplex  libelli  dos  est :  quod  risum  movet, 
Et  quod  prudent!  vitam  consilio  monet. 
Calumniari  si  quis  autem  voluerit, 


PROLOGUS.  1.  ^Esopus]  The 
celebrated  fabulist,  who  had  the 
reputation  of  being  the  originator 
of  fables.  Of  his  life  and  works 
scarcely  anything  is  known. 
Many  critics,  among  others  Lu- 
ther, have  even  doubted  his  ex- 
istence. According  to  Herodotus, 
Plutarch,  and  Diogenes  Laertius, 
he  lived  about  the  sixth  century 
B.  C.,  and  was  a  cotemporary  of 
Solon  of  Athens.  He  was  by 
birth  a  Phrygian,  served  under 
several  masters  as  a  slave,  and  re- 
sided at  last  at  the  court  of  Croe- 
sus, King  of  Lydia,  by  whom  he 
was  sent  on  an  embassy  to  Delphi, 
where,  accused  of  sacrilege,  he 
was  thrown  from  a  precipice  and 
killed,  about  564  B.  C.  —  auctor] 
1  Originally,'  « first ' ;  lit.  « the  au- 
thor '  or  *  inventor.'  -ZEsop  is  so 
called  in  opposition  to  Phsedrus, 
who  placed  the  fables  in  a  new 
form.  —  materiam]  Lit.  'the  ma- 
terial from  which  anything  is 
made.'  The  antecedent,  as  is  not 
unusual  in  Latin,  is  "put  in  the 


relative  clause.  H.  445,  9.  Con- 
strue :  materiam, •  quam  jEsopus 
auctor  repperit.  —  repperit]  •  Writ- 
ten also  reperit. 

2.  polivi]    A  metaphor,  taken 
from  the  artist  or  workman  (fa- 
ber)  who  polishes  the  rough  mate- 
rial (materiam}. — senariis]  '  With 
verses  of  six  feet.' 

3.  Duplex]  From  duo,  plico,  •  to 
fold.'  Compare  the  English  words 
*  twofold,'  *  threefold,'  etc.  —  dos] 
In    its    prominent    signification, 
means  a  'dowry'  or  'portion ;'  and 
by -duplex  dos  Phsedrus  means  the 
double  portion  which  his  book, 
the  child  of  his  brain,  has  received 
for  its  recommendation. 

4.prudenti — monet]  *  Gives  wise 
counsels  for  the  conduct  of  life.' 

5.  Calumniari]  Conveys  the  idea 
of  a  groundless,  malicious  criti- 
cism. —  voluerit]  Lit. '  shall  have 
wished.*  The  English,  in  express- 
ing the  relations  of  time,  is  much 
less  exact  than  the  Latin,  using 
often,  for  the  future  perfect,  the 
simple  future  or  present. 


PILEDRI 


Quod  arbores  loquantur,  non  tantum  ferae, 
Fictis  jocari  nos  meminerit  fabulis. 


6.  loquantur}     Subjunctive,   as 
containing  the  allegations  of  the 
malicious  critics.   H.  520,  II.  With 
arbores  supply  et,  '  but  also.' 

7.  Fictis — fabulis]  Fdbula\for, 
fdri),  like  our  word  'story,'  is  used 


for  both  true  and  false  narrative. 
Hence  Jictis  is  here  appropriately 
added.  —  nos}  Subject  of  jocari. 
—  meminerit]  The  hortatory  sub- 
junctive, 'I  beg  him  to  remem- 
ber.' H.  488, 1. 


EABULA  I. 


LTirUS   ET   AGNUS. 

Ad  rivum  enndem  lupus  et  agnus  venerant, 
Siti  compulsi ;  superior  stabat  lupus, 
Longeque  inferior  agnus.     Tune  fauce  improba 
Latro  incitatus  jurgii  causam  intulit. 
"  Cur,"  in  quit,  "  turbulentam  fecisti  mihi 
Aquam  bibenti  ?  "  Laniger  contra  timens  : 
"  Qui  possum,  qua3so,  facere,  quod  quereris,  lupe  ? 
A  te  decurrit  ad  meos  baustus  liquor." 


FABULA  I.  2.  superior]  '  High- 
er up  the  stream.'  In  expressing 
the  more  intimate  modifications 
of  the  verb,  the  Latin  often  uses 
an  adjective  where  we  use  an  ad- 
verb. H.  443. 

3 .  Longe]  Observe  the  force  of 
this  word,  as  showing  more  clear- 
ly the  utter  groundlessness  of  the 
wolf's  accusation.  — fauce  impro- 
ba] Limits  incitatus,  '  by  his  rav- 
enous appetite.' 

4.  Latro]   The  wolf.    In  fables, 
human  attributes  and  character- 
istics are  ascribed  to  animals,  as 
rapacity  to  the  wolf,  cunning  to 
the  fox,  stupidity  to  the  ass,  &c. 

5.  mihi]    Dative  of  disadvan- 
tage. 


6.  Laniger]  i.  e.  agnus.  Ob- 
serve how  the  poet  uses  different 
words  for  the  same  object.  In 
prose,  the  pronoun  would  be  em- 
ployed.—  contra']  Supply  inquit. 
— timens']  The  participle,  involving 
a  relation  of  time,  here  momen- 
tary ;  the  adjective  (timidus]  ex- 
presses a  permanent  characteristic. 
•  7.  Quf]  An  old  ablative  with 
an  adverbial  signification.  —  quod 
quereris']  '  Of  which  you  com- 
plain.' 

8.  decurrit]  '  Runs  down  ' ;  de 
often  has  this  signification  in  com- 
position. —  ad  meos  haustus]  Po- 
etic for  ad  me  bibentetn,  'to  me 
drinking.'  —  liquor]  i.  e.  aqua,  but 
here  appropriate  as  signifying 


FABUL^E   I.,  II. 


Repulsus  ille  veritatis  viribus, 

"Ante  hos  sex  menses  male,"  ait,  "dixisti  mihi."     10 
Respondit  agnus  :  "  Equidem  natus  non  eram." 
"Pater  hercule  tuus,"  inquit,  "male  dixit  mihi." 
Atque  ita  correptum  lacerat  injusta  nece. 

Hsec  propter  illos  scripta  est  homines  fabula, 
Qui  fictis  causis  innocentes  opprimunt.  15 


flowing  water ;  hence  that  which 

is  pure,  clear,  and  fit  for  drinking. 

10.  Ante]     *  Six  months  ago.' 

13.  Atque  ita]  'And  so,'  i.e.  while 

the  wolf  is  justifying  himself  in 

this  manner.  —  correptum  lacerat] 

Sc.  eum,  *  seizes  and  tears  him.'  So 


the  English  uses  verbs  connected 
with  *  and  ' ;  but  the  Latin  is  more 
precise ;  correptum  implies  a  tem- 
poral relation  antecedent  to  lace- 
rat. 

15.  fictis  causis]    '  Under  false 
pretences ; '  the  ablative  absolute. 


FABULA  II. 


REGEM   PETIEKUNT. 


Athene  quum  florerent  a3quis  legibus, 
Procax  libertas  civitatem  miscuit 
Frenumque  solvit  pristinum  licentia. 
Hie  conspiratis  factionum  partibus 


FABULA II.  I.Athena]  Athens, 
capital  of  Attica,  famed  for  its 
learning  and  culture.  —  cequis  legi- 
bus] '  Impartial ' ;  that  is,  where  all 
the  citizens  are  equal  before  the 
law.  The  laws  of  Solon  are  meant. 

2.  Procax]    From  proco  =peto. 
The  termination  -ax  denotes  an 
inclination,  generally  a  faulty  one. 
Trans,  'grasping';  not  content  with 
its  own  present  advantages,  but 
always  striving  after  more,  and 
never  satisfied. — miscuit]  *  Threw 
into  confusion/ 

3.  Frenum]  i.  e.  of  the  govern- 
ment.   A  metaphor,  taken  from 


horses,  which  are  controlled  by 
the  bit  and  rein,  as  citizens  by  a 
wise  government.  —  licentia']  'A 
spirit  of  lawlessness.'  The  sub- 
ject of  solvit. 

4.  Hie]  '  On  this  occasion,'  *  un- 
der these  circumstances.'  Several 
particles  —  such  as  hie,  ibi,  ubi, 
inde,  etc.  —  are  used  in  Latin  to 
express  both  a  temporal  and  a  lo- 
cal relation. —  conspiratis]  Used 
actively  for  conspirantibus.  — fac- 
tionum — partibus~]  Both  of  these 
words  mean  « political  parties ; ' 
but  factiones  conveys  the  idea  of 
a  union  for  a  common  aim,  whilst 


FABUL^i. 


Arcem  tyrannus  occupat  Pisistratus. 
Quum  tristem  servitutem  flerent  Attici, 
(Non  quia  crudelis  ille,  sed  quoniam  grave 
Omne  insuetis  onus)  et  coepissent  queri, 
^Esopus  talem  turn  fabellam  rettulit. 

RanaB  vagantes  liberis  paludibus 
Clamore  magno  regem  petiere  a  Jove, 
Qui  dissolutos  mores  vi  compesceret. 
Pater  deorum  risit  atque  illis  dedit 


10 


partes  implies  a  separation  from 
a  whole;  hence  factionum  paries, 
*  divisions  into  parties,'  or  '  differ- 
ent political  parties.' 

5.  Arcem]    '  The  Acropolis.'    In 
ancient  times,  an  eminence  was 
selected  at  the  first  settlement  of 
a  town,  as  being  the  place  most 
easily  defended.    The  same  cus- 
tom of   occupying  the    hill-tops 
against  the  attacks  of  the  Indians 
obtained  in  the  early  settlement  of 
New  England.  —  tyrannus]    'As 
ruler.'    The   word  tyrannus   did 
not  at  first  imply  the  odium  which 
we  attach  to  tyrant,  but  simply 
meant  an  absolute  ruler  of  a  state 
previously  free.    Vid.  Nep.  Milt., 
8.    Compare  the   history  of  our 
words  knave  and  villain,  meaning 
originally  '  boy '  and  '  peasant/  — 
Pisistratus]    The  son  of  Hippo- 
crates.   He  became  despot  B.  C. 
560,  and    died    B.   C.  527.      He 
gained  possession  of  the  Acropo- 
lis by  means  of  a  body-guard, 
which  had  been  assigned  to  him 
for  his  defence  against  assassina- 
tion from  political  opponents. 

6.  Attici]  i.  e.,  Athenienscs. 

7.  Non  quia  crudelis  —  sed  quo- 
niam]   In  both  of  these  clauses 
erat  is  to  be  supplied.    "With  the 
first,  as  containing  a  reason  re- 


jected as  invalid,  esset  would  be 
required  in  prose.  By  poetical 
license,  however,  the  indicative 
can  be  used  in  both.  —  grave] 
Predicate  adjective.  H.  438,  2. 

8.  Omne  —  onus]  '  Every '  (how- 
ever slight).  —  insuetis]  ( To  those 
unaccustomed  to  bear  burdens.' 
To  be  scanned  in  four  syllables. 
For  the  sake  of  the  metre  v  is 
sometimes  regarded  as  a  vowel : 
silwB  for  silcce,   soluit    for  soli-it 
(Diuresis) ;  and  u  as  a  consonant : 
tenvia    for    tenuia,    milvus     for 
miluus   (Synasresis).  —  cocpissenf] 
H.  518,  II. 

9.  rettulit]      For   retulit ;    see 
repperit.     Prol.  v.  1 . 

10.  liberis]     *  Which  were  sub- 
ject to  no  ruler.'    The  realm  of 
the  frogs  is  compared  with   the 
republic  of  Athens. — paludibus'] 
Ablative  of  place.    H.  422,  1. 

11.  a  Jove]     The    usual    con- 
struction with  verbs  of  asking  is 
two  accusatives ;    but  peto  takes 
ace.,  and  abl.  with  a.    H.  374,3,4). 

12.  vi]     'By  his  authority.'  — 
compesceret]      Subjunctive    after 
qui  in  the  sense  of  ut  ille.    H. 
500. 

13.  Pater  deorum]    Jupiter. — 
risit]     At  seeing  the  frogs  im- 
patient in  their  liberty. 


FABULA   II. 


Parvum  tigillum,  missum  quod  subito  vadi 

Motu  sonoque  terruit  pavidum  genus.  15 

Hoc  mersum  limo  quum  j  ace"  ret  diutius, 

Forte  una  tacite  profert  e  stagno  caput, 

Et,  explorato  rege,  cunctas  evocat. 

Illae,  timore  posito,  certatim  adnatant, 

Lignumque  supra  turba  petulans  insilit ;  20 

Quod  quum  inquin assent  omni  contumelia, 

Aliura  rogantes  regera  misere  ad  Jovem, 

Inutilis  quoniam  esset,  qui  fuerat  datus. 

Turn  misit  illis  hydrum,  qui  dente  aspero 

Compere  coepit  singulas ;  frustra  necem  25 

Fugitant  inertes ;  vocem  praecludit  metus. 

Furtim  igitur  dant  Mercurio  man  data  ad  Jovem, 


14.  tigillum]    Diminutive  from 
tignum.  H.  315,  3.  —  missum  quod] 
'Which  having  been  thrown,'  — 
subito  —  sonoque]  *  By  the  sudden 
motion  and  sound  of  the  shallow 
water.'  —  vadi]     Vadum,    of   the 
same  origin  as  the  English  « wade,' 
means  primarily  <  fordable  water;' 
stagnum,  *  standing  water.' 

15.  pavidum]    The  suffix  -Idus 
added  chiefly  to  the  stem  of  in- 
transitive verbs  in-eo,  denotes  the 
condition  and  property  expressed 
by  the  verb ;  often  with  the  col- 
lateral idea  of  fulness.    H.  328,  2. 

16.  Hoc]    Refers  to  genus. — 
limo]    Properly  the  ablative    of 
instrument,  but  better  translated 
with  '  in.'  —  diutius]  Observe  the 
quantity  of  the  antepenult.    The 
force  of  the  comparative  may  be 
given  by  '  somewhat '  or  *  rather.' 

18.  exployato]  l  After  he  had 
thoroughly  examined.'  H.  431,  2. 

20.  Lignum  supra]  Anastrophc, 
the  placing  of  a  preposition  after 
its  case,  occurs  in  prose  almost 


always  with  polysyllabic  prepo- 
sitions which  govern  the  oblique 
cases  of  qui  and  hie,  but  is  em- 
ployed freely  by  the  poets. 

21.  Quod]     To   be   translated 
like   a   demonstrative.     H.  453. 
—  inquinassent]     For  inquinavis- 
sent.    H.  234. 

22.  rogantes']  Agrees  with  lega- 
tos  understood.    H.578,  V.    The 
accusative  of  the  person  is  here 
omitted  as  being  sufficiently  ob- 
vious from  the  context.   The  pur- 
pose, with  verbs  of  motion,  is  ex- 
pressed in  Latin  more  frequent- 
ly by  qui    and  the    subjunctive; 
thus  :  misere  legates,  qui  rogarent. 

23.  esset]    That  is,  in  the  opin- 
ion of  the  frogs.    H.  520,  II. 

26.  Fugitant]     'Make  frequent 
efforts  to  escape.'  Here  as  in  many 
cases  the  present  tense  represents 
an  action  as  attempted  but  not 
completed ;  the  frequentative  form 
expresses  the  frequent  repetition 
of  the  action.    H.  332,  1. 

27.  Mercurio']    The  son  of  Ju- 


10  PH^DRI  FABUL^. 

Adilictis  ut  succurrat.     Tune  contra  deus, 
"  Quia  noluistis  vestrum  ferre,"  inquit,  "  bonum, 
Malum  perferte."     "  Vos  quoque,  o  cives,"  ait,        30 
"  Hoc  sustinete,  majus  ne  veniat  malum." 

piter  and  Maj a,  messenger  of  the  30.  perferte]      Stronger    than 

gods.  ferre ;  '  endure  as  best  you  can.' 

28.  succurrat]   '.  Entreating  him  — ait]    ^Esop  is  speaking  to  the 
to  succor  them  in  their  affliction.'  Athenians. 

29.  bomtm]  Here  neuter ;  *  your  31.  Hoc]     Sc.  malum  ;  the  rule 
good  fortune.'    H.  441,  2.  of  Pisistratus. 


FABULA  III. 

GRACULUS  SUPERBUS  ET  PAVO. 

Ne  gloriari  libeat  alienis  bonis 
Suoque  potius  habitu  vitam  degere, 
-^Esopus  nobis  hoc  exemplum  prodidit. 

Tumens  inani  graculus  superbia, 
Pennas  pavoni  quae  deciderant  sustulit  5 

Seque  exornavit.     Delude  contemnens  suos 
Immiscuit  se  pavonum  formoso  gregi. 
Illi  impudent!  pennas  eripiunt  avi 
Fugantque  rostiis.     Male  mulcatus  graculus 

FABTJLA  III.      1.  libeat]      Im-  '  with    them.'  —  Deinde]     Ei   in 

personal.   H.  556,  1.    'That  one  deinde   and    dein    is    always    a 

may  not  be  pleased  to  plume  him-  diphthong    in  Phaedrus.  —  suos] 

self  on  others'  good  properties,  '  His  fellows.' 

but  rather  pass  his  life  in  his  own  7.  formoso]     H.    323. — gregi] 

position.'    Gloriari  and  degere  are  *  Flock ;'  seldom  of  birds,  but  Hor- 

subjects  of  libeat,  which  depends  ace  uses  grex  avium.     Ep.  1. 3, 19. 

on  prodidit.  —  bonis]    The  neuter  8.  Illi]  i.  e.,  pavones.  —  avi]  H. 

plural  of  the  adjective  is  often  386,  2. 

used  like  a  noun.    H.  441,  1.  9.  Fuganf]    Sc.  eum.    Observe 

2.  Suo  —  degere']    Sc.  ut  libeat.  that    the    transitive    verb    fugo 

3.  exemplum]  i.e.,fabulam.  means   'to  put  to    flight,'  while 

5.  pavoni]    H.  386,  2.  the  intransitive  verb  fugio  means 

6.  exornavit]        Supply     his,     'to  flee.'  —  Male  mulcatus]   'Bad- 


III.,  IV. 


11 


Redire  maerens  coepit  ad  proprium  genus ;  10 

A  quo  repulsus  tristem  sustinuit  notam. 

Turn  quidam  ex  illis,  quos  prius  despexerat : 

"  Contentus  nostris  si  fuisses  sedibus 

Et  quod  natura  dederat  voluisses  pati, 

Nee  illam  expertus  esses  contumeliam,  15 

Nee  hanc  repulsam  tua  sentiret  calamitas." 


ly  punished.'    Mulco  means  prop- 
erly '  to  beat,  cudgel.' 

11.  notam]    *  Mark  of  disgrace.' 
A  term  borrowed  from  the  Roman 
censors,  who  branded  (notabant) 
unworthy  citizens  as  such,   and 
punished  them  by  incapacitating 
them  for  certain  honors  and  dis- 
tinctions, and  by  degrading  them 
from  their  rank. 

12.  quidam]      Sc.    inquit.     H. 
367,  3.  —  ex  illis]    Expressing  the 
same    relation    as    the   partitive 
genitive  illorum.    H.  398,  4,  2). 

13.  fuisses}  '  Had  you  been,'  as 
you  were  not.    H.  510.  —  sedibus} 
'  With  our  station.'  H.  419,  IV. 


15.  illam  —  hanc]    Of  two  per- 
sons or  things  previously  spoken 
of,  hie  generally  refers  to  the  last 
mentioned;  ille,  to  the  more  re- 
mote:  hie,  however,  not  unfre- 
quently  may  refer  to  the  immedi- 
ate subject  of  discourse.     Hero 
ille  refers  to  vv.  8,  9  ;  hie  to  v.  11. 

16.  calamitas}      '  Nor    would 
you,  in  your  misfortune,  meet  this 
repulse  which  we  have  given  you.' 
In   poetry  a  substantive   which 
signifies    a    characteristic   or   a 
quality  (in  the  abstract)  is  often 
used  instead  of  the   person   to 
whom  this  characteristic  or  quali- 
ty belongs.    Cf.  4,  5 ;  5, 11. 


TABULA  IV. 

CANIS   PER   FLUVIUM   CAKNEM   FEKENS. 

Amittit  merito  proprium  qui  alienum  adpetit. 

Canis  per  flumen,  carnem  dum  ferret,  natans, 
Lympharum  in  speculo  vidit  simulacrum  suum, 
Aliamque  praedam  ab  alio  ferri  putans, 


FABULA  IV.  1.  adpetit]  Ob- 
serve the  force  of  ad  in  this  con- 
nection: 'seeks,  in  addition  to 
what  he  already  possesses.' 

2.  dum  ferret]  Dum,  like  quum, 
is  joined  with  the  subjunctive, 
when  it  implies,  in  addition  to  the 


temporal,  a  causal  relation  exist- 
ing between  the  principal  and 
subordinate  clauses.  Compare 
Dum  tefugeret.  Virg.,  Geo.  IV. 
457. 

3.  Lympharum}    A  poetic  word 
for  aquae. 


12  PH^EDRI   FABULJE. 

Eripere  voluit ;  veruTm  decepta  aviditas,  5 

Et  quern  tenebat  ore  dimisit  cibum, 
Nee,  quem  petebat,  adeo  potuit  attingere. 

5.  Eripere]  Sc.  itti.  —  aviditas]  1.  adeo}  <  After  all.'  Nee  is 
'  But,  in  his  greediness,  he  was  equivalent  to  et  non,  and  its  nega- 
disappointed.'  Cf.  3, 16.  tive  element  modifies  potuit. 


FABULA  V. 

VACCA,    CAPELLA,    OVIS,   ET   LEO. 

Nunquam  est  fidelis  cum  potente  societas : 
Testatur  haec  fabella  propositum  meum. 

Vacca  et  capella  et  patiens  ovis  injuriae, 
Socii  fuere  cum  leone  in  saltibus. 
Hi  quum  cepissent  cervum  vasti  corporis,  5 

Sic  est  locutus,  partibus  factis,  leo : 
"  Ego  primam  tollo,  nominor  quia  leo ; 
Secundnm,  quia  sum  fortis,  tribuetis  mihi ; 
Turn,  quia  plus  valeo,  me  sequetur  tertia; 
Malo  adficietur,  si  quis  quartam  tetigerit."  10 

Sic  totarn  pra3clam  sola  improbitas  abstulit. 

FABULA  Y.    1.  fidelis]    *  To  be  gion  and  valley,  plateau  and  ra- 

depended  upon/  vine,  wholly  or  partially  covered 

2.  propositum]     *  My  point.'  with  trees. 

3.  pattens']      '  Patient     "under  5.  corporis]     i  Size ; '    genitive 
wrong.'  —  injuries]      Depending  of  characteristic.    H.  396,  IV. 
upon  patiens.    H.  399,  2.  6.  partibus]    Ablative  absolute  ; 

4.  Socii]    Not  socia,  as  the  lion  *  after  a  division  had  been  made.' 
was  included  in  the  partnership.  7.  primam]     Sc.  partem. — leo] 
When    nouns    are    of   different  Predicate  noun.    H.  362. 
genders  and  denote  animate  ob-  9.  me  sequetur]    '  Shall  fall  to 
jects,    the    adjective    modifying  me.'    So  Hor.  Sat.  I.  8,  13. 
them  is  masculine.  H.  439, 2,1).—  10.   tetigerit]      Future    perfect. 
saltibus]     In  silva,  the  idea   of  Cf.  Pro),  v.  5. 

trees  of  a  large  growth  is  prom-  11.  improbitas]  '  In  his  insati- 
inent ;  in  saltus,  the  nature  of  able  knavery  he  alone.'  Cf.  3, 
the  ground,  as  mountainous  re-  16 ;  4,  5. 


TABULA   VI.,  VII.  13 

FABULA  VI. 

VULPES    ET    PERSONA    TRAGICA. 

Personam  tragicam  forte  vulpes  viderat ; 

"  O  quanta  species,"  inquit,  "•  cerebrum  non  habet ! " 

Hoc  illis  dictum  est,  quibus  honorem  et  gloriam 
Fortuna  tribuit,  sensum  communem  abstulit. 

FABULA    VI.       1.    Personam]  performer  in  his  part."  —  Miller. 

*  Mask.'    Roscius  first  introduced  2.  O  quanta]  *  O  what  a  fine  ex- 
masks  on  the  Roman  stage  about  terior,  says  he,  to  have  no  brains ! ' 
100  B.  C.    "  The  mask  concealed  or  better,  '  What  a  fine  head,  and 
the  individual  features  of  well-  nothing  in  it ! ' 

known  actors,  and  enabled  the        3.  illis]      'For    the  advantage 
spectators  entirely  to  forget  the    of  tkose.' 

FABULA  VII. 

LUPUS   ET    GRUIS. 

Qui  pretium  meriti  ab  improbis  desiderat, 
Bis  peccat ;  primum  quoniam  indignos  adjuvat ; 
Irapune  abire  deinde  quia  jam  non  potest. 
Os  devoratum  fauce  quum  haereret  lupi, 
Magno  dolore  victus,  ccepit  singulos  5 

Illicere  pretio,  ut  illud  extraherent  malum. 
Tandem  persuasa  est  jurejurando  gruis; 
Gulseque  credens  colli  longitudinem, 
Periculosam  fecit  medicinam  lupo. 

FABULA     VII.       2.    indignos]    pretio  is  usually  regarded  as  the 

*  Those  who  do  not  deserve  his    ablative  of  price ;  but  it  is  better  to 
aid.'  consider  it  the  ablative  of  means. 

3.  jam]  i.  e.,  after  he  has  done  so.    —  malum]  i.  e.,  os  devoratum. 

4.  fauce]     Is  poetic,  and  is  the        7.  gruis]  As  nominative,  occurs 
only  case  found  in  the  singular ;    only  in  this  passage. 

here  used  as  the  ablative  of  place.        8.  coUi  longitudinem]    For  Ion- 
H.  422,  1.  gum  collum. 

6.  pretio]    In  such  cases  as  this,        9.  Periculosam]  '  Full  of  peril/ 


14  PHJEDRI  FABULJ5. 

Pro  quo  quum  pactum  flagitaret  premium,  10 

"  Ingrata  es,"  inquit,  "  ore  quae  nostro  caput 
Incolume  abstuleris  et  mercedem  postules." 

i.e.,  he  wrought  a  cure  for  the  wolf  the  different  word s  used,  pretium, 

which  was  dangerous  to  himself,  premium,  mercedem.  Pretium  is  a 

10.  jtagitaref]  '  To  demand'  price  of  anything  that  is  bought 

earnestly.'  .or  sold;  pr&mium,  a  due  recom- 

12.  abstuleris]  Subjunctive  after  pense  for  an  honorable  action ; 

qua  —  quod  tu ;  '  because  you.'  merces,  wages  allowed  for  servi- 

H.  519.  —  mercedem]  Observe  ces  rendered. 


FABULA  VIII. 

LUPUS    ET    VULPES   JUDICE    SIMIO^ 

Quicunque  turpi  fraude  semel  innotuit, 
Etiam  si  verum  dicit,  amittit  fidera. 
Hoc  adtestatur  brevis  ^Esopi  fabula. 

Lupus  arguebat  vulpem  furti  crimine  ; 
Negabat  ilia  se  esse  culpa3  proximam.  5 

Tune  judex  inter  illos  seclit  simius. 
Uterque  causam  quum  perorassent  suam, 
Dixisse  fertur  simius  sententiam : 
"Tu  non  videris  perdidisse  quod  petis ; 
Te  credo  snbripuisse,  quod  pulchre  negas."  10 

FABULA.  VIII.    4.  crimine]  H.  be  so.  —perdidisse]  The  wolf  had 

410,  III.  4,  3).  lost  nothing,  because  what  he  had 

5.  culpce  proximam]    '  Guilty.'  was    not    his    own,    but     stolen 

6.  inter  illos]  '  To   decide    be-  property.  —  quod  petis]    The  rcl- 
tween  the  contending  parties.'  ative  refers  to  id,  the  omitted  ob- 

7.  Uterque]       In    a    collective  ject  of  perdidisse.    H.  445,  6. 
sense ;  hence  the  plural  verb.    H.  10.  Te]  i.  e.,  vulpem.  —  subripu- 
461,3. — perordssent]    For  pero-  isse]      Observe  the  force  of  sub, 
ravissent.    *  Had  pleaded.'  '  secretly,'    or    '  by     stealth.'  — 

9.  Tu]   i.    e.,   lupus.  —  videris]  pulchre]    'Speciously,'  '  smooth- 

The  usual  way  in  which  judges  ly.'  —  quod  negas]  i.e.ttesubripu- 

pronounced   their   opinion ;    not  isse.  Quod  is  the  object  of  subripu- 

that  the  thing  was,  but  seemed  to  isse  understood. 


FABULA  IX.  15 

FABULA   IX. 

ASINUS    ET    LEO    VENANTES. 

Virtutis  expers,  verbis  jactans  gloriam, 
Ignotos  fallit,  notis  est  derisui. 

Venari,  asello  comite,  quum  vellet  leo, 
Contexit  ilium  frutice.  et  admonuit  simul, 
Ut  insueta  voce  terreret  feras,  5 

Fugientes  ipse  exciperet.     Hie  auritulus 
Clamorem  subito  totis  tollit  viribus, 
Novoque  turbat  bestias  miraculo. 
Quae,  dum  paventes  exitus  notos  petunt, 
Leonis  adfliguntur  horrendo  impetu.  10 

Qui,  postquam  caede  fessus  est,  asinum  evocat, 
Jubetque  vocem  premere.     Tune  ille  insolens : 
"  Qualis  videtur  opera  tibi  vocis  mea3  ?  " 
"  Insignis,"  inquit,  "  sic,  tit  nisi  nossem  tuum 
Animum  genusque,  simili  fugissem  metu."  15 

FABULA  IX.    1.  Virtutis}    '  He  the  ass  to  frighten  the  animals,  and 

who   is   without   courage,   but  is  then  adds  the  declaration  that  he 

continually  boasting  of  his  glori-  would  catch  them  as  they  came 

ous  exploits.'  forth.  —  auritulus]       Diminutive 

2.  Ignotos  —  notis]     Used    ac-  from    auritus,    '  furnished    with 

tively.  '  Deceives  those  that  don't  ears.'    H.  323. 
know  him,  but  is  a  laughing-stock        8.  miraculo]  '  By  the  new  won- 

to  those  that  do.'  —  notis  —  deri-  der ; '  as  his  voice  had  never  be- 

sui]  Two  datives  after  est.  H.  390.  fore  been  heard  in  the  woods. 

4.  Contexit]     '  Concealed  him        9.  notes]    «  Familiar,'  or  '  well- 
in  the  bushes.'  known.' 

5.  insueta]      Scanned    in  four        12.  vocem  premere}    'To  stop 
syllables  by  Diaeresis  ;   '  strange  his  braying.' 

to  them,'  i.  e.,  the  beasts.  14.  Insignis']    The  predicate  ad- 

6.  exciperet}  The  subjunctive  is  jective  of  opera  understood.  —  sic] 
here  used  by  a  species  of  attrac-  '  To  such  a  degree.'  —  nossem  — 
tion  to  terreret.  Regularly  the  in-  fugissem]     H.  510. 

finitive  with  the  accusative  would  15.  Animum  genusque]  Hendia- 
be  employed  after  dicens  implied  dys  for  animum  generis  tui.  H. 
in  admonuit.  The  lion  first  directs  704,  II.  2. 


16  PEL3EDRI   TABULA. 

FABULA   X. 

CERVUS    AD    FONTEM. 

Laudatis  utiliora,  quse  contempseris, 
Ssepe  inveniri,  hsec  adserit  narratio. 

Ad  fontem  cervus,  quum  bibisset,  restitit 
Et  in  liquore  vidit  effigiem  suam. 
Ibi  dum  ramosa  mirans  laudat  cornua  5 

Crurumque  nimiam  tenuitatem  vituperat, 
Venantura  subito  vocibus  conterritus 
Per  campum  fugere  coepit  et  cursu  levi 
Canes  elusit.     Silva  turn  excepit  ferum, 
In  qua  retentis  impeditus  cornibus  10 

Lacerari  coepit  morsibus  saevis  canum. 
Tune  moriens  vocem  hanc  edidisse  dicitur: 
"  O  me  infelicem !  qui  rmnc  deinum  intelligo, 
Utilia  mihi  quam  fuerint,  quaa  despexeram, 
Et,  qua3  laudaram,  quantum  luctus  habuerint."         15 

FABULA  X.    1.  Laudatis]    Ab-  10.  retentis}     '  Held  fast  in  the 

lative  after  the  comparative  with-  branches  of  the  trees.' 

out    quam;    'than    those    things  \\.Lacerari]  With  passive  infin- 

which    are  praised.'    H.    417. —  itives,  the  passive  form  of  ccepi  is 

contempseris]     In  the  subjunctive  usually  employed.    H.  297, 1. 

after    the    indefinite    antecedent  12.  vocem  hanc]     'This  excla- 

talia,  to  be  supplied.     H.  501,  I.  mation.' 

The  second  person  singular  is  to  13.  O  me  infelicem]  Accusative 

be  translated  by  '  one '  or   *  any  of  exclamation.    H.  381  and  1.  — 

one.'    H.  460,  2,  1).  gut]    The  relative  qui  may  refer 

7.  Venantum]      The    genitive  to  an  antecedent  of  the  first,  sec- 
plural  in  urn  is  often  used  by  the  ond,  or  third  person ;  and  its  verb 
poets,  whilst  in  prose  ium  is  more  takes  the  person  of  the  antecedent, 
common.  — nunc  demum]     'Now  at  last/ 

8.  leri]     '  Swift,'  « nimble.'  i.  e.,  '  too  late.' 

9.  elusit]     'Baffled  the  pursuit  14.  fuerint  —  habuerint.']     Sub- 
of.'     Eludere  is  a  word  used  of  junctives  of  indirect  question, 
gladiators,  who,  by  the  quick  mo-  15.  laudaram]    For  laudaveram. 
tion  and  turn  of  the  body,  escaped  —  luctus']  Partitive  genitive.     H. 
the  blows  of  their  antagonists.  396,  III/3),  (3). 


XL,   XII.  •        17 


FABULA  XI. 

VULPES   ET    COKVUS. 


Qui  se  laudari  gaudet  verbis  subdolis, 
Fere  dat  pcenas  turpi  poenitentia. 

Quum.  de  fenestra  corvus  raptum  caseum 
Coraesse  vellet,  celsa  residens  arbore, 
Yulpes  hunc  vidit,  deinde  sic  coepit  loqui  :  5 

"  O  qui  .tuarum,  corve,  pennarum  est  nitor  ! 
Quantum  decoris  corpore  et  vultu  geris  ! 
Si  vocem  haberes,  nulla  prior  ales  foret." 
At  ille  stultus,  dum  vult  vocem  ostendere, 
Emisit  ore  caseum,  quern  celeriter  10 

Dolosa  vulpes  avidis  rapuit  dentibus. 
Turn  demum  ingemuit  corvi  deceptus  stupor. 

Hac  re  probatur,  ingenium  quantum  valet. 
Yirtute  semper  prsevalet  sapientia. 

FABULA  XL    2.  pcenas']  Means,  9.  stultus]     '  Foolishly,'  *  like  a 

primarily,  '  quit-money  for  blood  fool.'    Cf.  1,  2. 

spilt,'  hence  satisfaction,  penalty,  12.  corvi  deceptus  stupor']    l  The 

dare  pcenas,  '  to  pay  the  penalty  ;  '  stupid  raven   having   been    out- 

or  '  suffer  punishment.'  witted  ;  '  lit.  '  the  deceived  stupid- 

4.  Comesse]    Present  infinitive  ity  of  the  raven.'    Cf.  3,  16. 

from  comedo.    H.  291,  3.  H.  Virtute]     Ablative  depend- 

7.  geris']     Poetic  for  habes.    Cf.  ing  on  prce  in  prcevalet,  where  a 

Virginia   os    habitumque   gerens,  comparison  is  implied.    *  Wisdom 

Virg.  ^iEn.  I.  315.  is  superior  to  strength.'    H.  434. 


FABULA   XII. 

EX    SUTOEE    MEDICUS. 

Mains  quum  sutor,  inopia  deperditus, 
Medicinam  ignoto  facere  coepisset  loco, 

FABULA  XII.  1.  Malus  —  sutor]        2.  facere]  '  To  practise.'  —  igno- 
*  A  bungling  cobbler.'  to]  '  Where  no  one  knew  him.' 

2 


18  PH2EDRI   FABULJE. 

Et  venditaret  falso  antidoturn  nomine, 

Yerbosis  adquisivit  sibi  famam  strophis. 

Hie  quum  jaceret  morbo  confectus  gravi  5 

Rex  urbis,  ejus  experiendi  gratia, 

Scyphum  poposcit ;  fusa  dein  simulans  aqua 

Antidote  raiscere  illius  se  toxicum, 

Hoc  bibere  jussit  ipsum,  posito  praemio. 

Timore  mortis  ille  turn  confessus  est,  10 

Non  artis  ulla  medicae  se  prudentia, 

Veriini  stupore  vulgi  factum  nobilem. 

Rex,  advocata  contione,  haac  edidit : 

"  Quantae  putatis  esse  vos  dementiae, 

Qui  capita  vestra  non  dubitatis  credere,  15 

Cui  calceandos  nemo  commisit  pedes  ?  " 

Hoc  pertinere  vere  ad  illos  dixerim, 
Quorum  stultitia  quaestus  impudentiae  est. 

3.  falso  —  nomine]  i.e.,  an  an-  12.  factum]    Supply  esse;  'had 
tidote  '  falsely  so  called.'  become  famous.' 

4.  strophis]     l  By  wordy  tricks/  14.  vos]    Subject  of  esse.  —  de- 
Stropha  means  properly  '  a  turn ; '  mentia.    H.  402,  III. 

hence  'a  trick'  or  *  artifice,'  which  15.  credere]    Supply  ei. 

persons  employ  when  they  wish  16.  calceandos]    *  To  be  shod.' 

to  elude  or  deceive.  17.  mv]     '  With  good  reason.' 

6.  ejus  —  experiendi]     '  For  the  — dixerim]    The    subjunctive    is 
sake  of  trying  him,'    '  of  putting  here  used  to  make  the  assertion 
him  to  the  proof.'    H.  562.  less  positive.    Compare  our  Eng- 

7.  simulans]     '  Pretending  that  lish  expressions,  *  I  should  say,' 
he  mixed  poison  with  his  anti-  '  I  should  like/  etc.,  in  colloquial 
dote.'  usage.   H.  486,  III.  3. 

9.  ipsum]  i.  e.,  sutorem.  18.  Quorum]  '  From  whose  folly 

11.  prudentia]    '  Knowledge.*      gain  accrues  to  the  impudent.' 

FABULA  XIII. 

ASINUS    AD    SENEM    PASTOEEM. 

In  principatu  commutando  ssepius 

Nil  praeter  domini  nomen  mutant  pauperes. 

FAIV  LA  XIII.    1.  scepias]  The    given  by  the  expression,  « in  the 
force  of  this  comparative  ma}7  be    majority  of  cases.'    H.  444, 1. 


FABUL^E  XIII.,  XIV.  19 

Id  esse  verum  parva  haec  fabella  indicat. 

Asellum  in  prato  timidus  pascebat  senex. 
Is  hostium  clamore  subito  territus  5 

Suadebat  asino  fugere,  ne  possent  capi. 
At  ille  lentus  :  "  Quaeso,  num  binas  mihi 
Clitellas  impositurum  victorem  putas  ?  " 
Senex  negavit.     "  Ergo  quid  refert  mea, 
Cui  serviam?  clitellas  dum  portem  meas."  10 

7.  ille]  i.  e.,  asellus.  —  lentus']  the  dative  singular  feminine,  *  rei 

'In  no  great  haste.'    Cf.  1,  2. —  fert  mea.'     Here  fero  would  be 

binas]    The  distributive,  instead  used  absolutely,  but  it  is  difficult 

of  the  cardinal,  is  employed  with  to  account  for  the  dative  '  rei ; ' 

nouns  used  only  in  the  plural.  H.  others,  with  whom  Madvig  agrees, 

174,  2,  3).  take  the  pronoun  as  the  ablative 

9.  refert  mea]  This  construe-  singular  feminine,  '  re  fert  mea.' 
tion  has  occasioned  great  diffi-  Refert  also  takes  the  genitive  of 
culty  to  grammarians.  Some  re-  the  person  whose  interest  is  affect- 
gard  the  possessive  pronoun  as  the  ed.  H.  408,  1,  2). 
accusative  plural  neuter ;  some  as  10.  serviam]  Subjunctive  of 
a  shortened  form  of  the  accusative  indirect  question. — portem]  Sub- 
feminine,  and  the  phrase  equiva-  junctive  of  condition  after  dum  = 
lent  to  *  remfert  meam ; '  some  as  dummodo.  H.  503,  1. 


TABULA  XIV. 

KANA   KUPTA   ET   BOS. 

Inops,  potentem  dum  vult  imitari,  perit. 

In  prato  quondam  rana  conspexit  bovem, 
Et  tacta  invidia  tantae  magnitudinis 
Rugosam  inflavit  pellem ;  turn  natos  suos 
Interrogavit,  an  bove  esset  latior.  5 

Illi  negarunt.     Rursus  intendit  cutem 
Majore  nisu  et  simili  quaesivit  modo, 

FABTTLA  XIV.    5.   an  — latior]  parative.    H.  417.  —  esset]    Sub- 

This  clause  takes  the  place  of  the  junctive  of  indirect  question, 

second   accusative.    H.  374, 4.  —  6.  negurunf]    For   negaverunt, 

bove]     Ablative   after   the  com-  *  They  said  no.' 


20  PH^EDRI   FABULJE. 

Quis  major  esset.     Illi  dixerunt,  bovem. 

Novissime  indignata,  dum  vult  validius 

Inflare  sese,  rupto  jacuit  corpore.  10 

8.  Quis]    In  the  sense  of  uter,  vissimum  agmcn.  Goes.  B.  G.  1, 15. 
'which  of  the  two.' — bovem]  Sup-  10.  jacuit]    '  She  lay  a  corpse.' 
plv  esse  major  em.  So  jacere  is  often  used  of  those 

9.  Novissime]    'At  last.'  Cf.  no-  who  have  met  a  violent  death. 


FABULA  XV. 

CANES   ET    COKCODILI. 

Consilia  qui  dant  prava  cautis  hominibus, 
Et  perdunt  operam,  et  deridentur  turpiter. 

Canes  currentes  bibere  e  Nilo  flumine, 
A  corcodilis  ne  rapiantur,  traditum  est. 
Igitur  quum  currens  bibere  coepisset  canis,  5 

Sic  corcodilus,  "  Quam  libet  lambe  otio ; 
Accede,  pota  leniter,  et  noli  dolos," 
In  quit,  "  vereri."     At  ille :  "  Facerem  meliercule, 
Nisi  esse  scirem  carnis  te  cupidum  meae." 

FABTJLA    XV.      3.    currentes]  your    leisure.'    The    ablative  of 

'  While  running.'    This  fact,  il-  manner.    H.  414. 

lustrating  the  sagacity  of  the  dog,  7.  noli  vereri]     '  Don't  be  at  all 

is  mentioned  by  JElian  (N.  A.  6,  afraid.'    Instead  of  ne,  rarely  non, 

53).  with  the  present  imperative,  we 

4.  corcodilis]      Metathesis     for  have,  as  often  happens,  noli  with 

crocodilis,  for  the  metre.  the  infinitive.    H.  535, 1,  3). 

6.  Quam]    For  quantum.    '  As  8.  mehercule]    To    be    read  in 

much  as  you  please.'  —  otio]   '  At  three  syllables. 

FABULA  XVI. 

VULPES    ET    CICONIA. 

Nulli  nocendum ;  si  quis  vero  laeserit, 
Multandum  simili  jure  fabella  admonet. 

FABULA    XVI.      1.  nocendum]        2.  jure]    The  ablative  of  man- 
Supply  e&t,  not  esse.  ner.     H.  414. 


TABULAE  XVI.,   XVII.  m  21 

Yulpes  ad  cenam  dicitur  ciconiam 
Prior  invitasse,  et  illi  in  patena  liquidam 
Posuisse  sorbitionem,  quam  nullo  modo  5 

Gustare  esuriens  potuerit  ciconia. 
Quaa,  vulpem  quum  revocasset,  intrito  cibo 
Plenam  lagonam  posuit;  huic  rostrum  inserens, 
Satiatur  ipsa,  et  torquet  convivam  fame. 
Quae  quum  lagonss  collum  frustra  lamberet,  10 

Peregrinam  sic  locutam  volucrem  accepimus  : 
"  Sua  quisque  exempla  debet  aequo  animo  pati." 

4.  Prior]  The  comparative,  as  finitive  require  the  subjunctive, 
only  two  objects  are  mentioned.  H.  528 ;  531. 
—  invitasse']  For  omission  of  sub-  7-  Qua]  i.  e.,  'the  stork.'  — 
ject,  see  H.  545,  2. — patena]  'A  revocasset]  For  revocavisset.  Ob- 
broad  dish/  or  'platter;'  from  serve  the  force  of  re;  '  in  turn.'  — 
pateo,  to^  lie  open. — liquidam —  intrito  cibo]  '  Finely  minced  food.' 
sorbitionem']  '  A  thin  soup.'  9.  convivam]  i.  e.,  vulpem. 

6.  esuriens]  From  esurio,  a  11.  Peregrinam"]  Whence  the 
desiderative  verb,  from  edo ;  'be-  English  pilgrim.  The  stork,  'the 
hungry.'  —  potuerit]  In  the  bird  of  passage,'  so  called  from  its 
oratio  obliqua  dependent  clauses  migratory  habits. — locutam]  Sup- 
after  the  accusative  with  the  in-  ply  esse.  H.  545,  3. 


FABULA  XVII. 

MILUUS    ET    COLUMB^E. 

Qui  se  committit  homini  tutandum  improbo, 
Auxilia  dum  requirit,  exitium  invenit. 

Columbse  saepe  quum  fugissent  miluum 
Et  celeritate  penna3  vitassent  necem, 
Consilium  raptor  vertit  ad  fallaciam,  5 

Et  genus  inerme  tali  decepit  dolo ; 

FABULA   XVII.     1.  tutandwri]  3.  miluum]  For  milvum.  Cf.  2,  8. 

*  For  protection.'     H.  565,  3.  4.  penned]     Singular  for  plural ; 

2.  Auxilia']  Poetic  for  auxilium.  '  by  swiftness  of  wing.' 

—  requirif]     'Seeks  in  vain,'  for  5.  raptor]  i.  c.,  miluus.  For  the 

such  here  is  the  force  of  re.  termination  -or,  see  H.  321,  1. 


22 


PIJ^DRI  FABUL^E. 


u  Quare  sollicitum  potius  aevum  ducitis, 
Quam  regem  me  creatis  icto  foedere, 
Qui  vos  ab  omni  tutas  prsestem  injuria?" 
Illae  credentes  tradunt  sese  miluo, 
Qui,  regnum  adeptus,  coepit  vesci  singulas, 
Et  exercere  imperium  saevis  unguibus. 
Tune  de  reliquis  una :  "  Merito  plectimur." 


10 


7.  ovum]      Poetic  for  titam. 

8.  Quam]    To  be  joined  with 
potius.  —  icto  foedere]    The  Latins 
used  the  expression  icere,  ferire 
fcedits  in  the  sense  offacere,  be- 
cause, among  other  ceremonies, 
in  concluding  a  treaty,  a  swine 
was  killed  as  a  sacrifice  to  the 
gods.     Liv.  I.  24. 

9.  Qui  — prasteni]  qui  =  ut  ego. 
Hence  the  subjunctive.    H.  500. 


11.  singulas]  *  One  after  an- 
other.' Vesci  is  usually  followed 
by  the  ablative,  but  occasionally, 
as  in  this  instance,  by  the  accusa- 
tive. H.  419,  4,1). 

13.  De  reliquis']  In  the  relation 
of  partitive  genitive.  *  One  of  the 
survivors.'  H.  398, 4,  2).  —  Merita} 
Because  by  our  credulity  and 
imprudence  we  are  the  authors  of 
our  own  calamity. 


FABULA  XVIII. 


JTJVENCUS,   LEO   ET   PREDATOR. 

Super  juvencum  stabat  dejectum  leo ; 

Prsedator  intervenit,  partem  postulans. 

"  Darera,"  inquit,  "  nisi  soleres  per  te  sumere  ; " 

Et  improbum  rejecit.     Forte  innoxius 

Viator  est  deductus  in  eundem  locum, 

Feroque  viso,  retulit  retro  pedem. 

Cui  placidus  ille,  "  Non  est  quod  timeas,"  ait ; 


FABULA  XVIII.  3.  Darem  — 
nisi  soleres']  This  form  of  the 
conditional  clause  gives  a  denial 
both  to  the  condition  and  conclu- 
sion ;  as  if  he  had  said,  '  I  shall 
not  give  it,  for  you  are  accus- 
tomed.' H.  510. 


4.  innoxius}      Used     actively 
1  Harmless.' 

6.  retulit   retro]     A  pleonasm 
not   uncommon  with  the  poets 
Cf.   retro  vestigia  Turnus  refert 
Virg.  -£)n.  9,  797. 

7.  Non  est]    '  There  is  no  reason 


TABULAE   XVIII.,   XIX. 


23 


"  Et,  quae  debetur  pars  tuae  modestiae, 
Audacter  tolle."     Tune,  diviso  tergore, 
Silvas  petivit,  homini  ut  accessum  daret. 

Exemplum  egregiuni  prorsus  et  laudabile ; 
Verum  est  aviditas  dives,  et  pauper  pudor. 


10 


why  you  should  fear/  —  timeas] 
Subjunctive  in  a  relative  clause  af- 
ter a  general  negative.  H.  501, 1. 1. 

8.  qua  debetur  pars]    The  rela- 
tive and  antecedent  in  the  same 
clause.     Cf.  Prol.  v.  1.     Construe 
tolle  partem  qua,  etc.     H.  445,  9. 

9.  Audacter]     By  syncope  for 
audaciter.  H.  335,  2.  —  tergore']  Is 
primarily  the  back  ;  but  is  here  put 
by  metonymy  for  the  whole  body. 


10.  accessum  daret]    '  So  that  he 
might  give  the  traveller  an  oppor- 
tunity to  approach.' 

11.  Exemplum — pudor]      'The 
example  is  excellent,  doubtless, 
and   worthy  of  praise;    but,   in 
truth,  covetousness   is  rich   and 
modesty  is  poor.'  —  laudabile]  The 
termination  -bile  denotes  capabil- 
ity, generally  in  a  passive  sense. 
H.  328,  3. 


FABULA  XIX. 


EEPENTE    CALVUS. 

A  feminis  utcunque  spoliari  viros, 
Ament,  amentur,  nempe  exemplis  discimus. 
-^Etatis  mediae  quendam  mulier  non  rudis 
Tenebat,  annos  celans  elegantia, 
Animosque  ejusdem  pulchra  juvenis  ceperat. 
Ambae,  videri  dum  volunt  illi  pares, 


FABULA  XIX.  1.  utcunque] 
Explained  by  ament,  amentur. 
'  Whatever  be  the  case,  whether 
they  love  or  are  loved.'—  spoliari] 
Object  of  discimus.  H.  551. 

2.  Ament,  amentur]  Supply 
sive  —  sive.  —  nempe"]  Spoken 
ironically;  as  if  he  had  said, 
*  Though  we  know  by  daily  ex- 
perience that  men  are  plundered 
by  women,  yet,  as  if  this  were  not 


sufficient,  we  ought  to  learn  it  by 
fables.'  —  exemplis]  i.  e.,  fabulis. 
So  often  in  Phasdrus. 

3.  non  rudis]      'Not   inexperi- 
enced in  the  world.' 

4.  Tenebat]      'Held  as  an    ad- 
mirer.'     Cf.  dum  me  Galatea  te~ 
nebat.  Virg.  E.  1,  32.  —elegantia] 
'  By  her  taste.' 

5.  Animos]     '  The  affections.' 

6.  pares]    Supply  estate. 


24  PH^EDRI 

Capillos  homini  legere  ccepere  invicem. 

Quum  se  putaret  fingi  cura  mulierum, 

Calvus  repente  fact  us  est ;  nam  funditus 

Canos  puella,  nigros  anus  evellerat.  10 

7.  homini]      Dative    after   the  as  accusative  of  specification.    H. 
verb,    instead   of  genitive    after  380.      '  That   his    hair   was    ar- 
capillos.     H.  398,  5.  ranged.' 

8.  se — fingi]    Supply  capillos,        10.  Canos — nigros]  Sc.  capillos. 


TABULA  XX. 

HOMO    ET    CANIS. 

Laceratus  qnidam  morsu  veliementis  canis, 

Tinctum  cruore  paneni  misit  malefico, 

Audierat  esse  quod  remedium  vulneris. 

Tune  sic  ^Esopus  :  "  Noli  coram  pluribus 

Hoc  facere  canibus,  ne  nos  vivos  devorent, 

Quum  scierint  esse  tale  culpse  praemium." 
Successus  improborum  plures  allicj^.         . 

Jc>     (hu4 

FABTTLA,    XX.      1.  vehementis]  ^g(r^i^1lec   *^X  the  *it^€«^cur.^/  •> 
'  Savage,'  or  «  fierce/  4.  Noli—  facere]     Cf.  15,  7. 

2.  malefico']  An  adjective  agree-        6.  scierint]  Future  perfect.  Cf. 
ing  with  ««a^wT^d6teiidr^a^>tlie^  Prol.  v.  5. 


FABULA  XXI. 

MTJLI   ET    LATKONES. 

Muli  gravati  sarcinis  ibant  duo  ; 
Unus  ferebat  fiscos  cum  pecunia, 

FABULA  XXI.  2.  fscos~\  f  Large  fscus,  under  the  Empire,  was  ap- 

bnskets  made  of  osiers,  Spanish  plied  to  that  portion  of  the  public 

broom,  or  rushes,'  which  the  Ro-  revenue  designed   for  the  main- 

mans    sometimes    used    for    the  tenance  of  the  sovereign.    Corn- 

custody  of  coin  ;  whence  the  word  pare  the  English  word  '  fiscal.' 


FABUL^E   XXI.,   XXII.  25 

Alter  tumentes  multo  saccos  hordeo. 

Hie  onere  dives,  celsa  cervice  eminet, 

Clarumque  collo  jactat  tintinnabulum,  5 

Comes  quieto  sequitur  et  placido  gradu. 

Subito  latrones  ex  insidiis  advolant, 

Interque  caedem  ferro  mulum  sauciant, 

Diripiunt-nummos,  ni'gligunt  vile  hordeum. 

Spoliatus  igitur  casus  quum  fleret  suos,  10 

"  Equidem,"  inquit  alter,  "  me  contemptum  gaudeo  ; 

Nam  nil  amisi,  nee  sum  Isesus  vulnere." 

Hoc  argumento  ttita  est  hominam  tenuitas  ; 
Magna?  periclo  sunt  opes  obnoxiae. 

3.  -Alter]      'The  other  of  the       9.  vile]  In  comparison  with  tho 
two  ;  '  alius,  '  another  of  many.'       money.  . 

4.  Ilk']    Refers  to  units  in  v.  2.         10.  Spoliatus]     The  mule  that 

5.  collo]    Ablative  of  place.  H.    was  robbed  of  the  money. 

422,  1.  13.  hominum    tenuitas]     i.    e., 

6.  Comes]  Referring  to  alter  in    tenues,  '  men  of  scanty  resources  ;  ' 
v.  3.  for  the  expression,  cf.  3,  16. 

8.  cadem]   '  In  the  fray  ;  '  ccedes        14.  Magnce  —  opes]      '  Men    of 
does  not  necessarily  imply  death,    great  wealth.' 


FABULA   XXII. 

ANUS    AD    AMPHORAM. 

Anus  jacere  vidit  epotam  amphoram, 

Adhuc  Falerna  faece,  e  testa  nobili, 

Odorem  quaa  jucundum  late  spargeret. 

Hunc  postquam  totis  avida  traxit  naribus, 

"  O  suavis  anima  !  quale  in  te  dicam  bonum  5 

FABULA    XXII.       1.    epotam]  3.  spargeret]     H.  501,  I. 

*  Emptied,'  i.  e.,  '  empty.'  4.  totis  —  naribus]     'With  dis- 

2.  Falerna]      Falernus  .(ager)  tended  nostrils.' 

was  a  district  or  territory  in  the  5.  anima]  *  O  delicious  flavor  !' 

northern  part  of  Campania,  celc-  —  in  te]   Refers  to  amphoram.— 

brated  for  its  fertility  and  the  ex-  quale  —  bonum]      '  What    excel- 

cellence  of  its  wine.  lence.' 


26  PIIJEDKI   FABUL^E. 

Antehac  fuisse,  tales  quum  sint  reliquiae?" 
Hoc  quo  pertineat  dicet,  qui  me  noverit.  .. 

7.  Hoc  quo  pertineaf]  s  The  ap-  this  fable,  comforts  himself,  as  he 
plication  of  this  fable  ;  '  lit.,  •  to  was  growing  old,  with  the  refiec- 
what  this  pertains/  Phacdrus,  in  tion  of  what  he  was  in  better  days. 


FABULA  XXIII. 

SIMII   CAPUT. 

Pendere  ad  lanium  quidam  vidit  simium 

Inter  reliquas  merces  atque  obsonia  ; 

Quaesivit,  quidnam  saperet?     Turn  lanius  jocans, 

"  Quale,"  inquit,  "  caput  est,  talis  prsestatur  sapor." 

Ridicule  magis  .hoc  dictum,  qnam  vere  aestirno,     5 
Quando  et  formosos  ssepe  inveni  pessimos, 
Et  turpi  facie  multos  cognovi  optimos. 

FABULA  XXIII.    1.  ad  lanium]  being  the  principal  part  ;  cf.  18,  9), 

Ad  is  here  used  in  the  sense  of  so  is  the  taste  ;  '  or,  *  as  is  the  cx- 

apud.    '  At  the  butcher's.'  terior,  so  is  the  understanding.' 

3.  quidnam]     *  What    its    taste        4.  prcestatur]      *  Is  warranted.' 

was.'  —  saperet]     Subjunctive  of  The  usual  expression  of  the  seller, 

indirect  question.    The  wit  —  (3)  who  guarantees    that    his   wares 

jocans,  (5)  ridicule  —  of  the  reply  will  be  such  as  he  has  represented 

lies  in  the  double  signification  of  them. 
the  word  sapere,  *  to  taste,'  and        5.  Ridicule']     '  In  jest.' 
'  to  be  wise.'     It  could  be  taken       6.  Quando]      In  a  causal  rela- 

with  either  of  the  following  mean-  tion  ;  '  since.' 
ings:    'As  is  the  exterior  (repre-        7-  turpi    facie]      Ablative    of 

sented  by  caput,  '  the  head,'  that  characteristic.    H.  428. 

TABULA   XXIV. 

^ESOPUS    ET    PETULANS. 

Successus  ad  perniciem  multos  devocat. 

jEsopo  quidam  petulans  lapidem  impegerat  ; 
"Tanto,"  inquit,  "melior!"     Assem  deinde  illi  dedit, 

FABULA  XXIV.    2.  impegerat]        3.    Tanto  —  melior]     '  So  much 
From  impingo.    *  Had  thrown.'       the  better  you  !  *  a  phrase  of  ap- 


FABUL-E   XXIV.,    XXV.  27 

Sic  prosecutus  :  "  Plus  non  habeo  raehercule, 
Sed,  unde  accipere  possi^,  monstrabo  tibi.  5 

Yenit  ecce  dives  et  potens ;  huic  similiter 
Impinge  lapidem,  et  dignum  accipies  prsemium." 
Persuasus  ille  fecit,  quod  monitus  fuit ; 
Sed  spes  fefcllit  imp uden tern  audaciam  ; 
Comprensus  namque  pcenas  persolvit  cruce.  10 

proval.  It  may  be  rendered  here,  mehercule]  An  oath  commonly 
'Well  done!  my  fine  fellow.' —  used  by  men;  the  women  eni- 
Afisem]  The  as,  as  money,  was  ployed  the  expression  mecastor. 
originally  a  pound  of  uncoined  8.  Persuasus]  '  He  was  per- 
copper ;  but,  in  process  of  time,  its  suaded  and  did.'  —  quod]  Refers 
weight  was  gradually  reduced,  for  its  antecedent  to  id,  the  omit- 
and  it  became  a  coin  of  very  small  ted  object  of  fecit. 
worth;  hence  used  to  denote  any-  10.  cruce]  ' On  the  cross.'  This 
thing  of  insignificant  value.  It  kind  of  punishment  was  employed 
may  be  rendered  here  by  *  a  far-  in  Rome  until  the  time  of  Con- 
thing.'  stantine,  who  abolished  it,  as  the 
4.  prosecutus]  Sc.  vcrbis. —  cross  had  become  a  sacred  symbol. 


TABULA  XXV. 

MUSCA   ET    HULA. 

Musca  in  temone  sedit,  et  mulam  increpans, 

"  Quam  tarda  es ! "  inquit ;  "  non  vis  citius  progredi  ? 

Vide,.ne  dolone  collum  compungam  tibi." 

Respondit  ilia :  "  Verbis  non  moveor  tuis  ; 

Sed  istum  timeo,  sella  qui  prima  sedens  5 

Jugum  flagello  temperat  lento  meum, 

Et  ora  frenis  continet  spumantibus ; 

FABULA  XXV.    2.  vis]    From  Evidently  implying  that  threats, 

volo.                                               .  minas  (11),  are   only  words,  in 

3.  dolone]     Properly    'a    staff  opposition    to    flagello    (6)    and 
with    a    sharp    iron    point,'    but  frenis  (7). 

here  used  by  metonymy  for  the        5.  sella  qui  prima  sedens']  i.  e., 
sting  of  the  fly.  *  the  driver.' 

4.  ilia]    i.   e.,  mula.  —  Verbis]        6.  temperat]  *  Controls.' — lento] 


28  PH^DRI   FABUL^E. 

Quapropter  aufer  frivolam  insolentiam  ; 

Nam,  ubi  tricandum  et  ubi  currendum  sit,  scio." 

Hac  derideri  fabulfi  merito  potest,  1C 

Qui  sine  virtute  vanas  exercet  minas. 

*  Supple,'   or  '  flexible,'  as  made        9.  tricandum  —  currendum  sit] 

of  thongs.  Supply  mihi  after  these  verbs,  as 

8.  aufer]   '  Away  with/  H.  237.    the  dative  of  agent.    H.  388, 1, 1). 


FABULA   XXVI. 

LUPUS    AD    CANEM. 

Quam  dulcis  sit  libertas,  breviter  proloquar. 

•Cani  perpasto  macie  confectus  lupus 
Forte  occurrit ;  dcin  salutantes  invicem 
Ut  restiter.unt :  "  Unde  sic,  quaeso,  nites  ? 
Aut  quo  cibo  feeisti  tantum  corporis  ? 
Ego,  qui  sum  longe  fortior,  pereo  fame." 
Canis  simpliciter :  "  Eadem  est  conditio  tibi, 
Praestare  domino  si  par  officium  potes." 
"Quod?"  inquit  ille.     "Gustos  ut  sis  liminis, 
A  furibus  tuearis  et  noctu  domum."  1( 

"Ego  vero  sum  paratus  ;  mine  patior  nives 
Imbresque  in  silvis  asperam  vitam  trahens ; 
Quanto  est  facilius  rnihi  sub  tecto  -vivere, 
Et  otiosum  largo  satiari  cibo  ?  " 
"  Veni  ergo  mecum."     Dum  procedunt,  adspicit     15 
Lupus  a  catena  collum  detritum  cani. 

FABULA  XXVI.    3.  salutantes]  9.  Quod]   Referring  to  officium 

Used  absolutely  for  se  salutantes.  '  What  is  that  service  ? ' 

4.  Ut]  'As.' — wide — nites]    Sup-  14.  otiosum]     Instead  of  agree 
ply  inquit  lupus.  4ng  with  mihit  as  is  the  frequen 

5.  feeisti      tantum      corporis]     construction,  this  adjective  agree 
*  Have  you  become  so  fat  ? '  with  the  omitted  subject  of  sa 

7.  conditio]   'The  same  condi-    tiari. 
tion  is  yours.'  —  tibi\    Dative  of       16.   cani]      Dative,  instead  of 
possessor.    H.  387.  genitive,  after  collum.    H.  398,  5. 


TABULAE   XXVI.,   XXVII. 


29 


«Unde  hoc,  amice?"   "  Nihil  est."  "Dic,qua3so,tamen." 

«  Quia  videor  acer,  alligant  me  interdiu, 

Luce  ut  quiescam,  et  vigilem,  nox  quum  venerit  ; 

Crepusculo  solutus,  qua  visum  est,  vagor. 

Adfertur  ultro  panis  ;  de  mensa  sua 

Dat  ossa  dominus  ;  frusta  jactant  familia, 

Et,  quod  fastidit  quisque,  pulmentarium. 

Sic  sine  labore  venter  impletur  meus." 

"Age,  si  quo  abire  est  animus,  est  licentia?" 


20 


25 


plane  est,"  inquit.     "Fruere,  qua3  laudas,,  cam's  ; 
Regnare  nolo,  liber  ut  non  sim.mihi." 


17.  tamen]  <  Yet ; '  «  although 
it  be  a  trifle,  yet  tell  me.' 

19.  Luce]  Ablative  of  time  = 
interdiu,  *  in  the  daytime.'  H.  426. 

21.  ultro]  *  Without  my  asking 
for  it.' 

25.  Age]  'Come,  tell  me.'  — 
est  licentia]  '  Have  I  the  liberty  ? ' 


26.  Non  plane  est]    Sc.  licentia. 
'  Certainly  not.'  —  Fruere]    In  the 
present  imperative  ;  sc.  iis. 

27.  Regnare  nolo]    The  idea  is, 
*  I  would  not  be  a  king  at  the  ex- 
pense of  my  liberty.'  —  mihi]  Da- 
tive of  advantage.  —  ut]    *  On  the 
condition  that.'    H.  490. 


FABULA  XXVII. 

SOROR   ET    FRATER. 

Praecepto  monitus  saepe  te  considera. 

Habebat  quidam  filiam  turpissimam 
Idemque  insignem  pulclira  facie  filium. 
Hi,  speculum,  in  cathedra  matris  ut  positum  fuit, 
Ptieriliter  ludentes  forte  inspexerunt. 
Hie  se  formosum  jactat ;  ilia  irascitur 
Nee  gloriantis  sustinet  fratris  jocos, 
Accipiens,  quid  enim  ?  cuncta  in  contumeliam. 


FABULA.  XXVII.  2.  turpissi- 
mam] 'Extremely  ugly.'  The 
superlative  often  denotes,  not  that 
decree  which  is  exclusively  the 
highest,  but  only  a  very  high 
degree  of  the  positive,  and  then 


is  called  the  absolute  superlative. 

5.  inspexerunt]  The  penult  is 
here  short  by  Systole.  H.  669,  IV. 

8.  quid  enim]  '  For  why  should 
she  not  ? '  for  women  are  so  sen- 
sitive in  this  respect. 


30  PHJEDRI   FABUL^. 

Ergo  ad  patrem  decurrit  laesura  invicem, 
Magnaque  invidia  criminatur  filium, 
Vir  natus  quod  rem  feminarum  tetigerit. 
Amplexus  ilie  utruraque  et  carpens  oscula 
Dulcemqae  in  ambos  caritatem  partiens, 
"  Quotidie,"  inquit,  "  speculo  vos  uti  volo : 
Tu  formam  ne  corrumpas  nequitiaB  malis ; 
Tu  faciem  ut  istam  moribus  vincas  bonis." 


10 


15 


9.  lasura]    Sc.  eum,  i.  e.tfilnan9 
*  in  order  to  vex  him  in  her  turn.' 

10.  Magnaque  invidia]     *  With 
great  spite.' 

11.  rem  feminarum']    'Meddled 
with   women's  affairs ' ;    particu- 
larly  those    which   belonged   to 
her  toilet,   such  as  the   mirror, 


paints,  and  the  like.  —  tetigerit] 
Subjunctive,  as  containing  the  al- 
legation of  another.  H.  520,  II. 

14.  speculo]    Ablative  after  uti. 
H.  419,  I,  1. 

15.  Tu}    i.    e.,  Jilius. — malis] 
'  By  the  blemishes.' 

16.  Tu]  i.  e.,Jllia. 


TABULA  XXVIII. 


SOCRATES    AD    AMICOS. 


Vulgare  amici  nomen,  sed  rara  est  fides. 

Quum  parvas  aedes  sibi  fundasset  Socrates, 
(Cujus  non  fugio  mortem  si  famam  adsequar, 
Et  cedo  invidise,  dummodo  absolvar  cinis ;) 


FABULA.  XXVIII.  1.  fides] 
'The  fidelity  of  a  friend.' 

2.  Socrates]  The  celebrated 
Athenian  philosopher,  son  of 
Sophroniscus,  the  statuary.  He 
was  born  B.  C.  468.  Accused  of 
corrupting  the  youth,  and  of  in- 
troducing innovations  into  the  re- 
ligion of  his  country,  he  was  con- 
demned to  die,  by  drinking  hem- 
lock, B.  C.  399.  After  his  death 
he  was  acquitted  of  these  charges, 
and  held  in  great  honor  by  his 
countrymen. 


3.  Cujus  —  mortem]      'Such    a 
death   as    his   I   do  not   shrink 
from/ 

4.  ccdo  invidia]    The  idea  is, 
I  am  ready  to  submit  to  unpopu- 
larity,   provided    that   after    my 
death  I  shall  be  pronounced  inno- 
cent. —  cinis]     *  When  I  am  be- 
come ashes ; '  referring  to  the  Ro- 
man cu-stom  of  burning  the  dead, 
which  had  become  almost  univer- 
sal in  the  time  of  Phaedrus. — 
absolvar]     The  subjunctive  after 
dummodo.    H.  503,  I. 


FABUL^E  XXVIII.,    XXIX.,   XXX.  31 

Ex  populo  sic  nescio  quis,  ut  fieri  solet :  5 

"  Quaeso,  tarn  angustam  talis  vir  ponis  domum?" 
"  Utinara,"  inquit,  "  veris  hanc  amicis  impleam ! " 

5.  Ex  populo]     '  Some   one   of  6.  talis  vir]    In  apposition  with 

the  people.'  —  ut  fieri  solet]    l  As  tut  the  omitted  subject  of  ponis. 

is  usually  the  case,  when  one  en-  7.  inquit}      Sc.  Socrates.  —  im- 

gaged  in  some  enterprise  is  ex-  plearn]    The  subjunctive  after  the 

posed    to   the   judgment  of  the  particle  of  wishing,  utinam.    H. 

public.'  488,  II.  1.  —  hanc]    Emphatic. 

TABULA  XXIX. 

PULLUS    AD    MARGAKITAM. 

In  sterquilino  pull  us  gallinaceus, 
Dum  quserit  escam,  margaritam  repperit. 
"  Jaces  indigno  quanta  res,"  inquit,  "loco! 
Hoc  si  quis  pretii  cupidus  vidisset  tui, 
Olim  redisses  ad  splendorem  pristinum.  5 

Ego,  qui  te  inveni,  potior  cui  multo  est  cibus, 
Xec  tibi  prodesse,  nee  mihi  quicquam  potes." 
Hoc  illis  narro,  qui  me  non  intelligunt. 

FABULA  XXIX.  3.  quanta  res]  as  follows :  nee  ego,  qui  te  invent, 

An    appositive  of  tu,  subject  of  tibi  prodesse  possum,  nee  (tit)  mihi 

jaces.    *  How    valuable    a   thing  quicquam  (prodesse)  potes. 
art  thou,  to  lie  in  this  unworthy        8.  illis]      *  For  the  benefit  of 

place!'  those.'    In   this   fable    Phsjedrus 

4.  Hoc  —  vidisset]     '  Had  seen  complains  of  those  who  were  in- 

this,' i.  e.,  the  pearl  in  such  a  place,  sensible   to   the    merits    of    his 

7.   tibi   prodesse]     Understand  writings. 

FABULA   XXX. 

APES  ET  FUCI,  VESPA  JUDICE. 

Apes  in  alta  quercu  fecerant  favos ; 
Hos  fuci  inertes  esse  dicebant  suos. 
Lis  ad  forum  deducta  est,  vespa  judice  ; 

FABULA  XXX.    2.  suos]  Predi-        3.  vespa  judice]    Ablative  abso- 
cate  of  hos,  the  subject  of  esse.        lute.    '  Before  a  wasp  as  judge.' 


32  PH^DRI   FABULA. 

Quae,  genus  utrumque  nosset  quum  pulcherrime, 

Legem  cluabus  hanc  proposuit  partibus  :  5 

"  Non  inconveniens  corpus,  et  par  est  color ; 

In  dubium  plane  res  ut  merito  venerit ; 

Sed,  ne  religio  peccet  imprudens  mea, 

Alvos  accipite,  et  ceris  opus  infundite, 

Ut  ex  sapore  mellis  et  forma  favi,  10 

De  quis  mine  agitur,  auctor  horum  appareat." 

Fuel  recusant ;  apibus  conditio  placet. 

Tune  ilia  talem  protulit  sententiam  : 

"  Apertum  est,  quis  non  possit,  et  quis  fecerit ; 

Quapropter  apibus  fructum  restituo  suum."  15 

Hanc  praeterissem  fabulam  silentio, 
Si  pactam  fuci  non  recusassent  iidem. 

5.  Legem]    '  Made  this  offer,'  or    bus.    H.  187,  1.  —  agitur]    *Con- 
'  proposal.'  cerning  which  the  inquiry  is  now 

6.  Non  inconveniens]   *  Not  dis-    before  us.' 

similar.'  13.  ilia}   i.  e.,  vespa.  —protulit] 

7. plane]  'Altogether;'  this  mod-  '  Gaye  judgment  as  follows.' 
ifies  in  dubium  —  venerit.  14.  qui — fecerit]    'Who  can  not 

8.  ne  religio}      The    sense    is,  make  and  who  has  made  them.' 
'But  lest  I,   sworn  as  a  judge,        17. pactam— fidem]  'The terms 
should  err  through  ignorance,  and  agreed  upon.'   In  this  fable,  Pha3- 
violate  my  oath.'  drus  is  supposed  to  refer  to  those 

9.  opus]  i.  e.,  mel.  who    had  claimed    some  of   his 
11.  quis]    Contracted  from  qui-    verses  as  their  own. 


FABULA   XXXI. 

DE    LUSTJ   ET    SEVERITATE. 

Puerorum  in  turba  quidam  ludentem  Atticus 
^Esopum  nucibus  quum  vidisset,  restitit, 

FABULA  XXXI.   1.  ludentem —  nuces,'  'to give  up  childish  sports.' 

nucibus]      *  Playing    with    nuts.'  Suetonius,  in  his  life  of  Augustus 

This  was  one  of  the  favorite  pas-  (c.  83),  relates  of  him,  that  « for 

times    of  the    Roman    children,  amusement  he  would  sometimes 

Hence  the  proverb :  '  Relinquere  angle,  or  play  with  dice,  pebbles, 


FABULJE   XXXI.,    XXXII. 


33 


Et  quasi  delirum  risit.     Quod  sensit  simul, 

Derisor  potius  quam  deridendus,  senex, 

Arcum  retensum  posuit  in  media  via ;  5 

"Hens!"  inquit,  "sapiens,  expedi,  quid  fecerim." 

Concurrit  populus ;  ille  se  torquet  diu, 

Nee  quaestionis  positse  causam  intelligit ; 

Novissime  succumbit.     Turn  victor  sophus : 

"  Citq  rumpes  arcum,  semper  si  tensuni  habueris ;  10 

At  si  laxaris,  quum  voles,  erit  utilis." 

Sic  ludus  animo  debet  aliquando  dari, 
Ad  cogitandum  melior  ut  rede  at  tibi. 


or  nuts  with  little  boys  collected 
from  various  countries.'  The 
game  appears  to  have  been  played 
by  laying  three  nuts  together  and 
casting  a  fourth  so  that  it  would 
rest  upon  them,  or  by  casting  a 
nut  from  a  distance  into  a  hole. 

3.  quasi  delirum]     'As  though 
he  were  a  madman/ 


4.  Derisor  —  deridendus']  *  The 
one  to  laugh  rather  than  to  be 
laughed  at.' 

7.  se  torgueQ  '  Perplexes  him- 
self.' 

9.  Novissime]  <  At  last/  Cf. 
14,9. 

13.  Ad  cogitandum]  The  accu- 
sative of  the  gerund.  H.  565,  1. 


FABULA  XXXII. 


AEBOKES  IN  DEORUM  TUTELA. 

Olim,  quas  vellent  esse  in  tutela  sua, 
Divi  legerunt  arbores.     Quercus  Jovi, 
Et  myrtus  Yeneil  placuit,  Phoebo  laurea, 


FABULA  XXXII.  1.  vellent] 
The  subjunctive  of  result;  that  is, 
1  such  as  they  would  wish  to  have 
under  their  protection/  H.  501,  I. 

2.  Jovi]    The  oak,  the  monarch 
of  trees,  was  naturally  ascribed  to 
Jupiter,  the  king  of  the  gods ;  and 
his  oldest  sanctuary  was  the  sa- 
cred oak  of  Dodona. 

3.  Veneri]  The  goddess  of  love. 

3 


The  myrtle  was  assigned  to  her, 
on  account  of  its  luxuriant  growth 
and  blossoms ;  or  according  to  the 
old  fable,  because,  at  her  birth,  it 
afforded  a  place  of  concealment  as 
she  rose  from  the  foam  of  the  sea. 
—  Phccbo~\  An  epithet  of  Apollo, 
as  god  of  the  clear,  beaming  light, 
especially  the  light  of  the  sun. 
He  delighted  in  the  laurel,  be- 


34 


PJLEDRI   FABUL^E. 


Pinus  Cybeba?,  populus  eels  a  Herculi. 
Minerva  admirans,  quare  steriles  sumerent, 
Interrogavit.     Causain  dixit  Jupiter: 
"Honorem  fructu  ne  videamur  vendere." 
"At,  mehercules  narrabit,  quod  quis  voluerit; 
Oliva  nobis  propter  fructura  est  gratior." 
Tune  sic  deorum  genitor  atque  horainum  sator : 
"  O  nata,  merito  sapiens  dicere  omnibus  ! 
Nisi  utile  est  quod  facimus,  stulta  est  gloria." 
Nihil  agere,  quod  non  prosit,  fabella  admonet. 


10 


cause  his  favorite  Daphne  was 
transformed  into  this  tree.  Ovid, 
Met,  I.  4-52-565. 

4.  Cybeba]  Cybele,  called  also 
M'tgna  mater,  or  the  mother  of 
the  gods.  The  name  in  Latin  is 
usually  written  CybSle,  but  here, 
on  account  of  the  verse,  Cybeba. 
The  pine  was  attributed  to  this 
goddess,  because  Attis,  her  favor- 
ite, was  turned  into  this  tree. — 
Herculi]  Hercules,  the  most  cele- 
brated of  all  the  heroes  of  anti- 
quity. He  was  the  son  of  Jupiter 
by  Alcmcne,  of  Thebes,  in  Boeo- 
tia.  It  was  from  the  leaves  of  the 
poplar  that  he  made  himself  a  gar- 
land, on  his  return  from  the  low- 
er world,  whither  he  had  gone  to 
bring  the  monster  Cerberus. 


7.  Honor  em  fructu']    The  sense 
of  this  passage  seems  to  be,   '  We 
have  chosen  no  fruit-bearing  trees, 
in  order  to  avoid  the  appearance 
of  selling  their  products  for  hon- 
or, or  of  receiving  honor  as  a  con- 
sideration for  the  fruit  which  we 
have  supplied  to  men.' — fructu} 
Ablative  of  price.     H.  416. 

8.  mehercules]  An  elliptical  ex- 
pression   for    'ita    me    Her  cities 
juvet,'  usually  employed  by  males. 

Cf.  24,  4.  —  narrabit]  In  the  sense 
of  narrc-ty  or  narrato. 

II.  dicere]  Present  passive  sec- 
ond "  person  singular.  —  omnibus] 
Instead  of  ab  omnibus.  H.  388,  4. 

13.  prosit]  The  subjunctive  in 
a  relative  clause  after  a  general 
negative.  H.  501,  I. 


FABULA  XXXIII. 

JUNO   ET   PAVO. 

Pavo  ad  Junonem  venit,  indigne  ferens 
Cantus  luscinii  quod  sibi  non  tribuerit ; 


FABULA  XXXIII.  1.  Pavo] 
The  peacock  was  Juno's  favorite 
bird  ;  according  to  fable,  the  eyes 


of  Argus,  when  slain  by  Mercury, 
were  transferred  to  its  tail. 
2.  tribuerit]     H.  520,  II. 


TABULAE   XXXIII.,   XXXIV.  35 

Ilium  esse  cunctis  avibus  admirabilem, 

Se  derideri,  simul  ac  vocem  miserit. 

Tune  consolandi  gratia  dixit  dea  :  5 

"  Sed  forma  vincis,  vincis  magnitudine ; 

Nitor  smaragdi  collo  praefulget  tuo 

Pictisque  plumis  gemmeam  caudam  explicas." 

"Quo  mi,"  in  quit,  "mutam  speciem,  si  vincor  sonoj" 

"  Fatorum  arbitrio  partes  sunt  vobis  datse :  10 

Tibi  forma,  vires  aquilae,  luscinio  melos, 

Augurium  eorvo,  laeva  cornici  omina ; 

Omnesque  propriis  sunt  contents  dotibus." 

Noli  affectare  quod  tibi  non  est  datum, 
Delusa  ne  spes  ad  querelam  recidat.  15 

3.  Ilium]  i.  e.,  luscinium. —  esse]  12.  Augurium]    From  the  flight 
Sc.  dicens.    H.  530,  II. '  1.  of  ravens  auspices  were  taken,  and 

4.  miserit]    Perfect  subjunctive  were  of  favorable  import  if  they 
in  a  dependent  clause  of  the  oratio  appeared    on    the    right    of    the 
obliqua.    H.  529.  augurs.    The  crow,  on  the  contra- 

8.  gemmeam]    '  Begemmed.'  ry,  gave  its  lucky  omens  on  the 

9.  Quo  mi]  Sc.  divi  dederunt. —  left  hand.     Cic.  de  Div.  I.  7 ;  39. 
mutam  speciem']    That  is,  '  beauty  14.  ajfcctare]    «  Aspire  to  that.' 
without  song.'  15.  Delusa]     *  Lest  deluded  in 

10.  Fatorum']     The    reply    of    your  hopes  you  return  to  com- 
Juno.  —  vobis]    *  To  you  (birds).'     plaining.' 


TABULA  XXXIV. 

^ESOPUS    KESPONDET    GAKRULO. 

JEsopus  domino  solus  quura  esset  familia, 
Parare  cenam  jussus  est  maturius. 
Ignem  ergo  quaerens,  aliquot  lustravit  domus, 
Tandemque,  invenit,  ubi  lucernam  accenderet. 

FABULA  XXXIV.    1.  domino]  2.    maturius']      'Earlier    than 

'When  ^Esop  alone  formed   his  usual.' 

master's  entire  establishment ;' da-  3.  domus]     Accusative  plural; 

tive  of  the  possessor.    H.  387.  domos  is  the  common  form. 


36  PfLEDRI   FABULA. 

Turn  circumeunti  fuerat  quod  iter  longius,  5 

Effecit  brevius  :  namque  recta  per  forum 
Coepit  redire.     Et  quidam  e  turba  garrulus  : 
"^Esope,  medio  sole  quid  cum  lumine?" 
"  Hominem,"  inquit,  "  quaero,"  et  abiit  festinans  domum. 
Hoc  si  molestus  ille  ad  animum  rettulit,  10 

Sensit  profecto  se  hominem  non  visum  seni, 
Intempestive  qui  occupato  adluserit. 

5.  Turn]  Construe  •  Turn  effecit  Cynic.  —  domum]    H.  379,  3,  1). 
iter  brevius,  quod  fuerat  longius  11.  hominem]     '  A  man '  in  the 
(ei)  circumeunti.'  proper  sense  of  the  word. 

6.  recta}    Sc.  ma.  H.  335,4,2).  12.  occupato  adluserit]      'Who 

8.  medio  sole}  i.  e.,  medio  die*  or    would  put  a  jest  upon  him  while 
meridie.  —  quid]     Sc.  agis.  busily  engaged.'  — -  adluserit}     In 

9.  Hominem  —  guard]       The    the  subjunctive  after  qui  in   the 
same  story  is  told  of  Diogenes  the    sense  of  quum  is.    H.  517,  I. 


FABULA  XXXV. 

ASLNTTS    ET    GALLI. 

Qui  natus  est  infelix,  non  vitara  modo 
Tristem  decurrit,  verum  post  obitum  quoque 
Persequitur  ilium  dura  fati  miseria. 

Galli  Cybebes  circum  in  qusestus  ducere 
Asinum  solebant  bajulantem  sarcinas.  5 

Is  quum  labore  et  plagis  esset  mortuus, 
Detracta  pelle  sibi  fecerunt  tympana. 
Rogati  mox  a  quod  am,  "delicio  suo 
Quidnam  fecissent?"  hoc  locuti  sunt  modo : 

FABULA  XXXV.    3.  dura  fati  she  had  a  temple.  —  Cybebes]   Cf. 

miseria]     '  The  rigorous  hardship  32,4.  —  in  qucestus]  \.e.,utface- 

offate.'  rent  qucestum,  'in  order  to  beg 

4.  Galli]    The  priests  of  CybSle  money.'  —  circum  —  ducere]   Sep- 

were    so  called    from    the    river  aratcd  by  Tmesis,  H.  704,  IV.  3. 

Gallus,  in  Phrygia,  near  which  8.  delicio]    *  Their  good  friend.' 


FABUL^I   XXXV.,   XXXVI.  37 

"  Putabat  se  post  mortem  securum  fore,  10 

Ecce  aliae  plagae  congeruntur  mortuo." 


TABULA  XXXVI. 

POETA. 

Joculare  tibi  videtur;  et  sane  levi, 

Dum  nihil  habemus  majns,  calamo  ludimus. 

Sed  diligenter  intuere  has  naenias, 

Quantam  sub  illis  utilitatem  reperies ! 

Non  semper  ea  sunt,  quaa  videntar;  decipit  5 

Frons  prima  raultos  ;  rara  rnens  intelligit, 

Quod  interiore  condidit  cura  angulo. 

Hoc  ne  locutus  sine  mercede  existimer, 

Fabellam  adjiciam  de  mustela  et  muribus. 

Mustela,  quum  annis  et  senecta  debilis  10 

Mures  veloces  non  valeret  adsequi, 
Involit  se  farina  et  oBscuro  loco 
Abjecit  neglegenter.     Mus  escam  putans 
Adsiluit  et  compressus  occubuit  neci. 
Alter  sirniliter  periit,  deinde  et  tertius  ;  15 

Aliquot  secutis  venit  et  retorridus, 

FABULA  XXXVI.  1.  videtur]  instruction  is  too  frequently  dry 

Sc.  hoc  meum  opus.  —  levi  —  ludi-  and  uninteresting.  Accordingly 

mus]  '  We  play  with  a  light  reed,'  the  moralist  recounts  a  story  or 

that  is,  'we  divert  ourselves  by  fable.  Thus  Pha^drus  will  have 

writing  on  trivial  subjects.'  the  foregoing  moral  reflections 

3.  intuere}  Second  person  sin-  perused,  not  without  compcnsa- 

gular  present  imperative.  tion  (sine  mercede),  not  without  a 

6.  Frons  prima}    «  The  first  ap-  remunerative  or  attractive   form, 
pearance.'  —  rara  mens~\     *  There  —  locutus]     When  the  subject  of 
is  but  here  and  there  a  mind  that  the  infinitive  and  of  the  leading 
comprehends.'  verb  is  the  same,  the  participle  of 

7.  cura]     Sc.  poetce.  the  compound  form  of  the  infini- 

8.  sine  mercede}     «  Without  re-  tive  takes  the  case  of  the  subject 
compense,'  or  *  reward.'    Without  of  the  leading  verb,  usually  the 
examples  and  illustrations  moral  nominative.    II.  547,  2. 


38  PILaSDRI   TABULAE. 

Qui  saepe  laqueos  et  muscipula  cffugerat ; 

Proculque  insidias  cernens  hostis  callidi, 

"  Sic  valeas,"  inquit,  "  ut  farina  es,  quae  jaces !" 

19.  Sic  valeas]    Subjunctive  of  against   an    emissary  or  spy  of 

desire.      H.  488,  1.   'So  may  you  Tiberius  or  Scjanus,  who  lived  at 

thrive,'  that    is,    'may  you    not  Rome,  and  in  outward  appearance 

thrive,  as  you  are  not  meal,  which  seemed  incapable  of  doing   any 

you  pretend  to  be.'    Some  critics  harm,  yet  caused  the  ruin  of  many 

suppose  that  this  fable  was  levelled  by  his  informations. 


TABULA  XXXVII. 

DE    VULPE    ET    UVA. 

Fame  coacta  vulpes  alta  in  vinea 
Uvam  adpetebat  summis  saliens  viribus  ; 
Quam  tangere  ut  non  potuit,  discedens  ait : 
"Nondum  matura  est;  nolo  acerbam  suinere." 

Qui,  facere  quaa  non  possunt,  verbis  elevant,          5 
Adscribere  hoc  debebunt  exemplum  sibi. 

FABULA  XXXVII.     1.  Fame]  arbor,  can  be  understood ;  here  it 

Fames  in  the  ablative  has  e  long,  is  equivalent  to  viti. 

and  in  this   case   belongs  to  the  5.  elevant]      '  Disparage,'    '  un- 

fifth  declension,  whilst  in  the  other  dervalue.' 

cases  it  is  of  the  third. — vinea]  6.   Adscribere]      'To     apply*; 

Properly  an  adjective,  with  which  properly  of  money  '  to  place   to 

sometimes  terra,  and  sometimes  one's  account.' 


TABULA  XXXVIII. 

•EQUUS    ET    APER. 

Equus  sedare  solitus  quo  fuerat  sitim, 
Dum  sese  aper  volutat,  turbavit  vadura. 
Hinc  orta  lis  est.     Sonipes,  iratus  fero, 
Auxilium  petiit  hominis,  quern  dorso  levans,    . 

FABULA  XXXVIII.    2.  sf>sr—       3.  Sonipes]    A  poetic  expres- 
volutat]    '  While  he  is  wallowing/    sioii  for  equus. 


XXXVIII.,   XXXIX.  39 

Redit  ad  hostem.     Jactis  hunc  telis  eques  5 

Postquam  interfecit,  sic  locutus  traditur  : 

"  Laetor  tulisse  auxilium  me  precibus  tuis, 

Nam  praedam  cepi,  et  didici  quam  sis  utilis." 

Atquc  ita  coegit  frenos  invitum  pati. 

Turn  maestus  ille  :  "  Parvae  vindictam  rei  10 

Dum  quaere  demens,  servitutem  repperi." 

Ha3C  iracundos  admonebit  fabula, 
Impune  potiiis  laedi,  quam.  dedi  alteri. 

5.  hostem]  i.  e.,  aprwn.  —  Redif]  up  to  the  rule  of  another.'    The 
Contraction  for  rediit ;  hence  the  e  invention  of  this  fable  belongs  to 
long. — Jactis — telis]  'By throw-  Stcsichorus,  a  Greek   lyric  poet, 
ing  weapons.'  who  flourished  about  B.  C.  e570,  at 

6.  locutus']    H.  547,  2.  Cf.  36,  8.    HimGra,  a  town  of  Sicily.    When 
8.  sis']    Subjunctive  of  indirect    the  citizens  had  chosen  Phalaris 

question.  general  with  absolute  power,  and 

10.  Parvce  vindictam  rei]  f  Re-  were  on  the  eve  of  assigning  him 

vengc  for  a  trifle.'  a  body-guard,  Stesichorus  relat- 

13.  dedi]  Present  passive  in-  ed  a  fable  of  the  same  import. 

finitive  from  dedo, ( to  be  delivered  Aristot.  Rhet.  II.  20. 


FABULA   XXXIX. 

PUGNA   MUEIUM    ET    MUSTELAKUM. 

Quum  victi  mures  mustelarum  exercitu, 
(Historia  quorum  in  tabernis  pingitur) 
Fugerent,  et  artos  circum  trepidarent  cavos, 
^Egre  recepti,  tamen  evaserunt  necem. 
Duces  eorum,  qui  capitibus  cornua  5 

Suis  ligarant,  ut  conspicuum  in  proelio 
Haberent  signum,  quod  sequerentur  milites, 
Haesere  in  portis  s  unique  capti  ab  hostibus ; 
Quos  immolatos  victor  avidis  dentibus 

FABULA  XXXIX.  4.  JEyre]  of  a  concessive  clause.  H.  578,  IV. 
4  With  great  difficulty.'  —  recepti]  9.  Quos  immolatos]  'Which 
This  participle  supplies  the  place  the  conqueror  sacrificed  with  his 


40  PH^EDRI   FABUL/E. 

Capacis  alvi  mersit  tnrtareo  specu.  10 

Quemcunque  populum  tristis  eventus  premit, 
Periclitatur  magnitude  principum; 
Minuta  plebes  facili  praesiclio  latet. 

greedy  teeth,  and    sunk    in  the  is,  '  the  leaders  on  account  of  their 

horrible   cavern  of  his  capacious  greatness.' 

belly.'  13.  facili]    *  In  a  place  of  shel- 

12.  magnitude  principum]  That  ter  which  they  easily  find.* 


FABULA   XL. 

VIPERA   ET    LIMA. 

Mordaciorem  qni  improbo  dente  adpetit, 
Hoc  argumento  se  describi  sentiat. 

In  omcinam  fabri  venit  vipera ; 
Hsec  quum  tentaret,  si  qua  res  esset  cibi, 
Limam  momordit.     Ilia  contra  contumax,  5 

"  Quid  me,"  inquit,  "  stulta,  dente  captas  laedere, 
Onme  adsuevi  ferrum  quae  corrodere?" 

FABULA  XL.  1.  improbo  dente]  5.  Ilia]  i.  e.,  lima. -~  contumax] 

'With  malicious  tooth.'  *  Unyielding.* 

2.  Hoc    araumento]    i.    e.,  hac  6.  Quid]     '  How  is  it  that,'  or 

fabula.  —  sentiat]     'Let  him  un-  'why?'     H.  454,  2. 

derstand.'    H.  488,  1.  7.  Omne—  ferrum]  i.  e.,  omne 

4.  tentaret}      'Was    trying    to  genus  ferri.  —  adsuevi]      To    be 

discover.'  —  esset]    Subjunctive  in  read  in  four  syllables.    Cf.  note 

an  indirect  question.  on  insuetis,  2,  8. 

TABULA   XLI. 

VULPES    ET    HIRCUS. 

Homo  in  periclum  simul  ac  venit  callidus, 
Reperire  effuginm  quaBrit  alter! us  malo. 
Quum  decidisset  vulpes  in  puteum  inscia, 

FABULA  XLI.  2.  alter  MS  malo]        3.  decidisset]     Cf.  note  on  1,  8. 
'At  another's  cost.'  —inscia]     'Unwarily.'    H.  443. 


XLL,   XLII.,   XLIII.  41 

Et  altiore  clauderetur  margine, 

Devenit  hircus  sitiens  in  eundem  locum ;  5 

Simul  rogavit,  esset  an  dulcis  liquor, 

Et  copiosus ;  ilia  fraudem  rnoliens  ; 

"  Descende,  amice ;  tanta  bonitas  est  aqua9, 

Yoluptas  ut  satiari  non  possit  mea." 

Immisit  se  barbatus.     Turn  vulpecula  10 

Evasit  puteo,  nixa  celsis  cornibus, 

Hircumque  clauso  liquit  haerentem  vado. 

4.  altiore  —  margine]    '  By  the        10.  barbatus]  i.  e.,  the  goat. 

brink  being  too  high.'    H.  444, 1.        11.  nixa}     '  Taking  a  spring.' . 

7.  ilia]  i.  e.,  vulpes.  12.  vado]    Cf.  note  on  2,  14. 

FABULA  XLII. 

DE    VITIIS    HOMINUM. 

Peras  imposuit  Jupiter  nobis  duas  : 
Propriis  repletam  vitiis  post  tergum  dedit, 
Alienis  ante  pectus  suspendit  gravem. 

Hac  re  videre  nostra  mala  non  possumus ; 
Alii  simul  delinquunt,  censores  sumus.  5 

FABULA  XLII.    1.  duas]    The  2.  repletam]    Sc.  unam. 

cardinal,  where  the  strict  prose  3.  suspendit]    Sc.  alterant. 

construction    would    require  the  4.  Hac  re]    *  On  this  account,' 

distributive  binas,  'two  each.'  *  for  this  reason.'    H.  414. 


FABULA  XLIII. 

FUR   ET    LUCEKNTA. 

Lucernam  fur  accendit  ex  ara  Jovis 
Ipsumque  compilavit  ad  lumen  suum. 

FABULA  XLIII.  2.  Jpsum]  i.  e.,  that  is,  4  by  the  light  taken  from 
Jupiter,  for  ipsius  fanum.  —  ad  Jupiter's  altar.'  Suum  refers  to 
lumen  suum]  *  By  his  own  light,'  the  main  subject  of  discourse. 


42  PH^DRI   FABUL.E. 

Onustus  qui  sacrilegio  qtium  discederet, 

Repent  e  vocem  s  an  eta  misit  religio  : 

"  Malorum  quamvis  ista  fuerint  munera  5 

Mihique  in  visa,  ut  non  offendar  subripi, 

Tamen,  sceleste,  spiritu  culpam  lues, 

Olim  quum  adscriptus  venerit  poenaa  dies. 

Sed  ne  ignis  noster  fucinori  prseluceat, 

Per  quern  verendos  excolit  pietas  deos,  10 

Veto  esse  tale  luminis  commercium." 

Ita  hodie  nee  lucernarn  de  flam  ma  deum 

Nee  de  lucerna  fas  est  accendi  sacrum. 

Quot  res  con  tin  eat  hoc  argumentum  utiles, 
Non  explicabit  alius,  quam  qui  repperit.  15 

Significat  priino  sa3pe,  quos  ipse  alueris, 
Tibi  inveniri  maxirne  contrarios  ; 
Secundo  ostendit  scelera  non  ira  deum, 
Fatorum  dicto  sed  puniri  tempore ; 
Novissime  interdicit,  ne  cum  malefico  20 

Usum  bonus  consociet  ullius  rei. 

3.  sacrilegio]    «  With  the  booty  of  light,'  that  is,  of  common  and 

acquired  by  this  sacrilege.'  sacred  fire. 

5.  ista  munera]      *  These    gifts  13.  sacrum]    Sc.  ignem.    Phae- 
which    you    are    now    carrying  clrus  means  that  Jupiter  had  for- 
away.'    H.  450.  bidden  that  the  caudles  should  be 

6.  subripi]    'That  they  are  sto-  lighted  from  the  sacred  altar,  as 
len,'  munera  being  understood.  had  been  done  b}r  the  thief,  or  that 

8.  Olim]     *  Hereafter.'  the  fire  on  the  altar  should  be  kin- 

9.  facinori]    For  facinorosis.        died  from  a  common  light. 

10.  Per  quem]  i.  e.,  ignem.  16.  quos]      Refers    to    eos,  the 

11.  co?nmercium]    *  Intercnange    omitted  subject  of  inveniri. 

FABULA  XLIV. 

DE    FORTUXIS    HOMINUM. 

Quum  de  fortunis  quidam  quereretur  suis, 
^Esopus  finxit  consolandi  gratia  :  — 

FABULA  XLIV.    2.  finxit}    Sc.    genitive  of  the  gerund  after  gra- 
hanc  fabulam.  — consolandi}    The    tia,  '  for  the  sake  of.'    H.  563. 


FABULA   XLIV.,   XLV.,   XL VI.  43 

Vexata  saevis  navis  tempestatibus, 
Inter  vectorum  lacrimas  et  mortis  metura, 
Faciem  ad  serenam  subito  ut  mutatur  dies,  5 

Ferri  secundis  tuta  coepit  flatibus 
Niraiaque  nautas  hilaritate  extollere. 
Fnctus  periclo  turn  gubernator  sophus, 
"  Parce  gaudere  oportet  et  sensim  queri, 
Totam  quia  vitam  miscet  dolor  et  gaudium."  10 

6.  secundis — flatibus}     'With  9.  sensim]    '  To  be  slow  to  coin- 
favorable  winds.'  plain;'  that  is,  not  to  complain 

7.  extollere]    *  To  transport.'  until  the  real  danger  is  upon  us. 

8.  periclo]    f  From  experience.'  10.  vitam  miscet]  *  Checker  life.' 

FABULA   XLV. 

SERPEXS.       MISERICORDIA    NOCIVA. 

Qui  fert  mails  auxilium,  post  tempus  dolet. 
Gelu  rigentem  quidam  colubram  sustulit 
Sinuque  fovit,  contra  se  ipse  misericors : 
Namque  ut  refecta  est,  necuit  hominem  protinus. 
Hanc  alia  quum  rogaret  causam  facinoris,  5 

Respondit,  "  Ne  quis  discat  prodesse  improbis." 

FABULA    XLV.     3.  contra  se]        6.  Ne  quis  discat]     '  That  one 
'  To  his  own  hurt.'  may  learn  not  to  bestow  favors 

5.  Hanc  —  rogaret]    H.  374.         upon.' 

FABULA  XLVI. 

MONS    PARTURIENS. 

Mons  parturibat,  gemitus  immanes  ciens ; 
Eratque  in  terris  maxima  expectatio ; 
At  ille  murem  peperit.     Hoc  scriptum  est  tibi, 
Qui,  magna  quum  minaris,  extricas  nihil. 

FABULA  XLVI.  1.  parturibat]  ing  to  pass.'  This  short  fable 

An  old  form  of  the  imperfect ;  Horace  makes  still  shorter  in  the 

*  was  in  labor.'  H.  239,  1.  verse,  '  Parturiunt  monies,  nasne- 

4.  extricas  nihil]     *  Bring  noth-  tur  ridiculus  mus.'    Ars  Poet.  139. 


44  PILEDKI   FABUL^E. 

FABULA  XLVII. 

FORMICA    ET    MUSCA. 

Nil  agere,  quod  non  prosit,  fabella  indicat. 
Formica  et  musea  contendebant  acriter, 
Quae  pluris  esset.     Musca  sic  ccepit  prior : 
"  Conferre  nostris  tu  potes  te  laudibus  ? 
Ubi  immolatur,  exta  praegusto  deum  ;  5 

Moror  inter  aras,  templa  perlustro  omnia. 
In  capite  regis  sedeo,  quurn  visum  est  mihi, 
Et  matronarum  casta  delibo  oscula. 
Laboro  nihil,  atque  optimis  rebus  fruor. 
Quid  horum  simile  tibi  contingit,  rustica  ?  "  10 

"  Est  gloriosus  sane  convictus  deum, 
Sed  illi,  qui  invitatur,  non  qui  in  vis  us  est. 
Reges  commemoras  et  matronarum  oscula. 
Ego  granum  in  hiemem  quum  studiose  congero, 
Te  circa  muruin  pasci  video  stercore.  15 

Aras  frequentas ;  nernpe  abigeris,  quo  venis. 
Nihil  laboras  ;  ideo  quum  opus  est,  nil  habes. 
Super  etiam  jactas,  tegere  quod  debet  pudor. 
^Estate  me  lacessis  ;  quum  bruma  est,  siles. 
Mori  contractam  quum  te  cogunt  frigora,  20 

FABULA  XLVII.    3.  Quce]  For  can  eat  with  the  gods  from  the 

utra ;  *  which  was  of  the  greater  same  altar  or  table, 

consequence.*—  plums']  Sc.pretii;  12.  illi]     Se.  gloriosus.    H.  391. 

sum  and  verbs  of  valuing  are  fol-  14.  granuni\    In  the  singular  is 

lowed    by  the  genitive   denoting  used  poetically  for  grana,  plural, 

the  degree  of  estimation.    H.  402,  16.  quo}  i.e.,  quocunquey  «  where- 

III.  1.  soever.' 

5.  immolatur']    '  When  a  sncri-  18.  Super]  i.  e.,  insuper,  —pra- 
ties is  made.' —  exta  —  deum]  *  The  terea,  '  Moreover.' 
entrails  which  are  to  be  offered  to  19.  me  lacessis]  '  You  plague  or 
the  gods.'  annoy  me.' 

11.  convictus  deum]     'Banquet-  20.  contractam"]     'Shrivels  you 

ing  with  the  gods ; '  because  you  up  and  causes  your  death. ' 


TABULA   XLVII.,  XLVIII. 


45 


Me  copiosa  recipit  incolumem  domus. 
Satis  profecto  rettudi  superbiam." 

Fabella  tails  hominum  discernit  notas 
Eorum,  qui  se  falsis  ornant  laudibus, 
Et  quorum  virtus  exhibet  solid um  decus. 


25 


21.  copiosa] 
plies.' 

22.  rettudi}  Lit., '  I  have  blunt- 
ed,' that  is,  *  I  have  humbled  your 
pride.'    This  line  does  not  seem 


Filled  with  sup-    appropriate  to  the  modesty  of  the 
ant.     Hence  some  editors  have 
proposed  the  reading  rettudit. 
23.  notas]    '  Characteristics/ 
25.  virtus]    'Merit.' 


FABULA  XLVIII. 


VIATORES    ET   LATRO. 

Duo  quum  incidissent  in  latronem  milites, 
Unus  profugit,  alter  autem  restitit 
Et  vindicavit  sese  forti  dextera. 
Latrone  occiso,  timid  us  accurrit  comes 
Stringitque  gladium,  dein  rejecta  psenula, 
"Cedo,"  inquit,  "ilium  ;  jam  curabo  sentiat, 
Quos  adtentarit."     Tune,  qui  depugnaverat : 
"Vellem  istis  verbis  saltern  adjuvisses  modo; 
Constantior  fuissem  vera  existirnans. 


FABULA  XLVIII.  3.  vindicavit 
•  Defended  himself.' 

6.  Cedo]    '  Give  me  the  fellow, 
says  he.'     Cedo  is  an  old  impera- 
tive equivalent  to  da,  or  without 
an  accusative  to  die.    H.  297,  III. 
—  curabo]    Sc.  ut.    H.  493,  2. 

7.  Quos]  '  What  sort  of  persons 
he  has  attacked.'  —  depugnaverat] 
'Who  had  ended   the  strife  (as 
victor) ' ;  '  who  had  come  off  victor 
in  the  fight.' 

8.  Vellern]     The  potential  sub- 


junctive. H.  485.  The  imperfect 
implies  the  consciousness  that  the 
wish  could  not  be  fulfilled.  — ad- 
juvisses] The  subjunctive  after  ut 
omitted.  H.  493,  2.—  modo]  'Just 
now ' ;  '  a  little  while  ago.' 

9.  fuissem]  The  conclusion  of 
a  conditional  sentence,  of  which 
the  protasis  is  implied  in  vera  ex- 
istimans,  and  may  be  given  thus : 
'  if  I  had  believed  what  you  say 
to  be  true.'  H.  578,  III.— vera] 
Predicate  adjective.  H.  373,  3. 


46  PH-EDRI   TABULAE. 

Nunc  conde  ferrum  et  linguam  pariter  futilem,       10 
Ut  possis  alios  ignorantes  fallere. 
Ego,  qui  sum  expertus,  quantis  fugias  viribus, 
Scio,  quam  virtuti  non  sit  credendum  tuse." 

Illi  adsignari  debet  hsec  narratio, 
Qui  re  secunda  fortis  est,  dubia  fugax.  15 

10.  pariter  futilem]  *  As  worth-  13.  quam]    '  How.'  —  sit  creden- 
less  as  your  sword  has  been.'  dum]    H.  301,  2. 

11.  ignorantes]     Sc.    te,    '  who  15.  fugax]      *  Scampers    away 
don't  know  you.'  when  there  is  danger.' 


FABULA  XLTX. 

CALVUS   ET   MTJSCA. 

Calvi  momordit  musca  nudatum  caput ; 
Quam  opprimere  captans  alapam  sibi  duxit  gravem. 
Tune  ilia  irridens  :  "  Punctum  volucris  parvulse 
Voluisti  morte  ulcisci ;  quid  facies  tibi, 
InjmiaB  qui  addideris  contumeliam  ?  "  5 

Respondit :  "Mecum  facile  redeo  in  gratiam, 
Quia  non  fuisse  mentem  Isedendi  scio. 
Sed  te,  contempti  generis  animal  improbum, 
Qua3  delectaris  bibere  humanum  sanguinem, 
Optem  necare  vel  majore  incommodo."  10 

Hoc  argumentum  veniam  ei  dari  docet, 

FABULA   XLIX.      2.    alapam]  blow  which  he  had  given  himself 

Probably  an  onomatopoetic  word,  on  his  bald  head, 

like    the    English    «  slap.'  —  sibi  7.  fuisse  mentem]  Sc.  mihi.  The 

duxit]     f  Gave  himself.'  injury  is  estimated  according  to 

3.  ilia]    i.  e.,  musca.  — parvulce]  the  intent  of  the  one  who  does  it. 

A  diminutive  adjective  from  par-  8.  te]   Object  of  necare,  in  v.  10. 

MS,  *  a  very  small  fly.'  10.  Optem]    The  potential  sub- 

5.  Injurite  —  contumcliam\  The  junctive.     H.   485.  —  majore  in- 

fonner  of  these  words  refers  to  commodo]    *  Even  at  greater  in- 

the  bite  of  the  fly,  the  latter  to  the  convenience  to  myself.' 


FABULA  XLIX.,   L.,  LI.  47 

Qui  casu  peccat.    Nam  qui  consilio  est  nocens, 
Ilium  esse  quamvis  clignum  pcena  judico. 

13.  quamvis  dignum]    Quamvis,    positive  to  designate  a  very  high 
like  valde,  is  often  used  with  the    degree  of  a  quality. 

FABULA  L. 

TEMPUS. 

Cursu  volucri,  pendens  in  novacula, 

Calvus,  comosa  fronte,  nudo  corpore, 

Quern  si  occuparis,  teneas;  elapsum  semel 

Non  ipse  possit  Jupiter  reprehendere, 

Occasionem  rerum  significat  brevem.  5 

Effectus  impediret  ne  segnis  mora, 
Finxere  antiqui  talem  emgiem  Temporis. 

FABULA  L.    1.  Cursu  volucri]  5.  Occasionem]    Subject  of  esse, 

'In    rapid    flight.' — pendens   in  to  be  supplied.  —  brevem]     Predi- 

noracula]     The  idea  is,  that  he  cate  adjective, 

moves  so  quickly  that  he  can  run  6.  Effectus}    The  sense  of  the 

upon  the  edge  of  a  razor  without  passage  is,  '  The  ancients  repre- 

cutting  himself.    Pendens    is  ele-  sented  Time  by  such  an  emblem, 

gantly  used  for  leviter  insistens,  in  order  that  slothful  delay  might 

ut  mx  attingat.  not  hinder  the  execution  of  our 

3.  elapsum]    H.  578,  III.  best  enterprises.' 

FABULA  LI. 

TAURUS  ET  VITULUS. 

Angusto  in  aditu  taurus  luctans  cornibus, 
Quum  vix  intrare  posset  ad  prsesepia, 
Monstrabat  vitulus,  quo  se  pacto  plecteret ; 
"  Tace,"  inquit ;  "  ante  hoc  novi,  quam  tu  natus  es." 
Qui  doctiorem  emendat,  sibi  dici  putet. 

FABULA  LI.    1.  taurus  luctans]  4.  ante]  To  be  joined  with  quam. 

A  strict  prose  construction  would  5.  did]    This  infinitive  has  for 

require  tauro  luctanti,  depending  its  subject  the  preceding  sentence, 

on  monstrabat.  Tace,  ante  hoc  novi,  quam  tu,  etc. 


EPILOGUS. 

DB   IIS,   QUI   LEGUNT   LIBELLUM. 

Hoc  qualecunque  est  Musa  quod  ludit  mea, 
Nequitia  pariter  laudat  et  frugalitas, 
Sed  haec  simpliciter ;  ilia  tacite  irascitur. 

(48) 


JTJSTI^TUS. 


LIFE   OF   JUSTIN. 


THE  age  in  which  Justin  lived,  and  even  his  entire 
name,  are  matters  of  doubt.  In  most  manuscripts, 
merely  the  name  Justinus  is  given ;  in  one  he  is  called 
Justinus  Frontinus,  and  in  another  M.  Junianus  Justi- 
nus. According  to  some,  his  age  is  supposed  to  be 
that  of  the  Antonines ;  but  the  words  "  Imperator 
Antonine,"  which  occur  in  the  preface  of  the  early 
editions,  are  now  considered  an  interpolation  of  some 
one  of  the  earlier  editors.  The  first  writer  by  whom 
he  is  mentioned  is  Saint  Jerome,  about  A.  D.  407. 
How  long  before  this  time  his  abridgment  was  writ- 
ten, it  is  impossible  to  decide.  That  he  lived  some- 
what after  the  Augustan  age,  is  conclusively  proved  by 
his  use  of  several  words  which  occur  only  in  the  later 
writers,  as  aduno,  impossibility  restaurare ;  the  indis- 
.  criminate  use  of  cimtas  and  urbs ;  by  the  numerous 
instances  of  his  disregard  of  the  regular  sequence  of 
tenses;  and  by  the  employment  of  Greek  constructions 
in  the  use  of  the  infinitive. 

Trogus  Pompcjus,  of  whose  history  Justin's  work  is 
an  abridgment,  was  a  Roman  who  flourished  under  the 

51 


52  LIFE   OF   JUSTIN. 

reign  of  Augustus.  He  himself  writes  that  his  ances- 
tors had  their  origin  from  the  Vocontii,  a  people  of 
Gallia  Narbonensis ;  that  his  grandfather  received  the 
right  of  citizenship  from  Porapey  the  Great,  in  the 
Sertorian  war;  that  his  uncle  led  a  troop  of  cavalry 
under  the  same  Pompey;  and  that  his  father  served 
under  Julius  Caesar.  Trogus's  name  Pompejus  seems 
to  have  been  derived  from  his  connection  with  the 
family  of  Pompey. 

Trogus's  history  was  entitled  "Liber  Historiarum 
Philippicarum,"  and  was  intended  to  give  a  complete 
history  of  the  rise,  progress,  decline,  and  fall  of  the 
Macedonian  monarchy.  In  the  execution  of  his  plan, 
the  author  introduced  the  history  of  the  Assyrians, 
Medes  and  Persians,  as  well  as  of  the  several  states  of 
Greece.  The  sources  of  his  information  were  doubt- 
less the  Greek  historians,  and  to  Theopompus  he  was 
indebted  for  the  general  plan  of  his  work.  It  is  prob- 
able that  the  style  of  the  history  —  which  is  greatly 
admired  for  its  purity  and  elegance  —  is  chiefly  that 
of  Trogus,  though  the  intermixture  of  post-Augustan 
words  proves  that  the  book  is  not  simply  a  collection 
of  extracts. 


J  U  S  T  I  N I 

HISTORIJE  PHILIPPICS 


ALEXANDEI  MAGNI   VITA. 


HISTORICAL  INTRODUCTION. 

BEFORE  the  time  of  Philip,  the  father  of  Alexan- 
der the  Great,  Macedonia  had  but  little  influence 
upon  the  condition  of  Greece.  At  the  accession 
of  Philip  to  the  throne,  the  kingdom  was  a  narrow 
territory  around  Pella,  excluded  partially  by  inde- 
pendent and  powerful  Grecian  cities  even  from 
the  neighboring  sea-coast.  He  first  manifested  his 
ability  by  changing  his  rude  subjects  into  disci- 
plined soldiers,  and  conquering  the  surrounding 
nations.  Next  he  availed  himself  of  the  dissen- 
sions between  the  Grecian  states,  so  that,  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  Macedonian  ascendency  was 
established  from  the  coasts  of  the  Propontis  to 
those  of  the  Ionian  Sea ;  and  all  Greece,  with 
the  exception  of  Sparta  and  some  mountainous 
districts,  submitted  to  his  control.  It  was  with 
soldiers  trained  in  the  twenty-four  years  of  his 
father's  reign  that  Alexander  made  the  conquest 
of  the  Persian  empire. 

53 


54 


JUSTINI  HISTORIC  PHILIPPICS. 


LIBER  I. 

I.    IN  exercitu  Philippi,  sicuti  variae  gentes  erant,  ita, 

eo  occiso,  diversi  motus  animorum  fuere.  Alii  quippe  in- 

justa  servitute  oppress!,  ad  spem  se  libertatis  erigebant : 

alii  taedio  Ionginqua3  militia?,  remissam  sibi  expeditio- 

5  nem  gaudebant:  nonnulli  facem  nuptiis  filia3  accensam, 

rogo  patris  subditam  dolebant.     Amicos  quoque,  tarn 

subita  mutatione  rerum,  baud  mediocris  metus  ceperat, 

reputantes  nunc  provocatam  Asiam;   nunc   Europam 

nond-nm   perdomitam;   nunc    Illyrios,   et   Thracas,   et 

lODardanos,  ceterasque  barbaras  gentes  fidei  dubiae,  et 


LIBER  I. 

I.  On  the  death  of  Philip, 
Alexander  succeeds  to  the 
throne,  and  suppresses  all  dis- 
affection. 

3.  se  erigebant}    l  Roused  them- 
selves.' 

4.  teedio]     '  Aversion.' 
longinquce]     l  Distant.'     Philip, 

at  the  time  of  his  death,  was  mak- 
ing preparations  for  the  conquest 
of  the  Persian  empire. 

rem issam  —  expeditionem]  f  At 
being  released  from  the  expedi- 
tion' (into  Asia). 

5.  gaudebanf]     Gaudere,  to  re- 
joice inwardly;    Icetari,  to   show 
one's  gladness. 

facem}  By  the  Roman  custom, 
the  bride  was  brought  to  the 
bridegroom's  house  by  the  light 
of  a  torch. 

nuptiis fili(E\  Philip  was  assas- 
sinated at  the  celebration  of  the 
nuptials  of  his  daughter  Cleo- 
patra. 

7.  hand  mediocris]    An  instance 


of  litotes  —  i.  e.,  a  mode  of  ex- 
pressing something  by  denying 
the  contrary. 

metus]  The  apprehension  of  an 
evil ;  timor,  cowardly  fear. 

8.  reputantes}     '  Considering.' 

Asiam]  The  name  Asia,  in 
Latin  authors,  meant,  at  different 
times,  regions  very  different  in 
extent.  In  Justin  and  Nepos,  by 
it  is  usually  meant  so  much  of  the 
continent  as  was  under  the  sway 
of  the  King  of  Persia.  The  Ro- 
man province  Asia  included,  at 
first,  only  the  dominions  of  Atta- 
lus,  King  of  Pergamus.  In  Cice- 
ro's time,  it  embraced  Phrygia, 
Mysia,  Caria,  and  Lydia,  while 
subsequently  the  Tigris  and  the 
Euphrates  became  the  limit  of 
the  Roman  empire  in  the  East. 

Europam]  i.  e.,  Greece,  which 
was  not  wholly  subdued. 

10.  barbaras]     A   term  applied 
by  the   Greeks  and  Romans    to 
all  nations  except  themselves. 
fidei  dubice]   <  Of  doubtful  faith.' 


ALEXANDRI   MAGNI  VITA. 


55 


entis  infidse;  qui  omnes  populi  si  pariter  deficiant, 
sisti  nullo  modo  posse.  Quis  rebus  veluti  medela  quae- 
dam  interventus  Alexandri  fuit ;  qui  pro  contione  ita 
vulgus  omne  consolatus,  hortatusque  pro  tempore  est, 
ut  et  metum  timentibus  demeret,  et  in  spem  sui  omnes  5 
impelleret.  Erat  hie  annos  viginti  natus  :  in  qua  setate 
ita  moderate  de  se  multa  pollicitus  est,  ut  appareret, 
plura  eum  experimentis  reservar'e.  Macedonibus  im- 
munitatern  cunctarum  rerum,  prseter  militias  vacati- 
onem,  dedit ;  quo  facto  tantum  sibi  favoris  apud  omnes  10 
eonciliavit,  ut  corpus  hominis,  non  virtutem  regis  mu- 
tasse  se  dicerent. 

II.     Prima  illi  cura  paternarum  exsequiarum  fuit ;  in 
quibus  ante  omnia,  caedis  conscios  ad  tumuluin  patris 
occidi  jussit ;  soli  Alexandro  Lyncistae  fratri  pepercit,  15 
servans   in   eo   auspicium  dignitatis  sua?;  nam  regem 
eum  primus   salutaverat.      ^Emulum   quoque   imperil 


The  predicate  genitive.    H.  402,  3. 

1.  deficiant]  Subordinate  clause 
in  the  oratio  obliqua.    H.  531. 

2.  sisti  nullo  modo  posse]  *  In  no 
way  could  safety  be  secured ; '  sis- 
ti, the  subject  of  posse.   H.  549,  2. 

Quis]  For  quibus,  a  monosyl- 
lable only  as  a  relative. 

qucedam]  Quidam,  a  certain  one 
whom  we  can  name;  aliquis,  a 
certain  one  whom  we  cannot,  or 
do  not  choose  to,  name. 

3.  interventus']  'The  succession.' 

4.  pro  tempore']     '  As  the  time 
demanded.' 

6.  annas']  With  the  adjective 
natus,  the  number  of  years  (the 
measure  of  the  age)  is  put  in  the 
accusative.  H.  378. 

II.  The  beginning  of  Alex- 
ander's reign.  He  prepares  to 
invade  Persia. 

14.  omnia']      Omnes,  all,    in   a 


general  sense  ;  cuncti,  all  togeth- 
er, opposed  to  sejuncti ;  universi, 
all,  opposed  to  singuli. 

15.  occidi]  It  is  said  that  Augus- 
tus Caesar  put  to  death  three  hun- 
dred captives  at  an  altar  raised  to 
Julius  Caesar  on  the  ides  of  March. 

jussit]  Jubere,  to  bid,  to  ex- 
press a  wish ;  imperare,  to  order 
with  authority,  where  obedience 
is  required. 

Lyncista]  An  appositive  of  fra- 
tri. Three  brothers  from  Lyncis- 
tis,  a  district  of  Macedonia,  were 
privy  to  Philip's  assassination. 

16.  auspicium]  Regularly  means 
divination  only  from  birds ;   au- 
gurium,  from  any  appearance  in 
the  ordinary  course  of  nature. 

regem  eum]  Two  accusatives. 
H.  373. 

17.  primus]    *  He  was  the  first 
who  had  saluted.'    H.  442,  1. 


56  JUSTINI  HISTORIC  PHILIPPICS. 

Caranum,  fratrem  ex  noverca  susceptum,  interfici  cura- 
vit.  Inter  initia  multas  gentes  rebellantes  compescuit ; 
orientes  nonnullas  seditiones  exstinxit.  Quibus  rebus 
erectus,  citato  gradu  in  Graeciam  contendit ;  ubi,  exem- 
5  plo  patris  Corinthum  evocatis  civitatibus,  dux  in  locum 
ejus  substituitur.  Inchoatum  deinde  a  patre  Persicum 
bellum  aggreditur;  in  cujus  apparatu  occupato  nuntia- 
tur,  "Athenienses  et  Thebanos,  ab  eo  ad  Persas  defe- 
cisse,  auctoremque  ejus  defectionis,  magno  auri  pon- 

10  dere  a  Persis  corruptum,  Deniosthenem  oratorem 
exstitisse;  qui  Macedonum  deletas  omnes  cum  rege 
copias  a  Triballis  affirmaverit,  producto  in  contionem 
auctore,  qui  in  eo  praalio,  in  quo  rex  ceciderit,  se  quo- 
que  vulneratum  diceret.  Qua  opinione  mutatos  omni- 

15  um  ferme  civitatium  animos  esse ;  pra3sidia  Mace- 
donum obsideri."  Quibus  motibus  occursurus,  tanta 
celeritate  instructo  paratoque  exercitu  Graeciam  oppres- 
sit,  ut,  quem  venire  non  senserant,  videre  se  vix  crede- 
rent. 

20  III.  In  transitu  hortatus  Thessalos  fuerat;  benefi- 
ciorumque  Pbilippi  patris,  maternasquc  suae  cum  his  ab 


1.  ex  noverca  susceptum]    '  The  tive  participle  often  denotes  inten- 
son  of  his   step-mother  '  Cleopa-  tion  or  purpose.    H.  578,  5. 

tra.  17.  exercitu]       Exercitus  is  an 

2.  Inter  initia]     '  In  the  begin-  army,  with   reference  to  its  disci- 
ning  of  his  reign.'  pline  ;    acies,  an  army  in   battle 

4.  citato  gradu]     '  In  all  haste.'  array;   agmen,  an  army    on  the 

7.  occupato]     Dative  case,   *  to  march, 
him  occupied.' 

13.  auctore]      'The    authority'  III.    Alexander   brings   into 

(for  the  news).  subjection    the    Greeks,    who 

prfplio]     Bellum,  war ;  pugna,  a  nad  risen  in  revolt, 

fight ;  pra'ium,  an  engagement.  21.  matern&que — nccessitudinis] 

se]  i.  e.,  the  false  messenger.  *  His  mother's   relationship   with 

15.  civitatium]      Ciritas  refers  them  through  the  fami'y  of  the 

chicly  to  the   inhabitants;  urbs,  -<Eacidae,'  Olympias,  his  mother, 

t«j  the  dwellings.  being    descended    from    ^Eacus. 

1C.  occursurus]     The  future  ac-  ^lacides,  a  patronymic.    H.  316. 


ALEXANDRI   MAGNI   VITA.  57 

JEacidaram  gente  necessitudinis  admonuerat.  Cupide 
haec  Thessfilis  audientibus,  exemplo  patris  dux  univer- 
sae  gentis  creatus  erat,  et  vectigalia  omnia,  reditusque 
suos  ei  tradiderant.  Sed  Athenienses,  sieuti  primi  de- 
fecerant,  ita  primi  pcenitere  coeperunt,  contemptum  5 
hostis  in  admirationem  vertentes,  pueritiamque  Alex- 
andri  spretam  an  tea,  supra  virtutem  veterurn  ducum 
extollentes.  Missis  itaque  legatis,  bellum  deprecantur : 
quibus  auditis  ct  graviter  increpatis,  Alexander  bellum 
remisit.  Inde  Thebas  exercitum  convertit,  eadem  in- 10 
dulgentifi  usurus,  si  parem  poenitentiam  invenisset. 
Sed  Thebfmi  armis,  non  precibus,  nee  deprecatione  usi 
suiit.  Itaque  victi  gravissima  quaeque  supplicia  mi- 
scrrimze  cnptivitatis  experti  sunt.  In  consilio  cum  de 
excidio  urbis  deliberaretur,  Phoeenses  et  Plataeenses  et  15 
Thespienses  et  Orchomenii,  Alexandri  socii  victoriaeqae 
part.icipes,  excidia  urbium  suarum,  crudelitatemque 
Thebanorum  reierebant ;  stadia  in  Persas  non  prsesen- 
ti;i  tantum,  verum  et  vetera  adversus  Graecia?  libeita- 
tem  increpantes  :  "  quamobrem  odium  eos  omnium  popu-  20 
lorum  esse :  quod  vel  ex  eo  manifestari,  quod  jureju- 

1.  gente]  Gens,  a  clan  or  race,  as  14.  experti  sunt]     TheThebans 

coming  from  the  s:imc  progenitor;  were   sold   as   slaves,  except  the 

natio,  a  single  collection  of  the  priests,  those  joined   by  ties    of 

same ;  poprdus,  a  people,  with  rcf-  hospitality  with  the  Macedonians, 

erence  to  their  social  and  political  and  the  descendants  of  Pindar. 

relations.  9Q.  increpantes]  *  Urging  against 

Cupide']     '  Gladly.'  them.' 

5.  pcenitere]     Used  personally.  quamobrem']       Before  quamob- 

6.  hostis]     An  enemy  (in  war)  ;  rem  dixerunt  is  to  be  understood. 
inimicus,  a  private  enemy.  jj.  530,  II.,  1. 

pueritiam]     Demosthenes    had  odium]  For  odiosos  homines,  by 

called  Alexander  a 'boy,'  'a  sec-  metonymy,  the  abstract  for  the 

ond  Margitcs,'  i.  e.,  a  silly  fellow,  concrete.  Here  the  predicate  noun 

8.  legatis]  Among  the  ambassa-  does  not  agree  with  the  subject, 

dors  from  Athens  was  Demosthe-  either  in  gender  or  in  number, 

nes,  who  however,  from  fear  of  H.  362,  1. 

Alexander,  returned,  having  gone  21.  quod  —  manifestari]     'And 

half  way.  this  was  plain  from  the  fact.' 


58  JUSTINI   HISTORIC   PHILIPPICS. 

rando  se  omnes  obstrinxerint,  ut,  victis  Persis,  Thebas 
diruerent."  Adjiciunt  et  scelerum  priorum  fabulas,  qui- 
bus  omnes  scenas  repleverint,  ut  non  praesenti  tantum 
perfidia,  verum  et  vetere  infamia  invisi  forent. 
5  IY.  Tune  Cleadas,  unus  ex  captivis,  data  potestate 
dicendi,  "Xon  a  rege  se  defecisse,  quern  interfectum 
audierint,  sed  a  regis  heredibus :  quidquid  in  eo  sit 
admissum,  credulitatis,  non  perfidise  culpam  esse;  cujus 
tarn  en  jam  magna  se  supplicia  pependisse,  deletfi  ju- 

10  ventute  :  nunc  senum  feminarumque,  sicuti  infirm um, 
ita  innoxium  restare  vulgus,  quod  ipsum  contumeliis 
it  a  vexatum  esse,  ut  nihil  amarius  unquam  sint  passi : 
nee  jam  pro  civibus  se,  qui  tarn  pauci  remanserint, 
orare,  sed  pro  innoxio  patriae  solo,  et  pro  urbe,  quge 

15  non  viros  tantum,  veriim  et  deos  genuerit."  Privata 
etiam  regem  superstitione  deprecatur,  geniti  apud  ipsos 
Herciilis,  undo  originem  gens  .JEacidanim  trahat,  ac- 
taequc  Thebis  a  patre  ejus  Philippe .  pueritiae :  rogat, 

2.  scelerurti]  Facinus,  from / ado,    ey,   pendere  f  cenas,  to    pay   the 
denotes  a  bold,  daring  deed,  HSU-    penalt}-. 

ally,  unless  joined  with  a  favora-  jutcntute]      '  The    youth/    the 

l)le  epithet,  an  evil  deed ;  scelus  abstract  for  the  concrete.    Juven- 

implies  greater  crimin:;i;ty.  tus  extended  from  the  twentieth 

fabulas]      See   Nepos,   Epami-  to  the  fonieth  year, 

nondas  p.  161,  line  4,  note.  15.  deos}    Bacchus  and  Hercu- 

3.  prcesenti]  The  ablative  singu-  les. 

lar  of  things  is  usually  prcesenti;  16.  Privata  —  deprecatur}     'He 

of  persons,  prasente.  attempts   to   influence    the    king 

IV.    Alexander  subdues  the  ^    his    reverence    on    personal 

Thebans,    and   destroys    their  grounds,'    appealing    to    him    in 

city.    He  compels  the  submis-  consequence  of  his  assumed  de- 

sion  of  the  Athenians.  scent  from  Hercules. 

5.  ex  captivis']     The  relation  of  17.  jEacidarum]     The  JEacids 

the  partitive  genitive.    H.  398,  4.  derived  their  origin  from  JEacus, 

9.  pependisse]    Pendo  originally  and  not  from  Hercules.    On  his 

meant  to  weigh  out,  hence  to  pay,  father's  side,  Alexander  was  a  de- 

as,  in  the  earliest  times,  payments  scendant  of  Hercules, 

were  made  by  weighing  out  met-  18.  pueritice]     Probably  Philip 

als  ;   then,  as  a  punishment  frc-  was  taken  to  Thebes  by  Pelopidas 

quently  consisted  of  fines  in  mon-  for  his  safety. 


ALEXANDRI   MAGNI   VITA.  59 

"urbi  parcat,  quae  majores  ejus  partim  apud  se  genitos, 
deos  adoret;  partim  educates,  suinmse  majestatis  reges 
viderit."  Sed  potentior  fuit  ira,  quam  preces.  Itaque 
urbs  diruitur,  agri  inter  victores  dividuntur,  captivi 
sub  corona  venduntur :  quorum  pretium  non  ex  emen-  5 
tium  commodo,  sed  ex  inimicorum  odio  extenditur. 
Miseranda  res  Atheniensibus  visa.  Itaque  portas  re- 
fugiis  profugorum  contra  interdictum  regis  aperuere. 
Quam  rem  ita  graviter  tulit  Alexander,  ut  secunda 
legatione  denuo  bellum  deprecantibus  ita  demum  re- 10 
miserit,  ut  ora tores  et  duces,  quorum  fiducifi  toties 
rebellent,  sibi  dedantur :  paratisque  Atbeniensibus,  ne 
cogantur  subire  bellum,  eo  res  deducta  est,  ut,  retentis 
oratoribus,  duces  in  exsilium  agerentur:  qui  ex  conti- 
nenti  ad  Darlum  profecti,  non  mediocre  momentum  15 
Persarum  viribtis  accessere. 

Y.     Proficiscens    ad   Persicum    bellum,   omnes    no- 
vercae  siue  cognates,  quos  Philippus  in  excelsiorem  di- 
gnitatis  locum  provehens  imperils  praefecerat,  interfecit. 
Sed  nee  suis,  qui  apti  regno  videbantur,  pepercit ;  ne  20 
qua  materia  seditionis,  procul  se  agente,  in  Macedonia 

1.  parcat}       Ut    omitted.      H.    purchaser,  to  take  vengeance  on 
493,  2.  an  enemy,  would  readily  pay  a 

majores]  'Ancestors ; '  with  deos,    high  price, 
two  accusatives.    H.  373.  7.  refugiis  profugorum}     '  For 

2.  partim}     Used  adverbially,    the  refuge  of  the  exiles.' 

'in  part.'  9.  ita  —  ut}    'On  the  condition 

4.  diruitur}    The  house  of  Pin-    that.'    In  this  sense,  ita  is  usually 
d,ir,  the  poet,  and  those  of  his    followed  by  si. 

descendants,  alone  were  saved.  v.  Having  put  to  death  such 

5.  sub  corona  venduntur}     The  of  his  kinsmen  as  he  feared  or 
number  sold  was  thirty  thousand,  mistrusted,    Alexander    starts 
It  was  the  custom  in  early  times  upon  his  expedition  into  Asia, 
to  place  a  chuplet  on  the  head  of  18.  exceUior em  — locum}      The 
a  captive,  when  offered  for  sale  as  comparative  used  as  in  English. 
a  slave.     The   chaplet  indicated  Translate  « the  higher  places.' 
that  the  seller  gave  no  warranty.  20.  apti}    «  Fit/    In  aptus  real, 
See  Festus,  269,  12.  in  idoneus  presumed,  fitness  is  im- 

6.  extenditur}     '  Is  raised.'  The  plied. 


60 


JUSTINI  HISTORIC   PHILIPPICS. 


reman eret :  et  reges  stipendiaries  conspectioris  ingenii 
nd  commilitium  secum  trahit,  segniores  ad  tutelam 
regni  relinquit.  Adunato  deinde  exercitu  naves  one- 
rat:  unde  conspecta  Asia,  incredibili  ardore  mentis 
5  nccensus,  duodecim  aras  deorum  in  belli  vota  statuit. 
Patrimonium  omne  suum,  quod  in  Macedonia  Euro- 
paque  habebat,  amicis  dividit,  sibi  Asiam  sufficere  prze- 
fatns.  Priusquam  ulla  navis  litore  excederet,  hostias 
caedit,  petens  u  victoriam  bello,  quo  toties  a  Persis  pe- 
10  titaa  Graecise  ultor  electus  sit :  quibus  longa  jam  satis, 
et  matura  imperia  contigisse,  quorumque  tempus  esse 
vices  excipere  melius  acturos."  Sed  nee  exercitus  ejus 
alia,  quam  regis  animoruin  praesumptio  fuit :  quippe 
obliti  omnes  conjugum,  liberorumque,  et  longinquaa  a 


1.  remanerci~\      Mancre,   to   re- 
main, not  to  leave  a  place ;   rema- 
nere,  to  remain,  if  others  leave. 

2.  t'ltelam]     For  the  protection 
of  Macedonia,  he  lefc  Antipater 
with  thirteen  thousand  men. 

3.  Adunato  —  exercitu]      'Hav- 
ing united  his  forces ;  '    but  for 
syntax,  sec  H.  419,  2,  1). 

4.  incredibili]    The  termination 
-bills  denotes  capability,  generally 
in  a  passive  sense.    H.  328,  3. 

5.  duodecim]     Agrees  with  cho- 
rum.     The  D.ii  Cnnsentes  of  the 
Romans  were  twelve  in  number, 
whose  gilded  statues  were  ranged 
along  the  forum,  the  same  doubt- 
less with  those   enumerated    by 
Ennius,  — Juno,  Vesta,  Minerva, 
Ceres,  Diana,  Venus,  Mars,  Mer- 
curius,  Jovis,  Neptunus,  Vulca- 
nus,   Apollo.      According  to  Ar- 
rian,  Alexander  erected  altars  to 
Jupiter,  Pallas,  and  Hercules. 

aras]  The  ara  was  the  low 
altar,  upon  which  was  sometimes 
erected  the  aUaret  or  high  (altus) 


altar ;  this  was  dedicated  only 
to  the  gods  above,  while  the  ara 
was  dedicated  both  to  the  supe- 
rior and  inferior  gods. 

9.  jietitce]     *  Assailed.' 

10.  ultor']    The  termination  -or 
denotes  agent  or  doer.    II.  321,  1. 

longa  jam  satis]  From  the  time 
of  Cyrus  the  Elder  to  the  time  of 
Darius,  two  hundred  and  thirty 
years  had  elapsed. 

11.  quorumque — acturos]  'Whose 
place  (vices}  it  was  now  time  that 
(the  Greeks)  should  take,  as  likely 
to  conduct  affairs  better.' 

12.  exercitus  —animorum    prce- 
sumptio]   •  The  anticipation  of  his 
army.' 

14.  obliti]  The  accusative  is 
often  put  with  those  verbs  which 
signify  to  remember,  and  to  forget, 
when  they  denote  to  have  a  thing 
in  the  memory  (knowledge  of  a 
thing),  or  the  reverse  (but  not  to 
think  of  a  thing,  or  not  to  think 
of  it).  See  also  H.  406,  II. ,  and 
407,1. 


ALEXANDRI   MAGNI   VITA.  61 

domo  militise,  Persicum  aurum  et  totius  Orientis  opes 
jam  quasi  suarn  prsedam  ducebant ;  nee  belli  periculo  . 
rumque,  sed  divitiarum  meminerant.     Quum  delati  in 
continentern  essent,  primus  Alexander  jaculum  velut 
in  hostilem  terrain  jecit,  arraatusque  de  navi  tripudi-    5 
anti  similis  prosiltiit,  atque  ita  hostias  casdit,  precatus, 
"  ne  se  regem  illse  terrse  invitse  accipiant."     In  Ilio  quo- 
que  ad  tuinulos  heroum,  qui  Trqjano  bello  ceciderant, 
parentavit. 

VI.     Imle  hostern  petens,  milites  a  populatione  Asiaa  10 
prohibuit,  "parcendum  suis  rebus"  prsefatus,  "nee  per- 
denda  ea,  qua3  possessuri  venerint."     In  exercitu  ejus 
fuere  peditum  triginta  duo  millia,  equitum  quatuor  millia 
quingenti,   naves    centum    octoginta   duse.      Hac    tarn 
parvfi  manu  universum  terrarum  orbem  utrum  admira- 15 
bilius  vicerit,  an  aggredi   ausus  fuerit,  incertum    est. 
Quum  ad  tarn  perieulosum  bellum  exercitum  legeret, 

4.  jaculum]    With  the  ancients,  VI.     A  description    of    the 
when  hostilities  were  decided  on,  Macedonian  army.    The  over- 
a  javelin  was  hurled  across  the  throw  of  the  Persians  at  the 
hostile  frontier  as  a  token  of  war.  rani< 

5.  hostilem']     The  termination        II.  prohibuit]  Prohibere,  to  keep 
•His  denotes  belonging  or  relating    off  somehody   from    something; 
to.     H.  325.  arcere,  to  bar  the  progress.     Pro- 

navi]     Ablative   case.     H.   87,  hibens  acts  on  the  offensive,  arcens 

III.  1.  on  the  defensive. 

7.  In  Ilio]     When,  instead  of  parcendum  suis  rebus]     « That 
the  genitive  of  place,  the  name  they  ought  to    spare   their   own 
of  a  town  stands  in  the  ablative  property ;'  parcendum  (esse),  used 
with  the  preposition  in,  the  region  impersonally. 

about  the  place  is  included.     H.  1-5.  terrarum  orbem]  '  The  world, 

423,  3,  2).  the  circle  of  the  earth,'  since  the 

8.  tumulos  heroum]    Itwasheire  ancients  regarded  the  earth  ns  a 
that  Alexander  stood  by  the  tomb  circular  plane  or  disk. 

of  Achilles,  and  said  that  he  en-  16.  vicerit]  Indirect  question, 
vied  that  hero  two  things  —  first,  here  the  subject  of  incertum  est. 
that  in  his  lifetime  he  had  found  incertum  est]  '  It  is  uncertain 
one  true  friend,  Patroclus;  and,  -whether  we  are  more  to  wonder 
secondly,  that  after  his  death  his  (admirabilius,  an  adverb)  that  he 
praises  had  been  sung  by  Homer,  conquered,'  etc., '  or  that  he  dared 


62  JUSTINI  HISTORIC  PHILIPPICS. 

non  juvenes  robustos,  nee  primura  florem  rctatis,  sed 
veteranos,  plerosque  etiam  emeritae  militiae,  qui  cum 
patre  patruisque  militaveran t,  elegit:  ut  non  tarn  mili- 
tes,  quam  magistros  militiaB  electos  putares.  Ordines 
5  quoque  nemo  nisi  sexagenarius  duxit:  ut,  si  princij'ia 
castrorum  cerneres,  senatum  te  alicujus  priscse  reipu- 
Jblicse  videre  diceres.  Itaque  nerno  in  prselio  fugam,  sed 
victoriam  cogitavit ;  nee  in  pedibus  cuiquam  spes,  sed 
in  lacertis  fuit.  Contra  rex  Persarurn  Darius,  fidueia 

10  virium,  nil  astu  agere,  affirmans  suis,  "  occulta  eonsilia 
victoriaa  furtivae  convenire:"  nee  hostem  regni  finibus 
arcere,  sed  in  intimum  regnum  accipere,  gloriosius 
ratus  repellere  belluin,  quam  non  admittere.  Prima 
igitur  congressio  in  campis.  Adrastia3  fuit.  In  acie 

15  Persarum  sexcenta  millia  fuere,  quae  non  minus  arte 
Alexandri,  quam  virtute  Maeedonum  superata,  terga 
verterunt.  Magna  itaque  caedes  Persarum  fuit.  De 
exereitu  Alexandri  novern  pedites,  centum  viginti  equi- 
tes  ceeidere :  quos  rex  impense  ad  ceterorum  exem- 

mnke  the  attempt.'  Vincere,  to  erected,  the  soldiers  harangued, 
conquer  by  mastering  obstacles  and  justice  administered.  By  me- 
and  resistance;  ezpugnare,to  con-  tony  my  in  this  passage  it  may  be 
quer  by  storm ;  superare,  to  con-  rendered  the  '  chief  officers.' 
.  quer  by  being  an  overmatch.  6.  cerneres]  '  One  could  see.' 
2.  veteranos]  Veteranus,  one  H.  460,  2,  1.)  Videre,  simply  to 
who  has  grown  old  in  a  certain  see  ;  cernere,  to  see  clearly,  in  op- 
occupation,  an  old  soldier,  —  in  position  to  a  dim  or  transient  view. 
Rome,  from  the  forty-fifth  year;  12.  arcere]  Mcmnon,  one  of. 
emeritus,  one  who  has  served  out  Darius's  generals,  advised  laying 
his  period  of  service.  waste  the  country,  retiring  with  a 

4.  ordines  —  duxit]     In  the  Ro-  portion  of  the  Persian  forces,  and 
man  legion,  ducere  ordines  meant  sending  a  portion  into  Macedonia ; 
to  be  a  centurion.   Translate  here,  but  his  ndvice  was  overruled. 

*  was  a  captain.'  14.    Adrastiai]     The  Grumctis, 

5.  principia]     'The  head-quar-  which  gave  the  name  to  the  battle 
ters  '  of  a  Roman  camp  compris-  (B.  C.  334),  flows  through  the  plain 
ed  that  portion  where  the  tents  of  Adrastia. 

of  the  general  officers  were  situ-        19.  ad  exemplum']    '  As  an  en- 
ated,  the  legionary  standards  were    coui\,gcment  to  the  rest.' 


ALEXANDRI   MAGNI   VITA.  63 

plum  humatos  statuis  equestribus  donavit,  cognatisque 
eorum  immunitates  derlit.  Post  victoriam  major  pnrs 
Asiaa  ad  eurn  defecit.  Gessit  et  pi  lira  bella  cum  prae- 
fectis  Darii,  quos  jam  non  tani  armis,  quam  terrore 
nominis  sui  vicit.  5 

VII.  Dum  liaec  nguntnr,  interim  indicio  captivi  ad 
eum  defertur,  "  insidias  ei  ab  Alexandro  Lyncista,"  ge- 
nero  Antiputri,  qtii  prsepositus  Macedonia  erat,  "parari." 
Ob  quam  causam  timens,  ne  quis  interfecto  eo  in  Mace- 
donia motus  oriretur,  in  vinculis  eum  habuit.  Post  1'iaec  10 
Gordium  urbem  petit,  quaB  posita  est  inter  Phrygiam 
majoreni  et  minorem :  cujus  urbis  potiundaa  non  turn 
propter  praedam  cupido  eum  cepit,  sed  quod  audierat, 
in  efi  urbe  in  tempi  o  Jo  vis,  jugum  plaustri  Gordii  posi- 
turn;  "cujus  nexum  si  quis  solvisset,  eum  tota  Asia  re- 15 
gnaturum,"  antiqua  oracula  ceciuisse.  Hujus  rei  causa 
et  origo  ilia  fuit.  Gordius  quum  in  his  regionibus  bu- 
bus  con  duct  is  araret,  aves  eum  omnis  generis  circum- 
volare  cceperunt.  Profectus  ad  consulendos  augures 
vicinae  urbis,  obviain  in  porta  habuit  virginem  eximiae  20 

VII.    Alexander,  having  es-  562,  4.    The  gerundive  construc- 

caped   from    the   plot    of    the  tion  is  almost  always  employed 

Lyncistian,  cuts  the   Gordian  whcn  no  ambiguity  would  arise 

from  its  use. 

7.    defertur]      Deferre   rem,  to  14.  juguni]     The  English  word 

carry   information  ;    referre  rem,  yoke  is  of  the   same   origin  with 

to  bring  back  a  report.  jugum,  not  a  derivative  from  it. 

Lyncista]    The  Lyncistian  pro-  17.  bubus]     Ablative  plural  of 

posed  to  Darius  to  murder  Alex-  bos,  contracted  from  bovibus.    H. 

ander ;  in  turn,  Darius  promised  90,  2. 

him  the  throne  of  Macedon  and  a  19.    augures]       Were    Roman 

thousand  talents.    Alexander  was  priests  who  interpreted  the  will 

informed  of  the  plot  by  the  mother  of  the  gods,  or  revealed  future 

of  Darius,  according  to  the  ac-  events  from  observations  taken  on 

count  of  Diodorus.  the  flight  and  singing  of  birds,  the 

12.  potiundce]  ~FoYpotie?idce.  H.  feeding  of  the  sacred  fowls,  light- 

238.      As   potior  was    originally  ning,  dreams,  or  any  unusual  oc- 

construed  with  the  accusative,  it  currence. 

can  take  the  gerundive  form.    H.  20.  obviam  — habuit]  *  He  met/ 


64  JUSTINI    HISTORIC    PHILIPPICS. 

pulchritudinis ;  percontatusque  est  earn,  "  quern  potlssi- 
mum  augurem  consuleret."  Ilia,  audita  causa  consu- 
lendi,  gnara  artis  ex  discipline  parenturn,  "regnum  ei 
portendi,"  respondit :  polliceturque  "se  et  matrimonii  et 
5  spei  sociam."  Tarn  pulchra  conditio,  piima  reghi  felici- 
tas  videbatur.  Post  nuptias  inter  Phrygas  oita  seditio 
est.  Consulentibus  de  fine  discordiarum  oractila  re- 
sponderunt,  "  regem  discordiis  opus  esse."  Iterato  qua3- 
rentibus  de  persona  regis,  jubentur  eum  regem  obser- 

10  vare,  quein  reversi  primum  in  templum  Jovis  euntem 
plaustro  reperissent.  Obvius  illis  Gordius  fuit,  statim- 
que  eura  regem  consalutant.  Ille  plaustrum,  quo  ve- 
henti  regnum  delatum  fuerat,  in  templo  Jovis  positum, 
JVIajestati  regise  consecravit.  Post  hunc  filius  Mida 

15  regnavit,  qui,  ab  Orpheo  sacrorum  solennibus  initiatus, 
Phrygiam  religionibus  implevit :  quibus  tutior  onini 
vita,  quam  armis  fuit.  Igitur  Alexander,  capta  urbe, 
quum  in  templum  Jovis  venisset,  jugum  plaustri  Gordii 
requisivit :  quo  exhibito,  quum  capita  loramentorum  in- 

20  tra  nodos  abscondita  reperire  non  posset,  violentius 
oraculo  usus,  gladio  loramenta  caadit:  atque  ita  resolu- 
tis  nexibus,  latentia  in  nodis  capita  invenit. 

5.  conditio]       By    metonymy,        12.  quo  vehenti]     'In  which  as 
*  bride.'  '  he  rode ; '  vehenti,  with  a  neuter 

6.  Phryyas]    Accusative  plural    signification. 

of  Phryges.     H.  98.  14.  Majestati  region]     'To  royal 

8.  regem  — 'esse]     'That  a  king  Majesty,'  as  a   goddess;   an    in- 
was  necessary  for  composing  their  stance  of  personification, 
diiferences.'    H.  419,  V.  Mida]    For  the  various  stories 

quasrentihus]     An  anacoluthon.  connected  with  Midas,  see  Class. 

Had    the    word    quarentes    been  Dictionary. 

used,  the  construction  would  have  20.  violentius  —  usus]    'Having 

been  regular.  put  a  forced  interpretation  upon 

9.  persona]   Means,  first,  a  mask  the  oracle.' 

used  by  a  stage  player ;  then  the  r'eperfre]    Invenire,  as  a  general 

characters  assumed  by  the  player ;  term,  to  find ;  reperire  supposes  a 

then  a  person.   Here  translate  per-  previous  concealment  of  the  thing 

sond  regis  'what  sort  of  a  charac-  found,  and  a  painstaking  on  the 

ter  they  were  to  have  for  a  king.'  part  of  the  finder. 


ALEXANDRI   MAGNI   VITA. 


65 


VIII.  Haec  illi  agent!  nuntiatur,  Darlum  cum  in- 
genti  exercitu  adventare.  Itaque  timens  angustias, 
magna  celeritate  Taurum  transcendit;  in  qua  festina- 
tione  quingenta  stadia  cursu  fecit.  Quum  Tarsum  ve- 
nisset,  captus  Cydni  fluminis  amcemtate  per  mediam  5 
urbem  influentis,  projectis  armis,  plenus  pulveris  ac  su- 
doris,  in  preefrigidam  undam  se  projecit.  Turn  repente 
tantus  nervos  ejus  occupavit  rigor,  ut,  interclusa  voce, 
non  spes  modo  remedii,  sed  nee  dilatio  periculi  inveni- 
retur.  Unus  erat  ex  medicis,  nomine  Philippus,  qui  10 
solus  remedium  polliceretur.  Sed  et  ipsum  Parmenio- 
nis  pridie  a  Cappadocia  missaa  epistolae  suspectum  fa- 
ciebant;  qui  ignarus  infirmitatis  Alexandri  scripserat, 
"  a  Philippo  medico  caveret :  nam  corruptum  ilium  a 
Dario  ingenti  pecunia  esse."  Tutius  tamen  est  ratus,  15 
se  fidei  medici  credere,  quam  indubitato  morbo 


VIII.  Alexander's  sickness 
and  restoration  to  health. 

1.  cum  ingenti']  Ablative  of 
accompaniment.  H.  414,  7. 

3.  Taurum]     A  mountain  chain 
extending    from    Lycia    through 
the  south    central   part  of  Asia 
Minor,   thence   easterly,  forming 
the  water-shed  between  the  sour- 
ces of  the  Tigris  on  the  south  and 
the  Araxes  on  the  north. 

4.  stadia]     A  stadium,  or  stade, 
was  a  distance  of  625  Roman  feet, 
equal  to  606  feet  9  inches  Eng., 
somewhat  less  than  an  eighth  of 
an  English  mile. 

Tarsum]  A  city  near  the  centre 
of  Cilicia,  on  the  river  Cydnus, 
the  birthplace  of  many  distin- 
guished men,  among  whom  was 
P.  nl,  the  apostle. 

o.  Cydni]    The  Cydnus,  which 

flows  through  the  city  of  Tarsus, 

was  celebrated  for  the  clearness 

and  coldness    of  its    water,    es- 

5 


teemed  useful  in  gout  and  ner- 
vous diseases. 

amoenitate]  *  Pleasantness/  used 
especially  of  scenery,  a  garden,  a 
river,  etc. 

mediam  urbem]  '  The  midst  of 
the  city.'  H.  441,  6. 

7.  prafrigidam]  « Very  cold.' 
Pram  composition  usually  means, 
(1)  before;  (2)  very. 

9.  non  modo]     For    non  modo 
non.    The  second  non  is  omitted 
if  both  clauses    have    the   same 
verb,  and  if  the  verb  is  contained 
in  the  second  clause. 

10.  nomine]  Ablative  of  specifi- 
cation.   H.  429. 

12.  suspectum  faciebant]  '  Made 
him  an  object  of  suspicion.'  H. 
373,  1. 

14.  caveret]  In  direct  speech 
the  imperative  would  have  been 
used.  H.  529. 

16.  indubitato  morbo]  l  By  a  dis- 
ease resulting  in  certain  death.' 


66  JUSTINI   HISTOKLaG   PHILIPPICS. 

perire.  Accepto  igitur  poculo.  epistolas  medico  tradi 
dit,  atque  ita  inter  bibendum  oculos  in  vultum  legentis 
intendit.  Ut  secnrum  conspexit,  laBtior  factus  est ;  sa- 
nitatemque  qnartfi  die  recepit. 

5  IX.  Iriterea  Darius  cum  qnadringentis  millibus 
peditum,  ac  centum  millibus  equitum,  in  aciem  pro- 
cedit.  Movebat  haec  multitudo  hostium,  respectu  pau- 
citatis  suaa,  Alexandrum :  sed  interdum  reputabnt, 
quantas  res  cum  istfi  paucitate  gessisset,  quantosque 

10  populos  fudisset.  Itaque  quum  spes  raetum  vinceret, 
periculosius  differre  bellum  ratus,  ne  desperado  suis 
cresceret,  circumvectus  suos,  singulas  gentes  diversa 
oratione  alloquitnr:  Illyrios  et  Thracas  opum  ac  divi- 
tiarum  ostentatione,  Graecos  veternm  bellorum  me- 

15  moria  internecivique  cum  Persis  odii  accendebat ;  Ma- 
cedduas  autem  nunc  Europae  victaa  admonet,  nunc 
Asiaa  expetitae  ;  nee  inventas  illis  toto  orbe  pares  vires 
gloriatur.  Ceterum  et  laborum  fin  em  hunc,  et  gloria? 
cumulum  fore.  Atque  inter  haac  identidem  consistere 

20  aciem  jubet,  ut  hfic  mora  consuescant  oculis  turbam 
hostium  sustinere.  Nee  Darli  segnis  opera  in  ordi- 

1.  epistolas']     Justin  in  several    round  among  his  men.'    H.  371, 
cases  used  the  plur.il  when  only    4,  2). 

one  letter  was  meant.  17.  expetita]    Petere,    desiring, 

2.  rultuni]  Fades,  the  features ;  striving    to  obtain,   and,  in    this 
vvltus,  the  expression  of  eountc-  sense,    begging ;    postulare,    de- 
nance;  om  (from  05),  the  expres-  manding  hy  right;  fagitare,  de- 
si. >n  of  tlie  lower  part  of  the  face,  manding  urgently  ;    poscere,   de- 

3.  Ut]   When  followed  by  the  in-  manding  something  in  the  expec- 
di cative  usually  means  as  or  when,  tation  that  it  must    be  granted. 

Ex  strengthens  these  meanings. 

IX.   The  battle  of  Issus,  re-        18.  gloria'ur']    '  And  boasts  that 
suiting  in  the  complete  over-    no  forces  in  the  whole  world  h;;d 
throw  of  the  Persians,  and  the    been  found  a  match  for  these.' 
capture   of  the  wife,  mother,        21.  sustinere]     Ferre,  to  bear  a 
and  daughters  of  Darius.  burdcn  .  tolfjrare^  to  kcep  up  the 

8.  interdum]       *  In    the    mean    burden,  and  not  to  sink  down ; 
time.'  sustinere,  to  keep  up  the  burden. 

12.  circumvectus  suos]     « Riding        in   ordinanda  ar.ie]      The   ab- 


ALEXANDRI   MAGNI   VITA.  67 

nanda  acie  fuit:  quippe  omissis  ducum  officiis,  ipse 
omnia  circumire,  singulos  hortari,  veteris  glorise  Persa- 
rum,  imperiique  perpetual  a  diis  immortalibus  data?  pos- 
sessionis  admonere.  Post  ha3c  prselium  ingentibus 
animis  commit titur.  In  eo  uterque  rex  vulneratur.  5 
Tamdiu  cert  amen  anceps  fuit,  quoad  fugeret  Darius. 
Exinde  caades  Persarum  secuta  est.  Caasa  sunt  pedi- 
tum  unnm  et  sexaginta  millia,  equitum  decem  millia ; 
capta  quadraginta  millia.  Ex  Macedonibus  cecidere 
pedestres  centum  triginta,  equites  centum  quinqua- 10 
ginta.  In  castris  Persarum  multum  auri,  ceterarum- 
que  opum  inventum.  Inter  captives  castrorum  mater, 
et  uxor  eademque  soror,  et  filia?  duae  Darli  fuere.  Ad 
quas  visendas  hortandasque  quum  Alexander  venisset, 
conspectis  armatis,  invicem  se  amplexae,  velut  statim!5 
moriturse,  complorationem  ediderunt.  Provoluta?  de- 
inde  genibus  Alexandri,  non  mortem,  sed,  dum  Darli 
corpus  sepeliant,  dilationem  mortis  deprecantur.  Mo- 
tus  tanta  mulierum  pietate  Alexander,  et  Darlum  vi- 
vere  dixit,  et  timentibus  mortis  metum  dempsit,  easque  20 
haberi  et  salutari  nt  reginas  praacepit.  Filias  quoque 
non  sordidius  dignitate  patris  sperare  matrimonium 
jussit. 

Intive  of  the  gerundive.    H.  566,  ander,  to  throw  herself  at  his  feet. 

II.  Seeing  her  covered  with  confusion 

1.   omissis  —  officiis]      'Reject-  at  her  error,  Alexander  reassured 

ing  the  services  of  his  officers.'  her  by  saying,  *  Mother,  you  are 

4.  prcelium]    The  battle  of  Is-  not  wrong,  for  he  is  another  Alex- 

sus,  B.  C.  333.  .ander.' 

6.  fugeret]      Subjunctive      of  eademque   soror]      'Who    was 
time.    H.  522,  II.                             •  also  his  sister.'    H.  451,  3. 

13. uxor]  Diodorus  relates  that  17. dum — sepelianf]  'Until they 

Alexander,  accompanied  by  He-  should    bury/      Subjunctive    of 

pli£cstion,  visited    his    illustrious  time  with  cause.    H.  522,  II. 

c  iptives  on  the  day  after  the  bat-  19.  pietate] '  Dutiful  love,'  which 

tie.   The  loftier  stature  of  Hephae-  is  owed  to  parents,  relatives,  bene- 

stion  led  Sisygambis,  the  queen-  factors,  etc. 

mother,  mistaking  him  for  Alex-  21.  ut  reginas]    '  Like  queens.' 


68  JUSTIXI   HISTORIC  PHILIPPICS. 

X.  Post  haec  opes  Darii,  divitiarumque  apparatum 
contemplatus,  admiratione  tantarum  rerum  capitur. 
Tune  primum  luxuriosa  convivia,  et  magnificentiam 
epularum  sectari :  tune  Barsinen  captivam  diligere 
5propter  formae  pulchritudinem  coepit:  a  qua  postea 
susceptum  pueruin  Herculem  vocavit.  Memor  tamen 
adhuc  Darium  vivere,  Parmeniona  ad  oceupandani  Per- 
stcam  classem,  aliosque  amicos  ad  recipiendas  Asia3 
civitates  raisit :  qua3  statim  audita  fama  victoriaB,  ipsis 

lODarli  praefectis  cum  auri  raagno  pondere  tradentibus 
se,  in  potestatem  victorum  venerunt.  Tune  in  Syriam 
profici-scitur,  ubi  obvios  cum  infulis  multos  Orientis 
reges  habuit.  Ex  his  pro  mentis  singulorum  alios  in 
societatem  recepit,  aliis  regnum  ademit,  suffectis  in 

15loca  eoruin  novis  regibus.  Insignis  prseter  ceteros  fnit 
Abdalonimus,  rex  ab  Alexandra  Sidonise  constitutus, 
quern  Alexander,  quum  operam  oblocare  ad  puteos  ex- 
hauriendos,  hortosque  irrigandos  solitus  esset,  misere 
vitam  exhibentem,  regem  fecerat,  spretis  nobilibus,  ne 

20  generis  id,  non  dantis  beneficium  putarent.     Tyriorum 

X.  Alexander  follows  up  his  behalf  was  unsuccessfully  urged 

victory,  and  takes  Tyre  after  a  by  Nearchus. 

siege  of  seven  months.  1.' vivere]     Depends  upon  me- 

1.  opes]     '  Riches,'  *  power,'  as  mor.    H.  552,  3. 

a  means  of  obtaining  an  end  :  divi-  12,  infulis]     The  infula  was  a 

tia,  riches,  goods  of  this  world  in  flock  of  wool  dyed  red  and  white, 

abundance.  and  knotted  at  regular  intervals 

3.  convivia]     Convivium,  a  so-  with  a  ribbon  (vitta),  so  as  to  form 
cial  meal ;  epulum,  a  sumptuous  a  long  fillet,  worn  by  the  priests 
dinner ;  epulce,  a  magnificent  ban-  and  vestals   or   suppliants;    cm- 
quet.  ployed  also  as  an  ornament  for 

4.  Barsinen]  The  wife  of  Mem- .  the  temples,  altars,  and  victims, 
non  the  Rhodian.    She  and  her  13.  reges]    The  high  priest  of 
children  were  sent  by  Memnon  to  the  Jews  is  supposed  to  have  been . 
Darius  as  hostages  for  his  fidelity,  one  of  the  suppliants. 

She  fell  into  Alexander's  hands,  17.  puteos  exhauriendos]  Byme- 

bv  whom  she  had  a  son  named  tonymy,    the    container    for   the 

Hercules.    On  Alexander's  death  thing  contained. 

a  claim  to  the  throne  on  this  boy's  19.  ne  —putarent]      *  Lest  they 


ALEXANDRI   MAGNI    VITA. 


69 


civitas  quum  coronam  auream  magni  ponderis  per  le- 
gatos  in  titulum  gratulationis  Alexandro  misisset, 
grate  munere  accepto,  "Tyrum  se  ire  velle  ad  vota 
Herculi  reddenda,"  dixit.  Quum  legati  "rectius  id  euin 
inTyrovetere  et  antiquiore  templo  facturum"  dicerent,  5 
in  dcprecantes  ejus  introitum  ita  exarsit,  ut  urbi  exci- 
dium  minaretur;  confestimque  exercitu  insulae  appli- 
cato,  non  minus  animosis  Tyriis  fiducia  Carthaginien- 
sium,  bello  excipitur.  Augebat  enira  Tyriis  animos 
Didonis  exemplum,  qua3  Carthagine  conditfi,  tertiam  10 
partem  orbis  qua3sisset ;  turpe  ducentes,  si  feminis  suis 
plus  animi  fuisset  in  imperio  quaarendo,  quam  sibi  in 
tuenda  libertate.  Amota  i^itur  imbelli  setate  Cartha- 

o 

ginem,  et  arcessitis  mox  auxiliis,  non  magno  post  tern- 
pore  per  proditionem  capiuntur.  15 
XI.     Inde  Rhodum  Alexander,  ^Egyptum,  Ciliciam- 


should  regard  it  as  a  favor  shown 
to  their  birth,  and  not  as  proceed- 
ing from  the  giver ' ;  generis,  ob- 
jcctive  genitive,  dantis,  subjective. 
H.  396,  I.,  II. 

1.  magni  ponderis]    Character- 
istic genitive.     H.  402,  III. 

2.  in  titulum]     As  a  token. 

3.  Tyrum]    Before  the  time  of 
Alexander,  old  Tyre,  on  the  main 
land,  had  been  abandoned,  and  a 
new  city  erected  on  an  island  half 
a  mile  distant  from  it.    Alexan- 
der 1  lid  siege  to  the  city  for  seven 
months,  and  connected  the  island 
to  the  main  land  by  a  mole,  which 
still  exists.    The  site  is  now  oc- 
cupied by  a  poor  village. 

8.  animosis]    Animosits,  coura- 
geous, confiding* in  one's  strength  ; 
fortis,  brave,  enduring  without  los- 
ing courage ;  strenuus,  resolute. 

9.  bello  excipitur]     '  Is  met  with 
war.' 

11.  turpe}  Base,  that  which  ex- 


cites disapprobation  or  contempt  • 
fcedus,  foul,  that  which  excites 
loathing  or  aversion ;  deformist 
deformed,  displeasing. 

ducentes]  An  anacoluthon.  The 
usual  construction  would  require 
ducentibus. 

13.  imbelli  estate']  <  Those  of  an 
age  unfit  for  war.' 

XI.  After  the  submission  of 
Rhodes  and  Egypt,  Alexander 
visits  the  temple  of  Jupiter 
Hammon,  and  causes  himself 
to  be  pronounced  the  son  of 
that  god. 

16.  Rhodum]  Limit  of  motion. 
H.  379,  3,  2). 

JEgyptum]  The  Egyptians  were 
glad  to  submit  to  Alexander,  as 
they  had  been  deprived  by  the 
Persians  of  their  political  and  re- 
ligious freedom. 

Ciliciam]  As  Alexander  was 
already  in  possession  of  Cilicia,  it 


70 


JUSTINI  HISTORIC 


que  sine  certamine  reeipit.  Ad  Jovem  deinde  Ham- 
monem  pergit,  consulturus  et  de  eventu  futurorum,  et 
de  origine  sna.  Ingredientem  templum  statim  anti- 
stites  ut  Hammunis  filium  salutant.  Ille  laetus  del 
5  adoptione,  hoc  se  patre  censeri  jubet.  Rogat  deinde, 
"  an  omnes  interfectores  parentis  sui  sit  ultus?"  Re- 
spondetur,  "patrem  ejus  nee  posse  intcrfici,  nee  mori; 
regis  Philippi  peractam  plene  ultionem  esse."  Tertia 
interrogjitione  poscenti  "  victoriam  omnium  bellorum 

10  possessionemque  terrarum  dari"  respondetur.  Comiti- 
bus  quoque  suis  responsum,  "  ut  Alexandrum  pro  deo, 
non  pro  rege  eolerent."  Hinc  illi  aucta  insolentia, 
mirusque  animo  increvit  tumor,  exempta  comitate,  quam 
et  GraBcorum  literis,  et  Macedonum  institutis  didicerat. 

15  Reversus  ab  Hammone  Alexandrian!  condidit,  et  colo- 
niam  Macedonum  caput  esse  ^Egypti  jubet. 

XII.     Darius    quum    Babyloniam    profugisset,    per 
epistolas  Alexandrum  deprecatur,  "  redimendarum  sibi 


has    been    conjectured    that    the 
reading  should  1)e  Syriam. 

1.  Bammonem']    The  temple  of 
Jupiter  Hammon  was  situated  in 
tl.\e  burning  sands  of  the  desert  of 
Liliya.   Alexander's  visit  to  it  was 
one  of  the  most  dangerous  of  his 
enterprises. 

2.  pergit]    Ire,  to  go,  in  gen- 
eral ;  pergere,  to  go  pursuing  one's 
object  or    aim  without    resting; 
vadere,  to  go,   without    allowing 
one's  self  to  be  detained  by  ob- 
stacles. 

3.  antistitcs]     Sacerdos,  a  priest 
in  gcneiv.l;  pontifex  (whence  the 
Eng.  word  pontijf),  a  high  priest ; 
antistes,  a    superintendent    of   a 
temple  and  its  holy  rites,  which 
he  assists  in  celebrating. 

5.  hoc— jubet]     '  Orders  that  he 
should  be  rated  by  this  father/ 


i.e.,  be  considered  his  (Jupiter's) 
son. 

10.  corn-titbits']  Comes,  the  com- 
panion who  goes  with  some  person 
by  way  of  company ;  socius,  the 
associate,  participator  in  the  same 
undertaking ;  sodalis,  a  comrade, 
member  of  a  gay  company. 

12.  eolerent]    Adorare,  to  adore, 
more  emphatic  than  venerari,  to 
revere  one  as  a  higher  being;  cole- 
re,  to  hold  in  honor,  to  show  rever- 
ence by  services  and  religious  rites. 

13.  tumor]     'Arrogance.' 

XII.  Alexander  rejects  the 
terms  of  peace  offered  by  Da- 
rius, and  demands  his  whole 
kingdom.  Renewed  prepara- 
tions for  the  prosecution  of  the 
war. 

18.  epistolas]  Epistola,  a  letter, 


ALEXANDRI   MAGNI   VITA.  71 

captivarum  potestatem  faciat,"  inque  earn  rem  mnguam 
pecuniam  pollicetur.  Sed  Alexander  pretium  captiva- 
rum regnum  omne,  non  pecuniam  petit.  Interjecto 
tempore,  alia3  epistolae  Darii  Alexandro  redd  tin  tur,  qui- 
bus  filise  matrimonium  et  regni  portio  oifertur.  Sed  5 
Alexander  "  sua  sibi  dari "  rescripsit ;  jussitque  "  suppli- 
cern  venire,  et  regni  arbitria  victor!  perrnittere."  Turn 
spe  pacis  amissa,  bellum  Darius  reparat :  cutn  quadrin- 
gentis  millibus  peditum,  et  centum  millibus  equitum 
obviam  vadit  Alexandro.  In  itinere  nuntiatur,  "uxo- 10 
rem  ejus  decessisse,  ejusque  mortem  illacrimatum 
Alexandrum,  exsequiasque  benigne  prosecutum,  idque 
eum  non  amoris,  sed  humanitatis  causa  fecisse.  Nam 
semel  tantum  earn  Alexandro  visam  esse,  quum  ma- 
trem  filiasque  ejus  parvulas  frequenter  consolaretur."  15 
Tune  Darius  se  ratns  vere  victum,  quum  post  prselia 
etiam  beneficiis  ab  hoste  superaretur,  gratumque  sibi 
esse,  si  vincere  nequeat,  quod  a  tali  potissimum  vince- 
retur.  Scribit  itaque  et  tertias  epistolas,  et  gratias 
agit,  quod  nihil  in  suos  hostile  fecerit.  Offert  deinde  20 
majorem  partem  regni  usque  tinmen  Eupbraten,  et 

inasmuch  as  it  is  sent  from  one  to  uxorem  ejus]  i.  e.,  of  Darius, 

another,  a  missive ;  liters,  a  letter,  12.  exsequias— prosecutum]  'Had 

as  something  written.  kindly  attended  her  funeral.' 

2.  pollicetur]  Polliceri,  to  prom-  13.  humanitatis  causa]   Instead 
ise,  generally  from  a  free  impulse ;  of  humanitate.  .  H.  414,  2,  3). 
promittere,  to  promise,  generally  14.  Alexandro]     Dative  of  the 
at  the  request  of  another.  agent.    H.  388. 

3.  interjecto    tempore]       l  Some  19. gratias  agit]  Habere  gratiam, 
time  after.'    H.  431.  to  be  grateful ;  referre  gratiam,  to 

7.  regni  arbitria']     '  The  dispo-  make    a    grateful    return ;    agere 
sal  of  his  kingdom.'  gratias,  to  return  thanks  in  words. 

8.  amissa]      Amittere,    to    lose  20.  hostile']      Termination  -His, 
something,  so  that  it  censes  to  be  belonging  to.    H.  325. 

in  our  possession  ;  perdere,  to  lose  fecerit]      The     subjunctive     is 

something,  so  that  it  is  destroyed  used  to  assign  the  reason  on  the 

and  rendered  useless.  authority  of  Darius.    H.  520,  II. 

10.  Alexandro']       Dative    after  21.  Euphraten]    Follows  usque, 

obviam.    H.  392,  2.  H.  437. 


72  JUSTINI   HISTORIC   PHILIPPICS. 

alteram  filiam  uxorem;  pro  reliquis  captivis  triginta  mil- 
lia  talentu'm.  Ad  haec  Alexander,  "gratiarum  actionern 
ab  hoste  supervacaneam  esse"  rcspondit,  "nee  a  se  quid- 
quam  factum  in  bostis  adulation  ern,  nee  quod  in  dubios 
5  belli  exitus,  aut  in  leges  pacis  sibi  lenocinia  qusereret ; 
sed  animi  magnitndine,  qua  didicerit  adversus  vires 
hostium,  non  adversus  calamitates  contendere  ; "  polli- 
ceturque,  "  praestaturuin  se  ea  Dario,  si  secundus  sibi, 
non  par  baberi  velit.  Ceterum  neque  mundura  posse 

10  duobus  solibus  regi,  neque  orbem  summa  dtio  regna 
salvo  statu  terrarum  hnbere;  proinde  aut  deditionem 
ea  die,  aut  in  posteram,  aciem  paret ;  nee  polliceatur 
sibi  aliam,  quam  sit  expertus,  victoriam." 

XIII.     Postera  die  aciem  producunt :  turn  repent e, 

15  ante  praeliutn,  confectum  curis  Alexandruni  somnus 
arripuit.  Quum  ad  pugnam  solus  rex  deesset,  a  Parme- 
nione  segre  excitatus,  quserentibns  somni  causas  omni- 
bus inter  pericula,  cujus  etiam  in  otio  semper  parcior 
fuel-it :  "  magno  se  aestu  liberatum"  ait,  "  somnurnque  sibi 

20  a  repentina  securitate  datum,  quod  liceat  cum  omnibus 
Dnni  copiis  confligere  :  veritum  se  longarn  belli  moram, 
si  PersaB  exercitum  divisissent."  Ante  praelium  utraque 

1.  alteram  filiam\    'One  of  his  14.  repente]    Suddenly,  so  that 

daughters.'    "The  camp  of  Dari-  we  are  surprised  thereby  ;  subito, 

us  was  taken,  together  with  his  on  a  sudden,  without  surprising 

mother,  his  wife,  his  sister,  his  us. 

infant  son,  and  two  daughters."  17.  qucerentibus]    Ablative  abso- 

Grote,  vol.  viii.  p.  350.  lute.    H.  431. 

4.  nee  qivid  sibi  lenocinia  qncere-  19.  cestu~\  'Anxiety.'  The  figure 

ret  in]    '  Nor  because  he  sought  is  taken  from  the  surging  of  the 

favors  for  himself  with  reference  sea. 

to.'  21.  veritum]  Mcttiere,  to  appre- 

XIII.    The  two  armies  con-  hend  an  evil,  said  of  the  cautious 

front  each  other.     Both  com-  ™an  '  *tmere>  to  fear'  said  of  ,tlie 

manders  exhort  their  soldiers,  coward ;  veren,  to  shun  from  fear 

Darius  dwelling  upon  his  mini-  of  the  result,  and  also  from  es- 

bers,  Alexander  upon  the  valor  teem  or  reverence  ;    tremere,   to 

of  his  followers.  tremble  from  fear  and  fright. 


ALEXANDRI   MAGNI   VITA.  73 

acies  hostibus  spectaculo  fuit.  Macedones  multitudi- 
nem  hominum,  corporum  magnitudinem,  armorumqQe 
pulchritudinem  mirabantur.  Persaa  a  tam  paucis  victa 
suovum  tot  millia  stupebant.  Sed  nee  duces  circumire 
suos  cessabant.  Darius  "  vix  denis  armatis  singulos  5 
hostes,  si  divisio  fie  ret,  evenire  "  dicebat.  Alexander 
Macedonas  monebat,  "ne  nmltitudine  hostium,  nee 
corporis  magnitudine,  vel  colons  novitate  moverentur : 
tantum  meminisse  jubet,  cum  iisdem  se  tertid  pugnare  ; 
nee  meliores  factos  putarent  fuga,  quura  in  aciera  secum  10 
tam  tristem  memoriam  caedium  suarum,  et  tantum  san- 
guinis  duobus  praeliis  fusi  ferrent :  et  quemadmodum 
Dario  majorem  turbam  hominum  esse,  sic  virorum  sibi." 
Hortatur.  "  spernant  illam  aciem,  auro  et  argento  ful- 
gentern,  in  qua  plus  prsedse,  quam  periculi  sit ;  quuin  15 
victoria  non  arniorum  decore,  sed  ferri  virtute  quaera- 
tur." 

XIV.     Post  haec  praelium  committitur.      Macedones 

1.  hostibus  —  spectaculo]      Two  the  prevailing  usage,   and    that, 

datives.    H.  390,  1.  too,  when  it  is  changed,   hostes 

5.  denis]    i.  e.,  ten  Persians  to  understood    being    the    subject, 

one  Macedonian.  which  belongs  also  to  ferrent. 

7.  Macedonas]    Greek    accusa-  11.  tantum  sanguinis]  Is  equiv- 

tive  plural.    H.  98.  alent   to    memoriam    tanti    san- 

monebat]  The  following  clauses  guinis. 

take  the  place  of  the  genitive  of  13.  Dario}    Dative  of  the  pos- 

the  thing,    in    respect  to    which  sessor.    H.  387. 

the    admonition    is    given.      H.  hominum]    Homo,  a  man  as  a 

410, 1.  human  being ;   vir,  a  man  as  dis- 

9.  meminisse]     The  remainder  tinguished  for  strength,  intrepid- 
of  the  sentence  takes  the  place  of  ity,  courage.     Vir  is  applied  to  a 
the  accusative  or  genitive. v    H.  man  in  his  relations  to  the  state ; 
406,  II.  also,  vir,  a  husband. 

jubet]  A  very  common  construe-  XIV.    The  battle  of  Arbela, 

tion  ofjubeo  is  with  the  accusa-  in  Assyria,  B.  C.  331.    Darius 

tive  and  infinitive.    Here  the  ac-  utterly   defeated.     Alexander 

cusative   must  be  supplied   from  wins  the  sovereignty  of  Asia, 

the  context.  18.  prcelium]  Gaugamela,  where 

10.  putarent]    The    subject   of  the  battle  was  fought,  to  which 
factos  is  also  omitted,  contrary  to  place  Darius  had  moved  from  Ar- 


74  JUSTINI   HISTORIC   PHILIPPIC/E. 

in  ferrum,  cum  contemptu  toties  a  se  victi  hostis,  rue- 
bant:  contra  PersaB  inori,  quam  vinci  praeoptabank 
Raro  in  ullo  praelio  tantum  sanguinis  fusum  est.  Da- 
rius quum  vinci  suos  videret,  mori  voluit  et  ipse :  sed  a 
5proximis  fugere  compulsus  est.  Suadentibus  deinde 
quibusdam,  ut  pons  Cydni  fluminis,  ad  iter  hostium  im- 
pediendum,  intercideretur  :  "  Non  ita  se  saluti  suae  vel- 
le  consultum  "  ait,  "  ut  tot  raillia  sociorum  hosti  objiciat ; 
debere  et  aliis  fugae  viam  patere,  quae  patuerit  sibi." 

10  Alexander  autem  periculosissiraa  quaeque  aggredieba- 
tur,  et,  ubi  confertissimos  hostes  acerrime  pugnare 
conspexisset,  eo  se  semper  ingerebat,  periculaque  sua 
esse,  non  militis  volebat.  Hoc  praelio  Asiae  imperiuni 
rapuit,  quinto  post  acceptum  regnum  anno:  cujus  tan- 

15 ta  felicitas  fuit,  ut  post  hoc  nemo  rebellare  ausus  sit: 
patienterque  Persae,  post  imperium  tot  annorum,  jugura 
servitutis  acceperint.  Donatis  refectisque  militibus 
triginta  quatuor  diebus  praedam  recognovit.  In  urbe 
deinde  Susa  quadraginta  millia  talentum  invenit.  Ex- 

20pugnat  et  Pers^epolin,  caput  Persici  regni,  urbem  multis 
annis  illustrem,  refertamque  orbis  terrarum  spoliis,  quae 

bela  for  the  better  marshaling  of  self,'    *  rushed/  *  threw   himself.' 

his  forces,was  situated  about  thirty  14.  acceptum    regnum}       *  His 

miles  west  of  Arbela,  towards  the  accession  to  the  throne.'    H.  580. 

Tigris,  and  about  as  much  south-  cujus]    Relates  to  anno. 

east  of  the  modern  town  of  Mo-  15.  rebellare]      To    begin    war 

sul.  again ;    defaere,  to  fall  off  from  a 

3.  sanguinis]    According  to  Di-  country  or  ally,  to  revolt, 

odorus,  ninety  thousand  Persians  18.  recognovif]      '  He    took  an 

and   five   hundred  Macedonians  account  of.' 

fell.  19.  talentum]  Although  the  tal- 

8.  ait]     Ajo,  to    assert    some-  ent  is  usually  computed  in  round 

thing,  to  say  "yes,"  opposed  to  numbers  at  $1000,  yet  that  gives 

nego,  to  say  "no;"  dico,  to  speak  but  a  slight  notion  of  its  value, 

in  order  to  inform ;  loquor,  to  ex-  For    instance,   in    Solon's    time, 

press  one's  thoughts  by  language,  about  600  B.  C.,  a  sheep  could  be 

sociorum}    '  Companions  of  his  bought  for  one  drachma,  about 

flight.'  seventeen  cents,  and  an  ox  for 

12.  se  ing&reba£\    *  Betook  him-  five  drachmas,  about  eighty  cents. 


ALEXANDRI   MAGNI   VITA. 


75 


inter! tn  ejus  primum  apparuere.  Inter  ha3C  octingenti 
adrnodum  Graeci  occurrunt  Alexandro,  qui  poenam  cap- 
tivitatis  truncata  corporis  parte  tulerant :  rogantes,  "  ut 
sicuti  Graeciam,  se  quoque  ab  hostium  crudelitate  vin- 
dicaret."  Data  potestate  redeundi,  agros  accipere  ma-  5 
luemnt,  ne  non  tarn  gaudium  parentibus,  quam  dete- 
standum  sui  conspectum  reportarent. 

XV.  Interea  Darius  in  gratiam  victor!  s  a  cognatis 
suis  aureis  compedibus  catenisque  in  vico  Parthorum 
Thara  vincltur.  Credo  ita  diis  immortalibus  judicanti- 10 
bus,  ut  in  terra  eorum,  qui  successuri  imperio  erant, 
Persarum  regnuin  finiretur.  Alexander  quoque  citato 
cursu  postera  die  supervenit ;  ibique  cognovit  Darium 
clauso  vehiculo  per-  noctem  exportatura.  Jusso  itaque 
exercitu  subsequi,  cum  sex  millibus  equitum  fugientem  15 
insequitur:  in  itinere  multa  et  perieulosa  praalia  facit. 
Emensus  dehlde  plura  millia  passuum,  quum  nullum 
Darli  indicium  reperisset,  respirandi  equis  data  potesta- 


1.  inter itu  ejits]  *  At  its  destruc- 
tion.' Ablative  of  time.  H.  426. 
One  hundred  and  twenty  thou- 
sand talents  were  found  in  the 
citadel,  according  to  Diodorus. 

5.  redeundi]  Sc.  dotnum.  '  Of 
returning  home/ 

XV.  Darius,  having  been 
thrown  into  chains  by  his  own 
followers,  falls  into  the  hands 
of  the  Macedonians.  He  mani- 
fests a  royal  mind  to  the  last. 

8.  victoris]  «  To  gain  the  favor 
of  the  conqueror.'  According  to 
Arrian  the  conspirators  seized 
upon  Darius  in  order  to  make 
themselves  masters  of  the  em- 
pire, and  eventually  murdered 
him  to  prevent  his  falling  into 
Alexander's  hands. 

cognatis]  Bessus  and  Nabar- 
zanes,  who,  however,  were  not 


kinsmen  of  Darius.  The  Persian 
grandees  received  this  appellation 
from  the  king  as  a  title  of  honor. 

9.  catcnis]  Catena  means  a 
chain,  both  for  fettering  and  for 
ornament.  "Probably  the  con- 
spirators made  use  of  some  chains 
which  had  formed  a  part  of  the 
ornaments  of  the  royal  wardrobe." 
Grote.  Compes,  a  fetter  applied 
to  the  ankle  (con-pcs). 

11.  successuri  erant]  In  the  in- 
dicative, as  containing  a  descrip- 
tion of  eorum,  being  a  remark 
of  the  author.  H.  527,  2, 1). 

17.  millia  passuum]  'Miles.' 
The  Roman  mile  consisted  of  1000 
paces  of  five  feet  each  =  5000  feet. 
Taking  the  Roman  foot  at  11.6496 
English  inches,  the  Roman  mile 
would  be  4854  feet  — 428  feet  less 
than  an  English  mile. 


76  JUSTINI   HISTORIC  PHILIPPICS. 

te,  unus  ex  militibus,  clum  ad  fontem  proximtim  pergit,  in 
vehiculo  Darium  multis  quideni  vulneribus  confossum, 
sed  spirantem  adhuc  invenit :  qui,  applicito  captivo, 
quum  civem  ex  voce  cognovisset,  "  id  saltern  pnesentis 
5  fortunsB  solacium  habere  se "  dixit,  "  quod  apud  intel- 
lecturum  locuturus  eeset,nec  incassum  postremas  voces 
emissurus."  Perferri  ha3C  Alexandro  jubet,  "  se  null  is 
in  eum  meritorum  officiis,  maximorum  illi  debitorcm 
mori,  quod  in  matre  liberisque  suis  regium  ejus,  non 

10  hostilem  animum  expertus,  felicius  liostem  quam  cogna- 
tos  propinquosque  sortitus  sit :  qnippe  matri  et  liberis 
suis  ab  eodem  hoste  vitam  datam,  sibi  a  cognatis  erep- 
tain,  quibus  et  vitam,  et  regna  dederit.  Quamobrenv 
gratiam  illis  earn  futuram,  quarn  ipse  victor  volet. 

15  Alexandro  referre  se,  quam  solam  moriens  potest,  gra- 
tiam; precari  superum  inferiimque  nuinina,  et  regales 
Deos,  uti  illi  terrarum  omnium  victor!  contingat  impe- 
rium.  Pro  se  justa3  magis  quam  gravis  sepultura3  ve- 
niam  orare.  Quod  ad  ultionem  pertineat,  jam  non 

20  suam,  sed  exempli,  commuiiemque  omnium  regum  esse 
causam,  quam  negligere,  illi  et  indecorum  et  periculo- 
sum  esse:  quippe  quum  in  altero  justitiae  ejus,  in  altero 
etiam  utilitatis  causa  versetur.  In  quam  rem  unicum 
pignus  fidei  regiaB,  dexteram  se  ferendarn  Alexandro 

1.  unus  ex  militibus']    This  was  12.  cognatis}    i.  e.,  Bessus  and 

Polystratus,  a  Macedonian,  who  Nabarzanes. 

did  not  understand  the  Persian  13.  vitam]    ( Means  of  life.' 

language.  14.  HUs]    i.  e.,  Bessus,  etc. 

3.  applicito  captivo']     '  Through  16.  regales]      *  The    protectors 
the  services  of  a  captive  (Persian),  of  kings.' 

who  had  been  brought  in.'  18.  just a>  —  veniam]    Translate : 

4.  civem]    Predicate  accusative.    *  the  favor  of  an  appropriate  rather 
H.  546.  than  of  a  magnificent  funeral.' 

7.  se  nullis,  etc.]  '  That  he  died  20.   exempli]      Sc.   causam,  *  a 

without   having    performed    any  precedent.' 

acts  of  kindness  towards  him.'  22.  quippe  quum]     l  Since.' 

9.   reffium]      '  Belonging    to    a  24.  dexteram]  The  giving  of  the 

king,' '  royal.'    H.  325.  right  hand  was,  with  the  Persians, 


ALEXANDRI  MAQNI   VITA. 


77 


lare:"  Post  haec  porrecta  maim  exspiravit.  Quse  ubi 
Alexandro  nuntiata  sunt,  viso  corpore  defuncti,  tarn 
indignam  illo  fastigio  mortem  lacrimis  prosecutus  est : 
corpus que  regio  more  sepeliri,  et  reliquias  ejus  majo- 
rum  tumulis  inferri  jussit. 


the  most  solemn  pledge  possible. 
It  could  be  given  by  proxy.  In 
the  present  case  the  Macedonian, 
Polystratus,  who  found  Darius, 


was  commissioned  to  carry  the 
pledge  to  Alexander. 

3.  illo  fastigio]  «  That  dignity/ 
i.  e.,  royalty. 


78  JUSTINI  HISTORIC  PHILIPPICS. 


LIBER  II. 

I.  Alexander  in  persequendo  Darlo  amissos  milites 
magnis  funerum  impensis  extulit ;  reliquis  expeditionis 
ejus  sociis  tredecim  millia  talentum  di visit.  Equorum 
5  major  pars  aestu  amissa,  inutilesque  etiam,  qui  superfu- 
erant,  facti.  Pecunia  omnis  centum  nonaginta  millia 
talentum  Ecbatana  congesta,  eique  Parmenio  praeposi- 
tus.  Dum  liaBC  aguntur,  epis tolas  Antipatri  e  Macedo- 
nia ei  redduntur,  quibus  bellum  Agidis,  regis  Spartano- 

10  rum,  in  Graecia;  bellum  Alexandri,  regis  Epiri,  in  Italia; 
bellum  Zopyrionis,  praefecti  ejus  in  Scythia,  contineba- 
tur.  Quibus  varie  affectus,  plus  tamen  laetitiae,  cogni- 
tis  mortibus  duorum  aemulorum  regum,  quam  dolo- 
ris  amissi  cum  Zopyrione  exercitus,  cepit.  Namque 

15  post  profectionem  Alexandri  Graecia  ferme   omnis  in 

LIBER  II.  cadia,  was  attacked  and  slain  by 

1.  Alexander    secures    the  A  ntipater,  hut  with  a  greater  loss 
allegiance  of  his    soldiers   by  of  men  to  Alexander  than  he  had 
praises  and  rewards.   Renewal  sustained  at  the  battle  of  Issus,  or 
of  hostilities  in  Greece  in  his  of  Arbela. 

absence.  10.  Alexandri]     Alexander,  the 

2.  impensis]    Ablative  of  price,    brother  of  Olympias,  was  made 
H.  416.  king  of  Epirus  by  Philip. 

4.  inutiles]     In  joined  with  ad-  13.  duorum  regum]     King  Agis 

jectivcs  generally  denotes   negu-  in  Sparta  and  Alexander  in  Epi- 

tion.  rus. 

7.  Ecbatana}     Limit  of  motion,  14.  amissi]     '  By  the  loss  of  the 
were  carried  to  Ecbatana,  and  de-  army.'    H.  580. 

posited  there.  15.    Gratia  ferme   omnis]     For 

8.  Dum]    Joined  with  the   in-  the  Spartans  were  instigating  all 
dicative,  as  showing  simply  coin-  the    Peloponnesus,   and    Demos- 
cidence  of  time.    H.  522,  I.    Cf.  thencs  and  Harpftlus,  the  disloyal 
Phaed.  4,  2.  satrap  of   Babylonia  and   Syria, 

9.  Agtdis]    Agis,  while  laying  were     rousing     the     Athenians 
siege  to  Megalopolis,  a  city  of  Ar-  against  Alexander. 


ALEXANDRI   MAGNI   VITA.  79 

occasionem  reciperandae  libertatis  ad  arma  concurrerat, 
auctoritatem  LacedaBinoniorum  secuta ;  qui  Philippi  Al- 
exandrique  et  pacem  soli  spreverant,  et  leges  respuerant. 
Dux  hnjus  belli  Agis,  rex  Laccdaemoniorum,  fuit;  quern 
motum  Antipater  contractis  militibus  in  ipso  ortu  op-  5 
pressit.  Magna  tarn  en  utrinque  caades  fuit.  Agis  rex, 
quum  suos  terga  d antes  videret,  dimissis  satellitibus,  ut 
Alexandro  felicitate,  non  virtute  inferior  videretur,  tan- 
tarn  stragem  hostium  edidit,  ut  agmina  interdum  fugaret. 
Ad  postremum,  etsi  a  multitudine^victus,  gloria  tamenlO 
omnes  vicit. 

II.  Porro  Alexander,  rex  Epiri,  in  Italiam  a  Taren- 
tinis,  auxilia  adversus  Bruttios  deprecantibus,  sollicita- 
tus,  ita  cupide  profectus  fuerat,  veluti  in  divisione  orbis 
terraruin,  Alexandro,  Olympiadis  sororis  suaa  filio,  15 
Oriens,  sibi  Occidens  sorte  contigisset ;  non  minorem 
rerum  materiam  in  Italia,  Africa,  Siciliaque,  quani  ille 
in  Asia,  et  in  Persis  habiturus.  Hue  accedebat,  quod 
sicut  Alexandro  Magno  Delphica  oracula  insidias  in 
Macedonia;  ita  huic  responsurn  Dodonaai  Jovis  circa 20 
urbem  Pandosiam,  amnemque  Acherusium  prsedixerat. 
QUOB  utraque  quum  in  Epiro  essent,  ignarus  eadem  et  in 

3.  spreverant]    Spernere,  to  dis-       II.    The  expedition  of  Alex- 

daln,  not  to  want  in  the  least ;  con-  ander,    king    of    Epirus,    into 

temnere,  to    consider    worthless ;  Italy.    Defeat  and  destruction 

fastidire,  disdaining,  as  not    fit  of  zopyrion  and  his  army  in 

for  us,  not  good  enough  for  us.  Scythia. 

respuerant}      To    thrust    away        16.  contigissef]     Subjunctive  of 

with  disgust ;  repudiare,  to  thrust  condtion.    H.  503,  II.,  and  506. 
away  as  worthless.  minorem  —  materiam']        'Less 

6.  cades]    The  cutting  to  pieces,  materials  for  glorious  exploits.' 
the   act  of   killing ;    strages,  the        20.    Dodoneei]      At  Dodona,  in 
defeat,  as  the  mass  of  bodies  lying  Epirus,  was  the  most  ancient  ora- 
upon  one  another.  cle    of    Greece.     The    responses 

7.  terga  dantes]   ( Turning  their  were   given   from    lofty  oaks  or 
backs/  '  flying.'  beech  trees. 

8.  felicitate]    Ablative  of  speci-        21.  amnem  Acherusium]     'The 
fication.    H.  429.  river  Acheron.' 


80  JUSTINI   HISTORIC    PHILIPPICS. 

Italia  esse,  ad  declinanda  factorum  pericula,  peregrinam 
militiam  cupidius  elegerat.  Igitur,  quum  in  Italiam 
venisset,  primum  illi  bellum  cum  Apulis  fuit;  quorum 
cognito  urbis  fato,  brevi  post  tempore  pacem  et  amici- 
5  tiam  cum  rege  eorum  fecit.  Erat  namque  tune  tem- 
poris  urbs  Apulis  Brundisium,  quam  ^Etoli,  secutL 
dudum  farna  rerum  in  Troja  gestarum  clarissimum 
ac  nobilissimum  ducem  Diomeden,  condiderant:  sed 
pulsi  ab  Apulis,  consulentes  oracula,  responsum  accepe- 

10  rant,  "  locum  quern  repetissent,  perpetuo  possessuros." 
Hac  igitur  ex  causa,  per  legatos  cum  belli  commina- 
tione,  restitui  sibi  ab  Apulis  urbem  postulaverant.  Sed 
ubi  Apulis  oraculum  innotuit,  interfectos  legatos  in 
urbe  sepelierunt,  perpetuam  ibi  sedem  habituros.  At- 

15que  ita  defuncti  responso,  diu  urbem  possederunt. 
Quod  factum  quum  cognovisset  Alexander,  antiquitatis 
fata  veneratus,  bello  Apulorum  abstinuit.  Gessit  et 
cum  Bruttiis  Lucanisque  bellum ;  multasque  urbes  cepit : 
turn  et  cum  Metapontlnis,  et  Pediculis,  et  Romanis, 

20  foedus  ami ci tiam que  fecit.  Sed  Bruttii  Lucanique,  quum 
auxilia  a'finitimis  contraxissent,  acrius  bellum  repeti- 
vere.  Ibi  rex  juxta  urbem  Pandosiam,  et  flumen 
Acheronta,  non  prius  fatalis  loci  cognito  nomine,  quam 
occideret,  interficitur ;  mtfriensque,  non  in  p atria  fuisse 

25  sibi  periculosam  mortem,  propter  quam  patriam  fugerat, 
intellexit.  Corpus  ejus  Thurii  publice  redemptum  se- 
pulturae  tradiderunt.  Dum  hsec  aguntur  in  Italia,  Zo- 

1.  esse]  Depends  upon  ignarus.  known,   famous,    celebrated ;    in 

H.  552,  3.  clytus,  much  heard  of,  renowned. 

4.  tempore']    Ablative  of  differ-        10.  repetissent}    'Had  sought  to 
ence.    H.  418,  2.  recover.' 

5.  temporis]    Partitive  genitive.        11.  perkgatos']    '  By  means  of 
H.  396,  III.  ambassadors.'    H.  414,  5,  1). 

7.  Troja]  i.  e.,  'The  region  15.  defuncti  response}  'Having 

about  Troy/  Cf.  Book  I.,  5.  fulfilled  the  response.'  H.  419,  1. 

clarissimum}  Clarus,  bright,  25.  periculosam  mortem]  '  In 

hence  illustrious ;  nobilis,  well  danger  of  the  death.' 


ALEXANDRI   MAGNI   VITA.  SI 

pyrion  quoque,  praefectus  Ponti  ab  Alexandro  Magno 
relictus,  otiosum  se  ratus,  si  nihil  et  ipse  gessisset,  adu- 
nato  triginta  millium  exercitu,  Scythis  bellum  intulit ; 
cassusque  cum  omnibus  copiis,  pcenas  temere  illati  belli 
genti  innoxiae  luit.  5 

>    III.     Ha3c  quum  nuntiata  in  Parthis  Alexandro  es- 
sent,  sirnulato  maerore,  propter  Alexandri  cognationem, 
exercitui  suo  triduurn  luctum  indixit.    Omnibus  deinde, 
velut  perpetrato  bello,  reditum   in  patriam  spectanti- 
bus,  ^conjugesque  ac  liberos  suos  animo  jam  quodam-10 
modo  complectentibus,  ad  contionem  exercitum  vocat : 
Ibi  "  nihil  actum  tot  egregiis  praeliis  "  ait,  "  si  incolumis 
orientalis  barbaria  relinquatur ;  nee  se  corpus,  sed  re- 
gnum  Darli  petisse ;   persequendosque  esse  eos,  qui  a 
regno  defecerint."     Hac  oratione  velut  ex  integro  inti- 15 
tatis   militum   animis,  Hyrcaniam  Mardosque  subegit. 
Post  haec  Alexander  habitum  regum  Persarum,  et  dia-     " 
dema  insolitum  antea  regibus   Macedomcis,  velut  in 


2.  otiosum  se]    '  That  he  would  indixit]    Nuntiare,   to  commu- 
be  regarded  inefficient.'  nicate  news,    make  known  ;    in- 

3.  triginta  millium]      Genitive  dicere,    to    proclaim    something 
of  characteristic.    H.  396,  IV.  fixed  for  execution  at  a  subse- 

4.  pcenas  luit]    Luere,  to  wash  quent  time. 

off  the  guilt  by  suffering  punish-  10.  liberos]    Liberi,  children  of 

ment ;    dare  pcenas,  to   undergo  freemen  (the  idea  of  freedom  by 

punishment.  birth) ;  nati,  children  as  the  issue 

of  their  parents. 

III.    Alexander's  pretended  15.  ex   integro']      'Anew,'    *a- 

grief  at  the  death  of  Alexander  fresh;'   integer,    untouched;    in- 

of  Epirus.     He   assumes   the  columis,  uninjured. 

Persian  dress.    His  luxury.  17.  diadema]      In    its    original 

7.  marore]    Dolor,  pain,  espe-  notion  means  the  blue  and  white 
cially  when  the  feeling  is  fresh;  band  worn  by  the  Asiatic  mon- 
maror.  grief,   deep    and    silent ;  archs  round  the  tiara ;  but  subse- 
luctusj  mourning,   as  manifested  quently  the  diadem  was  a  broad 
by  the  appearance,  lamentation.  white  band,  fastened  round  the 

Alexandri}    King  of  Epirus.  head,  and  tied  in  a  bow  behind, 

8.  triduum]    'For  three  days.'  adopted  by  other  nations  as  an 
H.  378.  ensign  of  sovereignty. 

6 


82  JUSTINI   HISTORIC  PHILIPPICS. 

leges  eorum,  quos  vicerat,  transiret,  adsumit.  Quse  ne 
invidiosius  in  se  uno  conspicerentur,  amicos  quoque 
suos  longam  vestem  auratam  purpureamque  sumere 
jubet.  His  rebus  ingentes  epularum  apparatus  adjicit, 
5  ne  jejuna  et  destructa  luxuria  videretur,  conviviumque 
juxta  regiam  magnificentiam  ludis  cxornat;  immemor 
prorsus,  tantas  opes  amitti  his  moribus,  non  qua3ri 
solere. 

IV.     Inter  hsec  indignatio  omnium  totis  castris  erat, 

10  a  Philippo  ilium  pat/re  tan  turn  degenerasse,  ut  etiam 
patrias  nomen  ejuraret,  moresque  Persarum  adsumeret, 
quos  propter  tales  mores  vicerat.  Sed  ne  solus  vitiis 
eorum,  quos  armis  subegerat,  succubuisse  videretur, 
militibus  quoque  suis  permisit,  si  quarum  captivaruni 

15  consuetudine  tenerentur,  ducere  uxores ;  existimans 
minorem  in  patriam  reditus  cupiditatem  futuram,  lia- 
bentibus  in  castris  imasinem  quandam  larium,  ac  do- 
mestics sedis ;  simul  et  laborum  militiae  molliorem  fore 
dulcedine  uxorum.  In  supplementa  quoque  militum 

20  minus  exhauriri  posse  Macedonian!,  si  veteranis  patri- 

1.  Qua*]   Nevertheless  he  great-  15.   consuetudine        tenerentur] 
ly  offended,  by  this  conduct,  his  'Had  formed  an  intimacy.' 
Macedonian   subjects,  and  made  ducere   uxores]      '  To    marry.' 
himself  odious  thereby.  The    bride   was    invariably   con- 

2.  amicos    sumere]    The  object  ducted  (ducere)  on  the  evening  of 
clause  of  jubet.    H.  551,  II.  1.  the  marriage  day  from  the  home 

5.  destructa]      As  the  Persian  of  her  parents  to  her  new  home, 

power  was  overthrown,  even  their  17.  larium]   Tutelary  spirits,  ac- 

luxury  would  seem  also  to    be  cording  to  the  religious  belief  of 

"  destroyed."  the  Romans,  supposed  to  be  the 

8.  solere]      Depends  upon  tm-  souls  of  deceased  persons,   who 

memor.    H.  552,  3.  exercised  a  protecting  influence 

over  the  interior  of  every  man's 

IV.     The  effects  of  Alexan-  household,   himself,   his    family, 

der's  conduct  on   his   troops.  an(j  property.    They  were  not  re- 

His  mode  of  conciliating  them.  gardeci  as  divinities,  like  the  pe- 

12.  propter]      l  In  consequence  nates,   but    simply    as    guardian 

of,'  i.  e.,  their  manners  had  ren-  spirits,  whose  altar  was  the  do- 

dered  the  Persians  effeminate,  mestic  hearth. 


ALEXANDRI   MAGNI   VITA.  83 

bus  tirones  filii  succederent,  militaturi  in  vallo,  in  quo 
essent  nati ;  constantioresque  futuri,  si  non  solum  tiro- 
cinia, verum  et  incunabula  in  ipsis  castris  posuissent. 
Quae  consuetudo  in  successoribus  quoque  Alexandri 
mansit.  Igitur  et  alimenta  pueris,  et  instrumenta  armo-  5 
rum  equorumque  juvenibus  data;  et  patribus  pro  numero 
filiorum  praemia  statuta.  Si  quorum  patres  occidissent, 
nihilominus  pupilli  stipendia  patrum  trahebant;  quo- 
rum pueritia  inter  v  arias  expeditiones,  militia  erat. 
Itaque  a  parvula  fetate  laborious  periculisque  indurati,  10 
invictus  exercit  us  fuere :  neque  castra  aliter  quam  pa- 
triara,  neque  pugnam  aliud  unquam  quam  victoriam 
duxere.  Haac  suboles  nomen  habuit  "Epigoni."  Par- 
this  delude  domitis,  prefect  us  his  statiiitur  ex  nobilibus 
Persarum  Andragoras;  unde  postea  originem  Partho-15 
rum  reges  habuere. 

V.  Interea  Alexander  non  regio,  sed  hostili  more 
ssevire  in  suos  coepit.  Maxirne  indignabatur  carpi  se 
sermonibus  suorum  Philippi  patris,  patria3que  mores 
subvertisse.  Propter  qua3  crimina  Parmenio  quoque  20 
senex,  dignitate  regi  proximus,  cum  Philota  filio,  de 
utroque  prius  .quaBStionibus  habitis,  intern' citur.  Fre- 
niere  itaque  omnes  universis  castris  ccepere,  innoxii 
senis  filiique  casum  miserantes ;  interdum  "  se  quoque 

4.  consuetudo]    A  mode  of  ac-  quests  of  Alexander.    Bessus 
tion  which  by  repetition  has  be-  is  delivered  up  to  justice, 
come  habitual ;  mos,  a  mode  of  20.  subvertisse']  The  infinitive  as 
action  which  by  length  of  time  object  after  a  verb  of  saying,  im- 
has  become  a  rule,  a  usage.  Plied  in  carPl  sermonibus.  H.  551,1. 

5.  .instrumenta]    'Equipments/        21.  dignitate']    Ablative  of  speci- 
IS.Epigdni]     Here,  although  it    fication.    H.  429. 

can  be  declined,  Epigdni  takes  the  23.  innoxii]  Innocens,  innocent, 
form  of  the  nominative  case,  as  i-  e.,  not  sharing  in  a  crime ;  in- 
being  a  mere  word,  and  express-  noxius,  that  does  harm  to  no  one. 
ing  no  relation  except  as  a  word.  24.  miserantes']  Misereri,  to  feel 

compassion  at   another's  misfor- 

V.    Parmenio    and   Philotas  tune;   miserari,  to  show  compas- 

are  put  to  death.    Further  con-  sion,  to  deplore,  commiserate. 


84  JUSTINI   HISTORIC  PHILIPPICS. 

non  debere  melius  sperare"  dicentes.  Quae  quum  nun- 
tiata  Alexandro  essent,  verens,  ne  haac  opinio  etiam 
in  Macedonian!  divulgaretur,  et  ne  victoriarum  gloria 
ssevitias  maculis  infuscaretur,  simulat  se  ex  amicis  quos- 
5  dam  in  patriam  victoriaB  nuntios  missurum.  Hortatur 
milites  suis  scribere,  rariorem  habituros  occasionem 
propter  militiam  remotiorem.  Datos  fasces  epistola- 
rura  tacite  ad  se  deferri  jubet ;  ex  quibus  cognito  de 
se  singulorum  judicio,  in  unam  cohortem  eos,  qui  de 

10  rege  durius  opinati  fuerant,  contribuit,  aut  consumptu- 
rus  eos,  aut  in  ultimis  terris  in  colonias  distributurus. 
Inde  Drancas,  ceterosque  populos,  qui  in  radice  Caucasi 
morabantur,  subegit.  Interea  unus  ex  amicis  Darii 
Bessus  vinctus  perducitur,  qui  regem  non  solum  pro- 

15  diderat,  yerum  et  interfecerat.  Quern  in  ultionem  per- 
fidia3  excruciandum  fratri  Darli  tradidit ;  reputans  non 
tarn  hostem  suum  fuisse  Darium,  quam  amicum  ejus, 
a  quo  esset  occisus.  Et,  ut  his  terris  nomen  relinque- 
ret,  urbem  Alexandrian!  super  amnem  Tanaim  condi- 

20  dit,  intra  diem  septimum  decimum  muro  sex  inillimn 

5.  Hortatur]    Here  followed  by  the  name  Caucasus  to  the  range. 

the  infinitive,  but  usually  by  the  13.  morabantur}      *  Dwelt,'    as 

subjunctive.  wandering   tribes    tarried    but  a 

10.   durius  — fueranf]       Means  short  time  in  one  place, 

here  not  merely  'had  entertained  19. amnem]  Flurius,J?umen,thQ 

harsh  opinions,'  but  *  had  given  ever-flowing  mass  of  water ;  am- 

expression  to  them.'  nis,  the  stream,  larger  than  fluvi- 

consumpturus]      Curtius    states  us;  rivus,  a  small  stream,  rivulet, 

that  this  division  was  compelled  Tanaim]      Mr.  Taylor,  in    his 

to  march  apart  from  the  rest  of  "Names   and   Places,"   chnp.    9, 

the  army  as  in  disgrace,  and  that  takes    ground    that   the   syllable 

the  desire  of  washing  away  the  Tan-  of  Tanais,  in  Celtic,  is  the 

stain  urged  them  to  the  display  same  that  appears  in  the  modern 

of  their  bravery.  name  Don,  and  means  water  or 

12.  Caucclsi]  When  Alexander  river,  and  that  the  termination  -is 
crossed  the  Paropamisus  (Hindu  has  the  same  meaning.  The  Greeks 
Rush]  chain,  his  followers  regard-  gave  the  name  of  Tanais  to  the 
ing  this  achievement  as  the  highest  Jaxartes,  as  if  Alexander  had  ex- 
geographical  adventure,  applied  tended  Europe  to  that  river/ 


ALEXANDRI  MAGNI   VITA.  85 

passuum  constimmato,  translatis  eo  trium  civitatium 
populis,  quas  Cyrus  condiderat.  In  Bactrianis  quoque 
Sogdianisque  duodecirn  urbes  condidit,  distributis  his, 
quoscunque  in  exercitu  seditiosos  habebat. 

VI.     His  ita  gestis,  sollemni  die  amicos  in  convivium    5 
vocat.     Ubi  orta  inter  ebrios  rerum  a  Philippe  gesta- 
rum  mention e,  praeferre  se  patri  ipse,  rerum que  suarum 
magnitudinem  extollere  caelo  tenus  coepit,  assentante 
majore  convivarum  parte.     Itaque  quum  unus  e  senibus 
Clitus,  fiducia  amicitiaa  regia3,  cujus  palmam  tenebat,  10 
memoriam  Philippi  tueretur,  laudaretque  ejus  res  ge- 
stas ;  adeo  regem  offendit,  nt  telo  a  satellite  rapto  eun- 
dem  in  convivio  trucidaverit.      Qua   ca3de    exsultans, 
mortuo  patrocinium  Philippi,  laudemque  paternaa  mi- 
ll tia3  objectabat.     Postquam  satiatus  caede  animus  con- 15 
quievit,  et  in  irse  locum  successit  aestimatio,  modo  per- 
sonam  occisi,  modo  causam  occidendi  considerans,  pi- 
gere  facti  coepit :  quippe  paternas  laudes  tarn  iracunde 
accepisse  se,  quam  nee  convicia  debuisset ;  amicumque 
senem  et  innoxium  a  se  occisum  inter  epulas  et  pocula,  20 
dolebat.     Eodem  igitur  furore  in  pcenitentiam,  quo  pri- 
dem  in  iram  versus,  mori  voluit.     Primum  in  fletus 

VI  Alexander  kills  his  friend  bat]    '  He  scoffed  at  the  dead  man 

Clitus  at  a  banquet.    His  sub-  for  his  defence.'    "  Go  HOW,"  said 

sequent    repentance    and    re-  he>   « to  Philip,    Parmenio,    and 

morse-  Attrilus." 

7.  prceferre  se  ipse  patri]  Means  16.  personam  occisi]  *  The  char- 
that  he  himself  (and  not  some  one  acter.' 

else)  preferred  himself  to  his  fa-  17.  pigere]  Used  personally, 
ther,  whereas  se  ipsum  would  Other  editions  insert  eum,  but 
mean  that  he  preferred  himself  then  there  is  an  anacoluthon,  the 
(and  not  some  one  else)  to  his  fa-  regular  construction  requiring  cos- 
tlier, sidcrans  to  be  considerantem. 

8  ceelo  tejius]  The  usual  ex-  18.  tarn  iracunde  quam  nee  de- 
pression is  in  ccelum  or  ad  ccclwn.  buisset]  Literally,  {  as  angrily  as 
Tenus  always  follows  its  case.  he  ought  not,'  but  translate,  *  with 

10.  cujus  —  tenebaf]    '  Of  which  more  anger  than  he  ought  to  have 

he  held  the  principal  place.'  felt  in  listening  to  insults  to  his 

14:.  -mortuo  patrociniiun  objecta-  memory.* ' 


86  JUSTINI   HISTORIC  PHILIPPICS. 

progressus,  amplecti  mortiium,  vulnera  tractare,  et  quasi 
audienti  confiteri  dementiam;  arreptnm  telum  in  se 
vertit,  peregissetque  facinus,  nisi  amici  intervenissent. 
Mansit  hsec  voluntas  moriendi  etiam  sequentibus  die- 
5  bus.  Accesserat  enim  poenitentia3,  nutricis  suse,  sororis 
Cliti,  recordatio,  cujus  absentis  eum  maxirae  pudebat  : 
tarn  feed  am  illi  alimentorum  suorum  mercedem  reddi- 
tam,  ut  in  cujus  manibus  pueritiam  egerat,  huic  juve- 
nis,  et  victor,  pro  beneficiis  funera  remitteret.  Repu- 

10  tabat  deinde,  quantum  in  exercitu  suo,  quantum  apud 
devictas  gentes  fabularum  atque  inyidiaB,  quantum  apud 
ceteros  amicos  metum  et  odium  sui  fecerit :  quam  ama- 
rum  et  triste  rediderit  convivium  suum,  non  armatus  in 
acie,  quam  in  convivio  terribilior.  Tune  Parmenio  et 

15  Philotas,  tune  Amyntas  consobrinus,  tune  noverca  fra- 
tresque  interfecti ;  tune  Attains,  Eurylochus,  Pausanias, 
aliique  Macedonia  exstincti  principes,  occurrebant.  Ob 
haec  illi  quatriduo  perseverata  inedia  est,  donee  exerci- 
tns  universi  precibus  exoratus  est,  precantis,  "  ne  ita 

20  mortem  unius  doleat,  ut  universes  perdat,  quos  in  ulti- 

1.  amplecti]      Historical  infini-  niece  of   Attains,    whom    Philip 

tive.    H.  545,  1.  married  when  he  divorced  Olym- 

5.  pcenitentiai]     Dative  after  ac-  pias.     After  Philip's  murder,  she 
cesserat.    H.  386.  was  put  to  death  by  Olympias,  and 

6.  cujus  —  eum] ,   Governed  by  her    infant    child   perished   with 
pudebat.    H.  410,  III.  1.  her. 

pudebat]      Piget,  it  is  mortify-  16.    Attains]      Was  one  of  the 

ing,  causes  distaste ;  poenitet,  it  is  generals  of  Philip,  who  gave  of- 

painful,  makes  us  regret,  repent ;  fence  to  Alexander,  with  whom 

pudet  me,  I  am  ashamed  at  being  he  tried  in  vain  to  make  terms,  and 

exposed.  by  whose  order  he  was  finally  as- 

10.  quantum  —  invidice]     'How  sassinated.   . 

ntfmy  remarks  and  how  much  ill  Euryldchus]     Of   Eurylochus, 

will.'  H.  396,  III.  2,  3).  (3).  if   Justin    is  correct,  nothing   is 

13.  non]     Modifies  terribilior.  known.      Subsequently    to    this 

15.  Amyntas]     Was  a  cousin  of  time,  one  of  that  name  received 

Alexander,  and  put  to  death  by  from  Alexander  a  magnificent  re- 

him  for  a  plot  against  his  life.  ward  for    exposing    the  plot  of 

noverca]       Cleopatra    was     a  Hermolaus. 


ALEXANDRI   MAGNI  VITA. 


87 


mam  deductos  barbariam,  inter  infestas  et  irritatas  bello 
gentes,  destituat."  Multum  profuere  Callisthenis  phi- 
losophi  preces,  condiscipulatu  apud  Aristotelen  famili- 
aris  illi,  et  tune  ab  ipso  rege  ad  prodenda  memoriae  acta 
ejus  accitus.  Revocato  igitur  ad  bellum  animo,  Clio-  5 
rasmos  et  Dahas  in  deditionem  accepit. 

VII.     Deinde,  quod  primo  ex  Persico  superbiaa  regiaa 
more  distulerat,  ne  omniapariter  invidiosiora  essent,  non 
salutari,  sed  adorari  se  jubet.     Acerrimus  inter  recu- 
santes  Callisthenes  fuit.    Quae  res  et  illi,  et  rnultis  prin-  IQ 
cipibus  'Macedonum  exitio  fuit :  siquidem  sub  specie 
insidiarum   omnes  interfecti.      Retentus  tamen   est  a 
Macedonibus  mos    salutandi  regis,  explosa  adoration e. 
Post  haec  Indiani  petit,  ut  Ocean o,  ultimoque  Oriente 
finiret  imperium.     Cui  glorias,  ut  etiam  exercitus  orna-  ^5 
nienta  convenirent,  phaleras  equorum  et  arma  militum 


VII.  Alexander  vents  his 
rage  upon  his  discreet  advi- 
sers; marches  to  the  east;  un- 
dertakes to  surpass  Bacchus 
and  Hercules. 

7.  quod]    Has  for  its  antecedent 
adorari.  H.  445,  7.   '  Which  point 
of  the  Persian  fashion  of  royal 
pride  he  had  put  onV 

8.  pariter]    '  At  the  same  time,' 
to  be  joined  with  omnia. 

invidiosiora]     H.  444,  1. 

9.  adorare]      'That  he   should 
be  worshipped  '  after  the  oriental 
fashion  of  making  the  saldm,  or 
prostrating  one's  self  before  kings 
and  superiors. 

inter  recusantes]  The  relation 
of  the  partitive  genitive  H.  398, 
4,2). 

10.  Callisthenes]      Alexander's 
ambition   prompted  him  to  take 
with  him  on  his  expedition  men 
of  literary  talent,  in  order  that 


his  exploits  might  be  commemo- 
rated by  their  genius.  Conspicu- 
ous among  these  was  Callisthenes, 
a  man  of  sedate  character,  of  sim- 
ple and  severe  habits.  He  wrote 
a  history  of  the  expedition,  ex- 
tending to  the  battle  of  Arbela, 
in  which  he  did  full  justice  to  the 
greatness  and  success  of  Alexan- 
der. He  subsequently  fell  under 
the  monarch's  displeasure  for  re- 
fusing to  exalt  him  into  a  god,  and 
lost  his  life  in  consequence  of  his 
refusal. 

illi]  Two  datives.  H.  390,  I. 
and  II.  1,  1). 

11.  sub  specie]  '  Under  the  pre- 
tence.' 

13.  explosa]    'Discontinued.' 

16.  phaleras]  Bosses  of  gold, 
silver,  or  other  metal,  cast  or 
chased,  with  some  appropriate  de- 
vice, such,  for  instance,  as  the  im- 
age of  a  king,  worn  upon  the 


88  JUSTINI   HISTORIC   PHILIPPICS. 

argento  inducit ;  exercitnmque  suum,  ab  argenteis  cly- 
peis,  Argyraspidas  appellavit.  Qmim  ad  Nysam  urbem 
venisset,  oppidanis  non  repugnantibus  fiducia  religionis 
Liberi  patris,  a  quo  condita  urbs  erat,  parci  jussit ;  laetus 
5  non  militiam  tantum,  verum  et  vestigia  se  dei  secuturn. 
Tune  ad  spectaculum  sacri  montis  duxit  exercitum,  na- 
turalibus  bonis,  vite,  hederaque  non  aliter  vestiti,  quani 
si  manu  cultus,  colentiimique  industrial  exornatus  esset. 
Sed  exercitus  ejus,  ubi  ad  raontem  accessit,  repentino 

10  impetu  mentis,  in  sacros  dei  ululatus  instinctus,  cum 
stupore  regis,  sine  noxa  discurrit ;  ut  intelligeret,  non 
tarn  oppidanis  se  parcendo,  quam  exercitui  suo  consu- 
luisse.  Peragrata  India  quum  ad  saxum  mirae  asperi- 
tatis  et  altitudinis,  in  quod  rnulti  populi  confugerant, 

15  pervenisset,  cognoscit,  Herculem  ab  expugnatione  ejus- 
dem  saxi  terra  motu  prohibitum.  Captus  itaque  cu- 
pidine  Herculis  acta  superare,  cum  summo  labore  ac 
periculo  potitus  saxo,  omnes  ejus  loci  gentes  in  deditio- 
nem  accipit. 

20      VIII.      Unus    ex    regibus    Indorum    fuit,      Porus 

breast  of  persons  of  distinction,  17.  superare]      Depends    upon 

and  by  soldiers  as  a  military  deco-  cupidine.    The    infinitive   is  used 

ration.     Similar  ornaments  were  instead  of  the  gerund  in  -di.  This 

attached    to    the    headstalls    of  departure  froUi  the  general  rule 

horses,  to  a  throat-collar,  or  to  a  occurs  in  the  best  authors,  and  es- 

martingale.  pecially  in  the  poets. 

2.  Argyraspldas]  '  Silver  shield-  18.  saxo]  Ablative  in  special  con- 
bearers.'  struction  after  potitus.    H.  419,  I. 

6.  naturalibuA  bonis]  '  The  beau- 
ties of  nature.'  VIII.  Defeat  of  Porus.  Alex- 

7.  vestiti]     Agrees   with    mon-  ander  seems  to  yield  to  the  re- 
tis.  quest  of  his  soldiers  to  push 

8.  manu  cultus]  « Tilled  by  art.'  his  conquests  no  farther. 

10.  mentis]  Mens,  the  reasoning  20.  Porus]  Was  of  a  stature  so 

powers ;  animus,  the  mind  in  gigantic,  that  seated  upon  an  ele- 

general.  phant  he  seemed  of  the  same  pro- 

12.  pdrcendo]  'By  showing  portions  to  the  animal,  that  an  ordi- 

mercy ';  ablative  of  the  gerund,  nary  horseman  bears  to  his  horse. 

H.  566, 1.  His  ability,  beauty,  and  valor  cor- 


ALEXANDRI  MAGNI  VITA.  89 


nomine,  viribus  corporis  et  animi  rnagnitudine  pariter 
insignis,  qui  bellum  jampridem,  audita  Alexandri  opi- 
nione,  in  adventum  ejus  parabat.  Coumiissoitaque  prse- 
lio,  exercitum  suum  Macedonas  invadere  jubet;  sibi  re- 
gem  eorum  privatum  hostem  deposcit.  Nee  Alexander  5 
pugnse  moram  fecit :  sed  prima  congressione  vulnerato 
equo,  quum  praeceps  ad  terram  decidisset,  concursu 
satellitum  servatur.  Porus*multis  vulneribus  obrutus 
capitur.  Qui  victum  se  adeo  doluit,  ut,  quum  veniam 
ab  hoste  invenisset,  neque  cibum  sumere  voluerit,  ne- 10 
que  vulnera  curari  passus  sit,  segreque  sit  ab  eo  obten- 
tum,  ut  vellet  vivere.  Quern  Alexander  ob  honorem 
virtutis  incolumem  in  regnum  remisit.  Duas  ibi  urbes 
condidit,  unam  Nicaeam,  alteram  ex  nomine  equi  Bu- 
cephalen  vocavit.  Quum  ad  Cuphltes  venisset,  ubi  eum  15 
cum  ducentis  millibus  equitum  hostes  opperiebantur, 
exercitus  omnis,  non  minus  victoriarum  numero  quam 
laboribus  fessus,  lacrimis  eum  deprecatur,  "finem  tan- 
dem belli  faceret,  aliqtiando  patriaa  reditusque  meminis- 

responded  to  his  stature.    Having  demanded   Alexander  especially 

been  captured  and  brought  before  as  his  antagonist. 

Alexander,  he  was  asked  how  he  13.  incolumem]   Predicate  accu- 

would  like  to  be  treated.  "  Like  a  sative.    H.  373,  3. 

king,"  was  his  answer.    The  con-  14.  alteram]    The  other  of  two, 

queror,    pleased   with    his     un-  the  second. 

daunted  bearing,  not  only  released  15.  vocavit]  Vocare,  to  call,  refer- 

him,  but  enlarged  his  dominions,  ring  to  the  sound  of  the  name ;  ap- 

In  return  for  this  generosity,  Po-  pellare,  to  call  by  its  right  name. 

rus  became  a  faithful  and  efficient  16.  opperiebantur]  Exspectare,  to 

ally.  wait  in  conscious  anticipation  of 

1.  nomine, viribus,  magnitudine]  some  event;  opperirij  to  wait  with 
Ablatives  of  specification.   H.  429.  the  accessory  notion  that  the  per- 

2.  Alexandri    opinione]      Alex-  son  waiting  intends  to  do  some- 
andri    is  the  objective    genitive,  thing  on  the  arrival  of  the  object 
'  The  opinion  entertained  of  Alex-  waited  for. 

ander.'  Id.patria]    H.  406,  II.  Memini, 

4.  Maceddnas]    Greek    accusa-    with  the  genitive,  means    to  be 
tive  plural.    H.  98.  mindful  of;  with  the  accusative,  to 

5.  privatum    hostem]      Poms    remember. 


90  JUSTINI   HISTORIC   PHILIPPICS. 

set;  respiceret  militum  annos,  quibus  vix  aetas  ad  redi- 
tum  sufficeret : "  ostendere  alius  canitiem,  alms  vulnera, 
alius  aetate  consurapta  corpora,  alius  cicatricibus  ex- 
hausta :  "  solos  se  esse,  qui  duorum  regum,  Philippi 
5  Alexandrique,  continuam  militiam  pertulerint : "  tan- 
dem orare,  "  ut  reliquias  saltern  suas  paternis  sepulchris 
reddat,  quorum  non  studiis  deficiatur,  quam  annis :  ac 
si  non  militibus,  vel  ipsi  sibi  parcat  ne  fortunam  suani 
nimis  onerando  fatiget."  Motus  his  tarn  justis  precibus, 

lOvelut  in  finem  victorias  castra  solito  magnificentiora 
fieri  jussit,  quorum  molitionibus  et  hostis  terreretur,  et 
posteris  admiratio  sui  relinqueretur.  Nullum  opus  mi- 
lites  loetius  fecere.  Itaque  cassis  hostibus,  cum  gratula- 
tione  in  eadem  reverterunt. 

15  IX.  Inde  Alexander  ad  amnem  AcesTnem  pergit : 
per  hunc  in  Oceanum  devehitur.  Ibi  Hiacensanas 
Sileosque,  quos  Hercules  condidit,  in  deditlonem  ac- 
cepit.  Hinc  in  Ambros  et  Sugambros  navigat ;  quaa 
gentes  eum  armatis  octoginta  millibus  peditum,  et 

20  sexaginta  millibus  equitum  excipiunt.  Quum  pne- 
lio  victor  esset  exercitum  ad  urbem  eorum  ducit. 

2.  alius]      In  apposition  with        14.  in  eadem]    '  To  their  qnar- 
milites  understood,  or  used  in  a    ters,'  i.e.,  to  the  same  places  from 
collective  sense.  which  they  had  come. 

3.  cicatricibus]    By  metonymy 

for  vulneribus.  IX.    The  war  is  renewed.  In 

7.  non]  Supply  tarn,  correspond-    the  city  of  the  Sugambri  Alex- 
ing  to  quam.  ander  fights  for  his  life ;  though 

quorum  —  deficiatur}      '  Whose    wounded,    he    maintains     the 
support  he  fails  to  receive.*  contest  till  rescued  by  his  sol- 

8.  rcl  —parcat}     'At  least,  he    diers' 

should  spare  himself.*  15.  Acesinem]      Acesines,     the 

nc—fatiget]     'Lest  he  should  chief  of  the  five  great  tributaries 

tire  out.'  of  the    Indus,  which   gave    the 

10.  solito]    In  this  connection  name  Punjab  (i.  e.,  Five  Waters) 
with  the  comparative,  so&'fo  is  fre-  to  the  great  plain  of  North-west 
quently  omitted.    See  Harkness,  India.    Its  Sanscrit  name,  if  Hel- 
417,  6.  lenized,  would  have  made  a  word 

11.  molitionibus]    '  Vastness.'  so  much  like  'Alexander-eater* 


ALEXANDKI   MAGNI   VITA.  91 

Quam  desertam  a  defensoribus,  quum  de  muro,  quern 
primus  ceperat,  animadvertisset,  in  urbis  planitiem 
sine  ullo  satellite  desiluit.  Itaque  quum  eum  hostes 
solum  conspexissent,  clamore  edito,  undique  concur- 
runt,  si  possint  in  uno  capite  orbis  bella  finire,  et  ultio-  5 
nem  tot  gentibus  dare.  Nee  minus  Alexander  con- 
stanter  restitit,  et  unus  adversus  tot  millia  praliatur. 
Incredibile  dictu  est,  ut  eum  non  multitude  hostium, 
non  vis  magna  telorum,  non  tantus  lacessentium  cla- 
mor terruerit ;  solus  tot  millia  ceciderit  ac  fugaverit.  10 
Ubi  vero  obrui  multitudine  se  vidit,  trunco  se,  qui 
propter  muruni  stabat,  applicuit :  cujus  auxilio  tutus, 
quum  diu  agmen  sustinuisset,  tandem  cognito  periculo 
ejus,  amici  ad  eum  desiliunt;  ex  quibus  multi  ca3si; 
pra3liumque  tamdiu  anceps  fuit,  quoad  omnis  exerci- 15 
tus,  muris  dejectis,  in  auxilium  veniret.  In  eo  praelio 
sngitta  sub  mamma  trajectus,  quum  sanguinis  fluxu  defi- 
ceret,  genu  posito  tarn  diu  praeliatus  est,  donee  eum,  a 
quo  vulneratus  fuerat,  occideret.  Curatio  vulneris  gra- 
vior  ipso  vulnere  fuit.  20 

X.     Itaque   ex  magna  desperatione  tandem   saluti 
redditus,  Polyperchonta  cum  exercitu  Babyloniam  mit- 

that  the  Macedonians  changed  it  14.  ex  quibus']    Relation  of  the 

to  avoid  the  evil  omen,  the  more  partitive  genitive.    H.  398,  4,  2). 

so,  perhaps,  on  account  of  the  dis-  16.  veniret]   Subjunctive  of  time 

aster  which  befell  the  Macedo-  with  cause.    H.  .522,  II. 

ni;in  fleet  at  the  turbulent  June-  18.  genu  posito]  *  Having  placed 

tion  of  the  river  with  the  Hydas-  his  knee  '  on  the  ground.  * 

pes.    Smith's  Diet.  20.  vulnere]    Ablative  after  the 

I.  defensoribus]    The  termina-  comparative.    H.  417.    The  sever- 
tion  -or  denotes  the  agent  or  doer,  ity  of  the  wound  was  increased 
H.  321,  1.  by  the  necessary  means  taken  for 

muro]  Murus,  any  wall ;  mce-  the  extraction  of  the  arrow-head, 

ma,  a  wall  of  defence  ;  par.*,  the  x  Alexander  reaches  the 

wall  of  a  house.  shores  of  the  ocean  and  the 

8.  dictu]  The  supine  in  -u.  H.  limit  Of  his  conquests.  He  re- 

570.  turns  to  Babylon,  and  marries 

II.  trunco    se    applicuit]     '  He  Statira. 

placed  himself  against  the  trunk       22.  Babyloniam]    Limit  of  mo- 
of  a  tree.'  tion.    H.  379. 


92  JUSTINI  HISTORIC  PHILIPPICS. 

tit :  ipse  cum  lectissima  manu  navibus  conscensis  Oce- 
ani  litora  peragrat.  Quum  venisset  ad  urbem  Ambi- 
geri  regis,  oppidani  invictum  ferro  audientes,  sagittas 
veneno  armant ;  atque  ita  gemino  mortis  vulnere,  ho- 
5  stem  a  muris  subrnoventes,  plurimos  interficiunt.  Quum 
inter  multos  vulneratus  etiam  Ptolemaeus  esset,  moritu- 
rusque  jamjam  videretur,  per  quietem  regi  monstrata 
in  remedia  veneni  herba  est ;  qua  in  potu  accepta,  statim 
periculo  liberatus  est;  majorque  pars  exercitus  hoc  re- 

IQmedio  servata.  Expugnata  deinde  urhe,  reversus  in 
naves,  Oceano  libamenta  dedit,  prosperum  in  patriam 
reditum  precatus :  ac  veluti  curru  circa  metam  acto, 
positis  imperil  terminis,  quatenus  aut  terrarum  solitu- 
dines  prodire  passae  sunt,  aut  mare  navigabile  fuit,  se- 

15  cundo  aestu  ostio  fluminis  Indi  invehitur.  Ibi  in  monu- 
menta  rerum  a  se  gestarum  urbem  Barcen  condidit; 
arasque  statuit,  relicto  ex  numero  amicorum  litoralibus 
Indis  praefecto.  Inde  iter  terrestre  facturus,  quum  arida 
loca  medii  itineris  dicerentur,  puteos  opportiuiis  locis 

20  fieri  prsecipit;  quibus  ingenti  dulci  aqua  inventa,  Baby- 
loniam  redit.  Ibi  multa3  devictaB  gentes  praefectos  suos 
accusaverunt ;  quos  sine  respectu  amicitiae,  Alexander 
in  conspectu  legatorum  necari  jussit.  Filiam  post  haec 

3.  invictum']    Predicate  accusa-    (spina)  round  which  the  chariots 
tive,  esse    being    understood,  of    turned. 

which  Alexandrum  understood  is        13.  quatenus]    'As  far  as.' 
the  subject.  14.  secundo  cestu]  '  With  a  favor- 

4.  gemino  mortis  vulnere]  '  "With    able  tide.' 

wounds  doubly  fatal.'  15.  monumenta]    The  termina- 

7.  per  quietem]     *  In  his  sleep.'  tion  -mentum  generally  denotes  the 

9.  periculo}     Ablative  of  sepa-  means  of  the  performance  of  an 

ration.    H.  425,  2,  2)  and  3,  2).  action.    H.  320,  3. 

12.  metam]    The  meta  was  the  17.  relicto]    Ablative    absolute 

goal  or  turning-post  in  a  race-  with  uno  understood. 

course.  It  consisted  of  three  coni-  19.  medii  itineris]    f  Of  the  mid- 

cal-shaped  columns  placed  upon  die  parts  of  his  route.'    H.  441, 6. 

a  raised  basement,  and  was  situ-  23.  necari]       Occidere,    to    cut 

ated  at   the  end  of  the  barrier  down  (as  in  open  battle) ;  interfi- 


• 


ALEXANDRI  MAGNI  VITA. 


93 


Darii  regis,  Statiram  in  matrimonium  recepit :  sed  et 
optimatibus  Macedonian  4ectas  ex  omnibus  gentibus 
nobilissimas  virgines  tradidit,  ut  comniuni  facto  crimen 
regis  levaretur. 

XI.     Hinc  ad  contionem  exercitum  vocat,  et  promittit,    5 
"  se  aes  alienum  omnium  propria  impensa  soluturum," 
ut  prsedam  praemiaque  Integra  domos  ferant.    Insignis 
ha3c   munificentia   non   summa   tantum,   verum   etiam 
titulo   muneris  fuit,  nee   a  debitoribus  magis,  quam  a 
creditoribus  gratius  excepta :  quoniam  utrisque  exactio  10 
pariter  ac  solutio  difficilis  erat.     Viginti  millia  talentum 
in  hos  sumptus  expensa.    Dimissis  veteranis,  exercitum 
junioribus   supplet.     Sed   retenti   veteranorum  disces- 
sum  segre  ferentes,  missionem  et  ipsi  flagitabant ;  "nee 
annos,  sed  stipendia  sua  numerari "  jubebant :  "  pariter  in  15 
militiam  lectos,  pariter  sacramento  solvi,  aaquum  "  cen- 
sentes  :  nee  jam  precibus,  sed  convicio  agebant,  juben- 
tes  "  eum  solum  cum  patre  suo  Hammone  inire  bella, 


cere,  to  put  to  death  (in  any  way) ; 
necare,  to  kill  violently,  with  the 
additional  idea  of  want  of  feel- 
ing. 

1.  Statiram]  Within  a  year 
after  Alexander's  death,  Statira 
was  treacherously  murdered  by 
Roxana. 

3.  crimen  —  levaretur]  '  That 
the  offence  of  the  king  might  be 
lessened.' 

XI.  Alexander's  munifi- 
cence. He  discharges  a  por- 
tion of  his  veterans.  Sup- 
presses a  mutiny  of  the  rest 
at  the  risk  of  his  own  personal 
safety. 

6.  CBS  alienum]  '  Debt.'  As  the 
first  Roman  coins  were  struck  in 
copper,  as  readily  came  to  mean 
money;  then  as  alienum,  the 


money  of  another,  with  reference 
to  him  who  has  it,  meant  debt. 

7.  domos]  Limit  of  motion.  H. 
379,  3,  1). 

9.  titulo]  '  For  the  reason  al- 
leged.' 

magis  gratius]  For  magis  gra- 
te, a  not  unusual  pleonasm. 

12.  veteranis]  These  were  prob- 
ably the  soldiers  who  had  served 
under  Philip,  and  were  enlisted 
anew  by  Alexander  when  he 
marched  into  Asia.  By  retenti 
we  can  understand  the  younger 
soldiers,  who  were  first  enlisted 
at  the  same  time  with  Philip's 
veterans. 

14.  tegre  ferentes]  *  Discon- 
tented.' 

16.  pariter — censentes]  '  Think- 
ing it  just  that  they  who  had  been 
enlisted  in  the  service  at  the  same 


94  JUSTINI  HISTORIC  PHILIPPICS. 

quatenus  milites  suos  fastidiat."  Contra  ille  nunc  castl- 
gare  milites ;  nunc  lenibus  verbis  monere,  ne  "  gloriosam 
militiam  seditionibus  infuscarent."  Ad  postrenmm 
quum  verbis  nihil  proficeret,  ad  corripiendos  seditionis 
5auctores,  e  tribunal!  in  contionem  armatam  inermis  ipse 
desiluit,  et  nemine  prohibente,  tredecim  correptos  manu 
sua  ipse  ad  supplicia  duxit.  Tantam  vel  illis  moriemU 
patientiam  metus  regis,  vel  huic  exigendi  supplicii  con- 
stantiam  disciplina  militaris  dabat: 

10  XII.  Inde  separatim  auxilia  Persarum  in  contione 
alloquitur.  Laudat  perpetuam  illorum,  turn  in  se,  turn, 
in  pristinos  reges  fidem  ;  sua  in  illos  beneficia  comme- 
morat:  "ut  nunquam  quasi  victos,  sed  veluti  victoria3 
socios  habuerit :  denique  se  in  illorum,  non  illos  in  gen- 

15tis  suse  morem  transisse;  affinitatibus  conubiorum  vic- 
tos victoribus  miscuisse.  Nunc  quoque,"  ait,  "  custodi- 
am  corporis  sui  non  Macedonibus  tantimi  se,  verum  et 
illis  crediturum."  Atque  ita  mille  ex  his  juvenes  in 
numerum  satellitum  legit:  auxiliorum  quoque  portio- 

20  nem,  formatam  in  disciplinam  Macedonum,  exercitui 
suo  miscet.  Quam  rem  asgre  Macedones  tulerunt, 

time   should    receive    their   dis-  leaders,  and  handed  them  over  to 

charge  at  the  same  time.*  his  guards. 

1.  quatenus}    l  Since,'  in  which  moriendi]    Genitive  of  the  ger- 

meaning  it  is  not  uncommon.  und ;  exigendi,  of  the  gerundive. 

castigare]     Castigare,    to    pun- 
ish with  a  view  of  correcting ;  pu-  XH.    Alexander  proceeds  to 
nire,  to  make  one  suffer  for  some-  gain  the  favor  of  the  Persians, 
thing.  and  silences  the  discontented 

4.  nihil]    Accusative  of  specifi-  Macedonians.    The    death    of 
cation.    H.  380,  2.  Hephaestion. 

ad  corripiendos}    Accusative  of  14.  Habuerit]  An  indirect  ques- 

the  gerundive.  H.  562  and  565,  1.  tion.    H.  525. 

5.  tribunali}      In  a  camp  the  18.  mille'}   An  adjective.  H.  178. 
tribunal  was  an  elevated  platform  19.  portionem}      Only    by    the 
upon  which  the  general  sat  to  ad-  later  writers  is  portio  used  in  the 
minister  justice.  sense  of  pars. 

7.  duxit]    Curtius  relates  that       21.  cegre  tulerunt]     'Were  dis- 
he  seized   thirteen  of  the  ring-    pleased  at.' 


ALEXANDEI   MAGNI   VITA.  95 

jactantes,  hostes  suos  in  officium  suum  a  rege  subjectos. 
Tune  universi  flentes,  regem  adeunt :  orant,  "  suppliciis 
suis  potius  saturet  se,  quam  contumeliis."  Qua  mo- 
destia  obtinuerunt,  ut  undecim  millia  militum  vetera- 
noruHi  exauctoraret.  Sed  ex  aifiicis  dirnissi  senes,  5 
Polyperchon,  Clitus,  Gorgias,  Polydamas,  Amadas, 
Antigenes.  Dimissis  his  Craterus  prseponitiif,  jussus 
pra3esse  Macedonibus  in  Antipatri  locum ;  Antipatrum- 
que  cum  supplernento  tironum  in  locum  ejus  evocat; 
stipendia  revertentibus,  velnti  militantibus,  data.  Dum  10 
hsec  aguntur,  unus  ex  amicis  ejus  Hephaestioh  decedit, 
dotibus  primo  formae  pueritiaeque,  mox  obsequiis  regi 
percarns :  quern  contra  decus  regium  Alexander  diu 
luxit ;  tumulumque  ei  duodecim  millium  talentum  fecit ; 
eumque  post  mortem  coli  ut  deura  jussit.  15 

XIII.  Ab  ultimis  litoribua  Oceani  Babyloniam  re- 
vertenti  nuntiatur,  legationes  Carthaginiensium,  cetera- 
rumque  Africa3  civitatium,  sed  et  Hispaniarum,  Siciliaa, 

1.  jactantes]    'Exclaiming.'  13.  percanis]  '  Very  dear.'  Per 
in     officium     suum     subjectos]     in  composition  with  adjectives  and 

'Were  put  in  their  places.'  adverbs  usually  means  very. 

2.  suppliciis  suis]     *  By  punish-        decus  regium]     *  The  dignity  of 
ing  them.'   H.  449, 2.    Suis  is  here    a  king.' 

equal  to  the  objective  genitive.  15.  jussit]     In  accordance  with 

3.  saturet]    Subjunctive  of  pur-    the  response  of  the  oracle  of  Ju- 
pose  or  result.    H.  493,  2.  piter  Aminon. 

6.    Clitus]      Surnamed   Leucos 

(the  White),  to  distinguish  him  XIII.    The  western  nations 

from   Clitus  Mela's  (the    Black),  send  ambassadors  to  Alexan- 

murdered  by  Alexander.  der-     He  falls  sick  of  a  fatal 

10.  reoertentitos]  i.  e.,  to  Mace-  disease  at  Babylon- 

donia.    Redire,  to  go  back  to  the  18.  sed  et]     Before  Carthagini- 

place  from  which  we  started ;  re-  ensium  insert  non  solum.      This 

verti,  to  return  from  the  place  to-  omission  is  not  infrequent.     Cf. 

wards  which  we  had  moved.  Phredr.  prol.  6. 

12.  pueritia]      Pueritia    regu-  Hispaniar.um]      The      Spanish 

larly  extended  till  the  seventeenth  peninsula    was    divided    by    the 

year.  river  Iberus  (Ebro)  into  Hispania 

obsequiis]      'Courtly    obsequi-  Citerior    (Hither)  and    Hispania 

ousness.'  Ulterior  (Farther). 


96  JUSTINI    HISTORIC  PHILIPPICS. 

GalliaB,  Sardinia,  nonnullas  quoque  ex  Italia  ejus  ad- 
ventum  Babylonia?  opperiri.  Adeo  universum  terra- 
rum  orbem  nominis  ejus  terror  invaserat,  ut  cunctae 
gentes  veluti  destinato  sibi  regi  adularentur.  Hac  igi- 
5  tur  ex  causa  Babytoniam  festinanti,  veluti  conventum 
terrarum  orbis  acturo,  quidam  ex  Magis  prsedixit,  "  ne 
urbem  introiret,"  testatus  "  hunc  locum  ei  fatalem  fore." 
Ob  hoc  omissa  Babylonia,  in  Borsippam  urbem  trans 
Euphraten,  desertam  olim,  concessit.  Ibi  ab  Anaxar- 

lOcho  philosopho  compulsus  est  rursum  Magorum  prae- 
dicta  contemnere,  ut  falsa  et  incerta  ;  et,  si  fatis  con- 
stent,  ignota  mortalibus  :  at,  si  naturae  debeantur, 
immutabilia.  Reversus  igitur  Babyloniam,  multis  die- 
bus  otio  datis,  intermissum  olim  convivium  sollemniter 

15  instituit :  totusque  in  laetitiam  effusus,  quum  diei  noc- 
tem  pervigilem  junxisset,  recedentem  jam  e  convivio 
Medius  Thessalus,  instaurata  comissatione,  et  ipsum  et 
sodales  ejus  invitat.  Accepto  poculo,  media  potione  re- 
pente  veluti  telo  confixus  ingemuit :  elatusque  e  convi- 

20  vio  semianimis,  tanto  dolore  cruciatus  est,  ut  ferrum  in 
remedia  posceret,  tactumque  hominum  velut  vulnera 
indolesceret.  Amici  causas  morbi,  intemperiem  ebrie- 
tatis  disseminaverunt :  re  autem  vera  insidise  fuerunt, 
quarura  infamiam  successorum  potentia  oppressit. 

1.  ex  Italia]   Notice  the  change  sleep,'  i.  e.,  had  feasted  all  night. 
of  construction  from  the  genitive  17.  comissatione]        Comissatio 
to  the  ablative.    Historians  differ  was  a  reveling,  feasting,  or  drink- 
on  the  question  whether  or  not  ing  bout,  commencing  after  the 
the  Romans  sent  an  embassy.  cena,  and  often  protracted  to  a  late 

2.  Babylonia]    The  genitive  of  hour  of  the  night. 

place.     H.  421,  II.  21.  tactumque  hominum  indole- 

6.  Magis']    The  Magi  were  the  sceref]      *  And  felt    pain    at   the 

ministers  of  religion  among  the  touch  of  his  attendants.' 

Persians,  and  held  in  great  esteem.  22.  intemperiem]    The  best  au- 

10.  compulsus  est]     <  Was  con-  thenticated  accounts  establish  the 

strained.'  fact  that  Alexander's  death  was 

^  15.  diei]     Dative    case;    'had  caused   by  excess,  and    not   by 

joined  to  the  day  a  night  without  poison. 


ALEXANDRI  MAGNI  VITA.  97 

XIV.  Auctor  insidiamm  Antipater  fuit,  qui  quum 
carissimos  amicos  ejus  interfectos  videret ;  Alexandrum 
Lyncistarn,  generurn  suurn  occisum  ;  se  magnis  rebus 
in  Gracia  gestis,  non  tarn  gratum  apud  regem,  quam 
invidiosum  esse ;  a  matre  quoque  ejus  Olympiade  va-  5 
riis  se  criminationibus  vexatum.  Hue  accedebant  ante 
paucos  dies  supplicia  in  pr&feetos  devictarum  nationum 
crudeliter  habita.  Ex  quibus  rebus  se  quoque  a  Mace- 
donia non  ad  societatem  militiae,  sed  ad  pcenam  evoca- 
tum  arbitrabatur.  Igitur  ad  occupandum  regem,  Cas- 10 
sandrurn  tilium  dato  veneno  subornat,  qui  cum  fratribus 
Philippe  et  lolla  ministrare  regi  solebat :  cujus  veneni 
tanta  vis  fuit,  ut  non  sere,  non  ferro,  non  testa  contine- 
retur,  nee  aliter  fern,  nisi  in  ungulfi  equi  potuerit ;  prae-- 
monito  filio,  ne  alii  quam  Thessalo  et  fratribus  crederet.  15 
Hac  igitur  ex  causa,  apud  Thessalum  paratum,  repeti- 
tumque  convivium  est.  Philippus  et  lollas  praegustare 
ac  temperare  potum  regis  soliti,  in  aqua  frigida  vene- 

XIV.  Alexander's  death  oc-  aliter  nisi  —  alii  quam]  Alius, 

casioned  by  .poison  adminis-  aliter  may  stand  with  quam  if  the 

tered  at  the  instigation  of  Anti-  proposition  in  which  they  occur  is 

Pa*er-  negative,  or  interrogative  with  a 

1.  qui]  An  anncoluthon,  the  negative  sense,  and  sometimes 

sentence  being  incomplete.  H.  under  other  circumstances  in  the 

704,  III.  4.  later  writers.  Instead  of  nihil 

10.  ad  occupandum  regem]  '  To  aKud  quam  we  often  find  nihil 

get  the  start  of  the  king/  aliad  nisi.  Madvig. 

12.  lolla]    lollas  .is  represented  16.  apud  Thessdlum]      'At  the 
as  being  the  one  who  offered  the  house  of  the  Thessalian.' 

fatal  draught  to  the  king ;  but  17.  pragustare}  It  was  a  custom 
Plutarch  states  that  the  story  was  with  the  Persians  (and  Alexander 
never  heard  of  till  after  lollas's  was  served  after  the  Persian  man- 
death,  and  six  years  after  that  of  ner)  that  the  cup-bearer  should 
Alexander.  first  drink  of  the  cup  which  he 
ministrare  regi]  *  To  attend  the  offered  to  the  king.  In  this  way 
king  at  table.'  the  princes  were  able  to  avoid  the 

13.  testa]     '  Earthen  vessel.'  danger  of  being  poisoned. 

14.  nee   aliter  ferri  — potuerif]  18.  temperare']     '  Mix.'  The  an- 
*And  could  not  be  carried  in  any  cients    seldom    drank   the   wine 
other  way.'  pure. 

'         7 


98  JUSTINI  HISTORIC  PHILIPPICS. 

num  habuerunt,  quam  praegustataB  jam  potioni  super- 
miserunt. 

XV.  Quarto  die  Alexander  indubitatara  mortem 
sentiens, "  agnoscere  se  fatum  domus  majorum  suorum" 
5  ait :  "  nam  plerosque  ^Eacidarum  intra  trigesimum  an- 
num defunctos."  Tumultuantes  deinde  milites,  insi- 
diis  perisse  regem  suspicantes,  ipse  sedavit;  eosque 
omnes,  quum  prolatus  in  editissimum  urbis  locum  esset, 
ad  conspectum  suum  admisit,  osculandamque  dextram 

10  suam  flentibus  porrexit.  Quum  Incrimarent  omnes,  ipse 
non  sine  lacrimis"  tantum,  verhm  etiam  sine  ullo  tristi- 
oris  mentis  argumento  fuit,  ut  quosdam  impatientius 
dolentes  consolatus  sit:  quibusdam  mandata  ad  pa- 
rentes  eorum  dederit :  adeo,  sicuti  in  hostem,  ita  et 

15  in  mortem  invictus  animus  fuit.  Dimissis  militibus, 
amicos  circumstantes  percontatur,  "  videanturne  simi- 
lem  sibi  reperturi  regem  ? "  Tacentibus  cunctis,  turn 
ipse,  "  ut  hoc  nesciat,  ita  illud  scire  vaticinarique 
se,  ac  pene  oculis  videre  "  dixit,  "  quantum  sit  in  hoc 

20  certamine  sanguinis  fusura  Macedonia;  quantis  csedi- 
bus,  quo  cruore,  mortuo  sibi  parentatura."  Adpostre- 

XV.    Alexander's  death.  17.  tacentibus]  Silcre,  to  be  still, 

5.  plerosque]      It  is  chiefly  in  not  to  talk ;  tacere,  to  keep  silence 
later  writers  that  plerique  is  found  when    one    might    or    ought    to 
followed  by  the  partitive  genitive,  speak. 

6.  defunctos]      A    euphemism.  18.  nesciat]  Subjunctive  of  con- 
Defungiy  literally  to  have   done  cession.    H.  515, 1. 

with  a  thing ;  with  vita  expressed  19.  oculis  videre]  Pleonasm.  H. 

and  without  it,  to"  die.  704,  II. 

12.  argumento}         'Evidence,'  20.  sanguinis]     Sanguis,  bloocl 

*  token.'  circulating  in  the  body,  support- 

16.  percontatur]       Qucerere,    to  ing    life ;    cruor,    blood    gushing 

ask,  if  one  desires    more  accu-  from  the  body,  gore 

rate  information  on  the  spot;  ro-  21.  parentatura]  An  allnsion  to 

gare,  if  one  addresses  his  question  the  gladiatorial  exhibitions  which 

to  the  good  will  of  the  person  in-  sometimes  took  place  at  the  fu- 

terrog  itcd  ;   percontari,  if  a  per-  ncrals  of  distinguished  men.  The 

son  desires  information  respecting  ancients  supposed  that  the  dead 

something  not  known.  were  propitiated  by  the  shedding 


ALEXANDRI   MAGNI   VITA.  99 

mum,  corpus  suum  in  Hammonis  templo  condi  jubet. 
Qtmm  deficere  eum  amici  viderent,  quaerunt,  "  quern  im- 
peril faciat  heredem?"  Respondit,  "dignissimum." 
Tanta  illi  magnitude  animi  fuit,  ut,  quum  Herculem 
filium,  quum  thitrem  Aridaeum,  quum  Roxanen  uxorem  5 
praegnantem  relinqueret ;  oblitus  necessitudinum,  di- 
gnissimum nuncuparet  heredem:  prorsus  quasi  nefas 
esset,  viro  forti  alium,  qtiam  virnm  fortem,  succedere ; 
aut  tanti  regni  opes  aliis,  quam  probatis,  relinqui.  Hac 
voce  veluti  bellicum  inter  amicos  cecinisset,  aut  malum  10 
discordiae  misisset,  ita  omnes  in  aemulationem  consur- 
gunt,  et  ambitione  vulgi  taciturn  favorem  militum  quae- 
runt.  Sexto  die  praeclusa  voce,  exemptum  digito  anu- 
lum  Perdiccae  tradidit :  quas  res  gliscentem  amicorum 
dissensionem  sedavit.  Nam  etsi  non  voce  nuncupatus  15 
heres,  judicio  tarnen  electus  esse  videbatur. 

XVI.  Decessit  Alexander,  mensem  unum,  annos  tres 
et  triginta  natus ;  vir  supra  humanam  potentiam  magni- 
tudine  animi  praeditus.  Prodigia  magnitudinis  ejus  in 
ipso  ortu  nonnulla  apparuere.  Nam  ea  die,  qua  natus  20 
est,  duae  aqnilae  tota  die«perpetes  supra  cnlmen  domus 
patris  ejus  sederunt,  omen  duplicis  imperil,  Europae 

of  human  blood.     Hence,  also,  infinitive  takes  the  case  of  the 

the  sacrifice  of  captives  who  have  subject  of  the  leading  verb, 
been  taken  in  battle.    Cf.  Book  I. 

c.  2,  line  3.  XVI.    His  eulogy. 
7 '.  prorsus  quasi]     'Just  as  if.'  17.  Decessit]  A  euphemism.  De- 
10.  malum  discordia]  See  Pan's  ccdere,  literally,  to  depart;  dece- 
it Class.  Diet.  dere  de  vita  or  decedere  vita,  to 

12.  ambitione  vulgi]  l  By  paying  die. 

court  to  the  common  soldiers.'  tres  et  triginta]      In    express- 

tacitum]       '  Exciting     no     re-  ing  the  numerals  from  twenty  to 

mark.'  a  hundred,  the  smaller  with  et  is 

13.  pr&clusa  voce]  '  Having  lost  put  first,  or  the  larger  without  et. 
his  voice.'  annos]    "With  natus,  the  mini-    * 

16.  electus  essc]    When  the  sub-  ber  of  years  (the  measure  of  the 

ject  of  the  leading  verb  and  of  the  age)  is  put  in  the  accusative, 

infinitive  :>rc  the  same,  the  pnrti-  21.  perpctes]    « Continually.'  H. 

ciple  of  the  compound  form  of  the  443. 


100 


JUSTINI  HISTORIC  PHILIPPICS. 


Asiseque  praeferentes.  Eadem  quoque  die  nuntium  pater 
ejus  duarum  victoriarum  accepit;  alterius,  belli  Illyri- 
ci ;  alterius,  certaminis  Olympici,  in  quod  quadrigarum 
currus  miserat :  quod  omen  universarum  terrarum  vic- 
5  toriam  infanti  portendebat.  Puer  acerrimus  literarum 
studiis  eruditus  fuit.  Exacta  pueritia  per  quinquennium 
sub  Aristotele  doctore  inclito  omnium  philosophorum 
crevit.  Accepto  deinde  imperio,  "  regem  se  terrarum 
omnium  ac  mundi "  appellari  jussit :  tantamque  fiduciam 

lOsui  militibus  fecit,  ut  illo  praesente  nullius  hostis  arma, 
nee  inermes,  timuerint.  Itaque  cum  nullo  hostium  un- 
quam  congressus  est,  quern  non  vicerit ;  nullam  urbem 
obsedit,  quam  non  expugnaverit ;  nullam  gentem  adiit, 
quam  non  calcaverit.  Victus  denique  ad  postremum  est, 

15  non  virtute  hostili,  sed  insidiis  suorum  et  fraude  civili. 


3.  Olympici]  The  Olympic 
games  were  celebrated  in  honor 
of  Zeus  Olympius  at  Olympia,  a 
plain  in  Elis,  every  fifth  year,  the 
interval  of  four  years  between 
each  celebration  of  the  festival 
being  called  an  Olympiad.  The 
dating  by  Olympiads  extended 
from  776  B.  C.  to  440  A.  D.  In 
addition  to  the  athletic  games, 
horse  and  chariot  races,  there 
were  contests  in  which  musicians, 
poets,  and  artists  strove  for  the 
victory. 


5.  acerrimits]  '  Very  zealous.' 
7.  philosophorum]  Depends  up- 
on inclito,  in  the  relation  of  the 
partitive  genitive,  '  a  renowned 
one  of  the  philosophers,'  '  a  re- 
nowned philosopher.'  See  Zumpt, 
§  430,  n.  1. 

11.  nee  inermes]  Nee  qualifies 
timuerint ,  'not  even  when  un- 
armed.' 

14.  calcaverit]     'Subdue.' 

15.  fraude  civili]    «  The  treach- 
ery of  his  subjects.' 


CORNELIUS     ISTEPOS. 


LIFE   OF   CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


THE  little  that  has  been  written  on  the  origin  and 
life  of  Cornelius  Nepos  is  based  mainly  on  inferences 
and  conjectures.  As  tlie  elder  Pliny  calls  him  accola 
Padi,  and  Ausonius  makes  Gaul  the  country  of  his. 
nativity,  it  has  been  conceded  that  he  was  born  some- 
where in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  perhaps,  as  is  often  stated,  at 
Hostilia,  but,  according  to  Mommsen,  more  probably 
at  Ticinum,  now  Pa  via.  The  date  of  his  birth  cannot 
be  exactly  determined,  but  his  intimacy  with  Atticus 
—  who  was  born  B.  C.  109  and  died  B.  C.  33,  and 
whom  Nepos  survived  at  least  four  years  —  may  justify 
the  assumption  that  he  lived  during  the  first  three  quar- 
ters of  the  century  preceding  our  era.  In  early  life  he 
took  up  his  residence  at  Rome,  where,  in  social  and 
literary  intercourse  with  such  friends  as  the  orator 
Cicero,  the  poet  Catullus,  and  the  polished  and  amiable 
Atticus,  he  pursued  a  long  career  of  literary  activity, 
undisturbed  by  the  ambitions  and  strifes  which  at  that 
time  distracted  the  Roman  world.  He  belonged  to 
the  equestrian  order,  and  sympathized  with  the  Opti- 
mates,  or  the  party  of  the  aristocracy,  to  which  his 

(103) 


104  LIFE   OF   CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

distinguished  friends  also  belonged.  His  moral  superi- 
ority is  seen  in  his  hearty  admiration  of  noble  qualities 
and  virtuous  deeds,  and  in  his  generous  appreciation 
of  foreign  characters,  especially  of  Rome's  greatest 
enemy.  But  intellectually  he  did  not  rank  so  high: 
he  seems  to  have  possessed  but  little  of  the  judicial 
faculty,  and  is  sometimes  obnoxious  to  the  charge  of 
credulity,  if  not  of  carelessness,  in  the  use  of  his 
authorities.  The  biographies  of  his  Greek  and  Bar- 
barian heroes  are  to  be  viewed,  therefore,  as  inartificial 
sketches,  written  from  a  moral  point  of  view  for  that 
portion  of  the  Roman  public  which  was  supposed  to 
be  unacquainted  with  the  Greek  authors.  His  subjects 
are,  for  the  most  part,  attractive  and  interesting ;  and 
his  style,  notwithstanding  occasional  inaccuracies,  Grae- 
cisms,  and  peculiarities,  is  generally  simple,  perspicu- 
ous, and  classical,  and  approaches  more  nearly  than 
that  of  Cicero  and  Caesar  to  the  language  of  conversa- 
tion and  daily  life.  Nepos  wrote  also  on  history,  geogra- 
phy, and  morals ;  but  only  a  part  of  a  work,  de  viris 
illustribus,  is  extant.  This  was  divided  into  at  least 
sixteen  books,  one  of  which,  de  excellentibus  ducibus 
exterarum  gentium,  we  possess  complete ;  while  from 
another,  de  Latinis  historicis,  only  the  lives  of  Cato 
and  Atticus  remain.  For  many  centuries,  the  book 
de  excellentibus  ducibus  exterarum  gentium,  was  as- 
cribed to  ^Emilius  Probus  ;  but  the  comparative 
purity  of  the  style  of  the  work,  raid  a  comparison  with 
the  lives  of  Cato  and  Atticus,  known  as  the  produc- 
tions of  Nepos,  led  Lambinus,  in  1569,  to  dispute  the 
claims  of  Probus ;  and,  this  judgment  having  been 
confirmed,  Cornelius  Nepos  has  become  a  familiar 
name  in  the  classical  schools  of  the  civilized  world. 


CORNELII  NEPOTTS 

EXCELLENTIUM   IMPERATORUM 
VIM. 


MILTIADES. 

I.  MILTIADES,  Cimonis  filius,  Atheniensis,  quum  et 
antiquitate  generis,  et  gloria  majorum,  et  sua  modestia 
unus.  omnium  maxime  floreret,  eaque  esset  aetate,  ut 
non  jam  solum  de  eo  bene  sperare,  sed  etiam  confidere 


I.  Miltiades  conducts  a  col- 
ony to  the  Thracian  Cherso- 
nese; is  mocked  by  the  Iiem- 
nians,  B.C.  515. 

1.  Cimonis}      The    celebrated 
Cimon,    whose     life     has     been 
sketched  by  Nepos,  was  not  the 
father,  but  the  son,  of  Miltiades. 

Atheniensis}  Origin  or  nation- 
ality is  usually  expressed  in  Latin 
by  derivatives  from  the  names  of 
places  or  countries.  H .  326  and  3. 

et  —  et  —  et}  The  first  et  is  cor- 
relative to  the  third;  the  second 
connects  the  two  terms  denoting 
the  inherited  distinctions,  which 
are  to  be  considered  conjointly. 

2.  antiquitate  generis}     Accord- 
ing to  Herodotus,  Miltiades  could 


trace  his  lineage  to  JEacus,  who 
lived  about  B.  C.  1270. 

gloria  majorum]  ^Eacus  was  a 
son  of  Zeus,  and  one  of  the  judges 
in  Hades,  Ajax  son  of  Telamon, 
one  of  the  Homeric  heroes,  and 
Codrus,  the  last  king  of  Athens, 
were  numbered  among  the  ances- 
tors of  Miltiades. 

modestia]  '  Good  conduct,'  as 
regulated  by  the  bounds  (modus) 
of  discretion. 

3.  unus—foreref]  'Was  most 
conspicuous  of  all,'  sc.  Athenien- 
sium  or  hominum ;  the  addition 
of  unus  or  unus  omnium  brings 
out  more  strongly  the  exclusive 
signification  of  the  superlative. 
Omnium  i-  the  partitive  genitive. 
(105) 


106 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


cives  possent  sui  talem  eum  futurum,  qualem  cognitum 
judicarunt :  accidit,  ut  Athenienses  Chersonesum  colonos 
vellent  mittere.  Cujus  generis  quum  magnus  numerus 
esset,  et  multi  ejus  dernigrationis  peterent  societatem, 
5  ex  his  delecti  Delphos  rleliberatum  missi  sunt,  qui  con- 
sulerent  Apollinem,  quo  potissimum  duce  uterentur. 
Naraque  turn  Thraces  eas  regiones  tenebant,  cum  qui- 
bus  armis  erat  dimicandmn.  His  consulentibus  nomi- 
natim  Pythia  pwecepit,  ut  Miltiadeni  imperatorem  sibi 
10  sumerent :  id  si  fecissent,  incepta  prospera  futura.  Hoc 


1.  sui]     Ejus  would  be  more 
natural,  but  the  reflexive  is  used 
with  especial  emphasis,  as  his  own 
fellow-citizens  could  best  judge 
him. 

futurwri]  So.  esse,  which  Ne- 
pos  always  omits  with  the  future 
infinitive  active.  H.  545,  3. 

qualem  — judicarunt]  '  As  they 
judged  him  on  acquaintance.' 

2.  accidit]   The  subject  is  ut  vel- 
lent,  etc.    H.  495,  2. 

Chersonesum]  The  word  signi- 
fies land-island,  i.  e.,  peninsula. 
Several  Greek  names  of  maritime 
countries  ending  in  its  are  con- 
strued like  names  of  towns.  H. 
379,  4. 

3.  Cujus  generis]  '  Of  this  class.' 
5.  Delphos]    This  was  a  small 

but  noted  town  in  Photis,  on  the 
south-western  slope  of  Mount 
Parnassus,  and  was  the  seat  of 
the  most  celebrated  oracle  of  an- 
tiquity. 

deliberatum]  *  To  ask  advice ; ' 
it  denotes  the  purpose,  but  this 
construction,  though  quite  classi- 
cal, is  not  very  common.  H. 
569,  4. 

qui  —  Apollinem]  Is  explana- 
tory, showing  how  the  purpose 
was  to  be  effected.  Apollo  is  con- 


sulted as  the  god  of  prophecy,  re- 
vealing the  will  of  Zeus  in  oracles 
through  the  Pythia. 

6.  duce]    '  As  leader,'  an  apposi- 
tive  of  condition  or  quality. 

7.  cum  quibus]    Ncpos  always 
places  cum  before  the   relative  ; 
the  best  authors  usually  append 
it  when  not  emphatic. 

8.  nominatim]    l  Expressly ; '  for 
the  responses  were  usually  vague 
and  ambiguous.    For  the  deriva- 
tion, see  H.  334,  2. 

9.  Pythia]       The    Pythia,   or 
priestess  of  the  Pythian  Apollo, 
was,  in  early  times^  a  young  girl ; 
afterwards,  no  woman  under  fifty 
years  of  age  could  be  elected  a 
prophetess.     Seated  on  a  tripod, 
over  a  chasm  in  the  earth,  whence 
rose  an  intoxicating  smoke,  she 
fell  into  a  state  of  delirium,  and 
uttered  the   sounds  which  were 
believed  to  be  the  revelations  of 
the  god.    In  the  most  flourishing 
period  of  this  oracle,  there  were 
three  Pythias.    The  name  is  de- 
rived from  Pytho,  the  older  name 
of  Delphi  and  its  environs. 

10.  fecissent]     The    pluperfect 
subjunctive  for  the  future  perfect 
in  direct  discourse.    H.  533,  4. 

futura]    Depends  on  a  verbum 


MILTIADES. 


107 


oraculi  response  Miltiades  curn  delecta  maun  classe 
Chersonesum  profectus  quum  accessisset  Lemnum,  et 
incolas  ejus  insulae  sub  potestatem  redigere  vellet  Athe- 
niensium,  idque  Lemnii  sua  sponte  facerent,  postulas- 
set:  illi  irridentes  responderunt,  turn  id  se  facturos,  5 
quum  ille,  domo  navibus  proficiscens,  vento  aquilone 
venisset  Lemnum.  Hie  enim  ventus,  ab  septentrioni- 
bus  oriens,  adversum  tenet  Athenis  proiiciscentibus. 
Miltiades,  morandi  tempns  non  habens,  cursum  direxit, 
quo  tendebat,  pervenitque  Chersonesum.  10 

II.  Ibi  brevi  tempore  barbarorum  copiis  disjectis, 
tota  regione,  quam  petierat,  potitus,  loca  castellis  ido- 
nea  communiit,  multitudinem,  qnam  secum  duxerat,  in 
agris  collocavit,  crebrisque  excursionibus  locupletavit. 
Neque  minus  in  ea  re  prudentia,  quam  felicitate,  adju-15 
tus  est.  Nam  quum  virtute  militum  devicisset  hostium 


declarandi  implied  in  pracepit. 
Translate;  « if  they  did  that  (she 
said)  their  undertakings  would  be 
successful.' 

1.  response]      *  In    accordance 
with  this  response.'    Ablative  of 
cause.    H.  414,  2. 

2.  profectus  quum]    In  render- 
ing, begin  the  period  with  quum, 
and  translate  the  participle  as  if 
it  were  profectus  esset,  supplying  a 
conjunction.    H.  579. 

4.  sua  sponte']  Is  opposed  to 
compulsion ;  ultro,  to  the  sugges- 
tion or  influence  of  another. 

facerent]  Follows  postulasset, 
ut  being  omitted,  as  the  construc- 
tion is  free  from  ambiguity.  H. 
493,  2,  and  558,  VI. 

6.  domo]  Ablative  of  place  from 
which.  H.  424,  2. 

navibus']  Translate  with  profi- 
ciscens,  as  one  word;  '  sailing.' 

aquilone]     Appositive  to  vento. 


the  specific  to  the  generic,  but  the 
specific  generally  precedes  the 
generic.  Observe  that  vento  aqui- 
lone belongs  to  venisset,  and  that 
this  wind  would  be  favorable  as 
far  as  Cape  Sunium. 

7.  enim]     Like  autem,  quidem, 
etc.,  follows  one  or  more  words. 
H.  602,  III. 

8.  adversum  tenet]    Sc.  cursum, 
*  blows  against.' 

9.  morandi  —  habens']     *As   he 
had  no  time  to  lose.' 

H.  Miltiades,  having  con- 
quered the  Chersonese,  re- 
turns to  Lemnos  and  reduces 
that  island  and  the  Cyclades. 

12.  regione']  Ablative  after  po- 
titus. H.  419, 1. 

castellis']     Ablative  of  means. 

16.  decicisset]  '  Had  completely 
subdued.'  For  the  force  of  det  cf. 
debellare,  decertare. 


108 


CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 


exercitus,  summa  sequitate  res  const! tuit,  atque  ipse 
ibidem  manere  decrevit.  Erat  enim  inter  eos  dignitate 
regia,  quamvis  carebat  nomine ;  neque  id  magis  impe- 
rio,  quam  justitia,  consecutus.  Neque  eo  secius  Athe- 
5  niensibus,  a  quibus  erat  profectus,  officia  prasstabat. 
Quibus  rebus  fiebat,  ut  non  minus  eorum  voluntate 
perpetuo  imperium  obtineret,  qui  miserant,  quam  illo- 
rum,  cum  quibus  erat  profectus.  Chersoneso  tali  modo 
constituta,  Lemnum  revertitur,  et  ex  pacto  postulat,  ut 
10  sibi  urbem  tradant.  111!  enim  dixerant,  quuin,  vento 
borea  domo  profectus,  eo  pervenisset,  sese  dedit  111*03  •  - 
se  autem  domum  Chersonesi  habere.  Cares,  qui  turn 
Lemnum  incolebant,  etsi  praeter  opinionem  res  cecide- 


1.  res  const  ituit]     *  Settled  af- 
fairs.' 

2.  Erat  —  regia]     'For  he  held 
the  rank  of  a  king  among  them  ; ' 
esse,  with  the  genitive  or  ablative 
of  character  or  quality,  is  often  to 
be    translated    rather    freely    by 
*  have/  *  enjoy,' t  hold, '  show,'  etc. 

3.  carebat]       The    subjunctive 
would  have   been  more   in   har- 
mony with   classical  usage.     H. 
516,  II.  3. 

nomine]  i.  e.,  regis  ;  for  the  ab- 
lative with  verbs  and  adjectives 
of  plenty  and  want,  cf.  H.  419,  III. 

neque  —  magis]  In  such  expres- 
sions, non  minus  is  followed  by 
the  more  important,  non  magis 
by  the  less  emphatic,  of  the  two 
contrasted  terms. 

neque  —  consecutus']  '  Having 
attained  it  not  more  by,'  etc. 

4.  eo]     Ablative  singular  neu- 
ter ;  4  on  that  account.' 

5.  a  quibus']     Here  the  preposi- 
tion denotes  not  so  much  a  local 
as  a  causal  relation;    'at  whose 
order,'  '  under  whose  direction.' 


8.  Chersoneso  —  constituta']  i.  e., 
re^us  Chersonesi  constitutis. 

9.  revertitur']      The    historical 
present  is  employed  to  give  greater 
liveliness  to  the  narrative. 

10.  urbem]     Probably  the   city 
of  Myrina,  representing  the  whole 
island. 

tradant]  Sc.  Lemnii,  implied  in 
Lemnum. 

vento  bored]  The  same  as  vento 
aquilone,  on  p.  107,  1.  6. 

11.  sese  dedituros]     The  omis- 
sion of  the  subject  of  the  future 
infinitive  active,  when  it  is  a  pcr- 
sonal  or  reflexive  pronoun  whicL 
corresponds  to  the  subject  of  the 
leading  verb,  is  very  frequent  in 
the  historians,  in  which  case  esse 
is  generally  omitted,  always    in 
Nepos.     Cf.  ch.  I.  1.  4. 

12.  fte  —  habere]   Is  the  language 
of  Miltiadcs  ;  supply  dixit. 

Chersonesi]  Genitive  of  place. 
H.  424,  3,  2). 

13.  res  ceciderat]     l  The  event 
had  fallen  out ; '  a  figure  derived 
from  dice-playing. 


MILTIADES. 


109 


rat,  tamen,  non  dicto,  sed  secunda  fortuna  adversario- 
rum  capti,  resistere  ausi  non  sunt  atque  ex  insula  demi- 
grarnnt.  Pari  felicitate  ceteras  insnlas,  quaa  Cyclfides 
nominantur,  sub  Atheniensium  redegit  potestatem. 

III.     Eisdem   temporibus  Persarum  rex  Darius,  ex    5 
Asia  in  Europam  exercitu  trajecto,  Scythis  bellum  in- 
ferre  decrevit.      Pontem  fecit  in    Histro  flumine,  qua 
copias  traduceret.     Ejus  pontis,  durn  ipse  abesset,  cu- 
stodes  reliquit  principes,  quossecum  ex  Ionia  et^Eolide 
duxerat ;  quibus  singulis  suarum  urbium  perpetua  de- 10 
derat   imperia.     Sic   enim  fadllime   putavit  se  Graeca 
lingua  loqtientes,  qui  Asiam  incolerent,  sub  sua  reten-  , 
turuni   potestate,  si  amicis    suis   oppida  tuenda  tradi- 


1.  dicto]       Sc.    advcrsariorum ; 
many  understand  it  dicto  suo. 

2.  atque]      This   particle,   like 
et  and   -que,  is    often   best  ren- 
dered by  '  but,'  when  it  connects 
an  affirmative  to  a  negative  sen- 
tence, thus  forming  an  antithesis. 

3.  ceteras  insulas]    i.  e.,   of  the 
JE<rean ;    but  there  are  other  is- 
lands in  this  sea  besides  Lemnos 
and  the  Cyelaxles. 

According  to  older  and  more 
trustworthy  writers,  it  was  not 
Miltiadcs  son  of  Cimon,  but  his 
uncle,  Miltiades  son  of  Cypselus, 
who  colonized  the  Chersonese. 
Miltiades  son  of  Cimon  after- 
wards succeeded  his  elder  brother 
Stesagoras  as  "  tyrant  of  the  Cher- 
sonese," and  cnpttired  Lemnos. 

III.  Miltiades,  while  guard- 
ing Darius's  bridge  over  the 
Hister,  suggests  a  plan  for  the 
liberation  of  Greece,  but  its 
execution  is  prevented  by  His- 
tiaeus.  B.  C.  513. 

5.  Eisdem  temporibus}  i.e.,  when 
Miltiades  was  in  the  Chersonese. 


Darius']  Son  of  Hystaspes, 
reigned  from  B.  C.  521  to  B.  C. 
485. 

6.  trajecto]     Translate  by  the 
infinitive,  supplying  the  conjunc- 
tion:   H.  579. 

7.  Histro]    With  the  Romans, 
the  lower  Danube;    the  Greeks 
called  the  whole  river  Hister. 

qua  —  traduceret]  *  In  order  to 
take  over  his  troops  there ; '  qua 
is  equivalent  to  ut  ea.  H.  500. 

8.  abesset]       The    subjunctive 
shows  that  the  thought  is  Dari- 
us's.  According  to  Herodotus,  he 
expected  to  return  within  sixty 
days. 

10.  quibus  —  imperia]     *  And  to 
whom  severally  he  had  given  per- 
manent   sovereignt}7    over    their 
cities ; '   suarum  refers  to  quibus. 
H.  449,  II.  2. 

11.  facillime]      Modifies  reten- 
turum. 

Grceca  —  loquentes]  Is  equiva- 
lent to  Grace  loquentes,  and  a 
circumlocution  for  Grcecos ;  with 
qui  —  incolerent,  it  may  be  trans- 


110 


CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 


disset,  quibus,  se  oppresso,  nulla  spes  salutis  relinque- 
retur.  In  hoc  fuit  turn  numero  Miltiades,  cui  ilia  cu- 
stodia  crederetur.  Hie  quum  crebri  afferrent  nuntii, 
male  rein  gerere  Darium,  premique  a  Scythis,  Miltiades 
5  hortatus  est  pontis  custodes,  ne  a  fortuna  datam  occa- 
sionem  liberandse  Grseciae  dimitterent.  Nam  si  cum  his 
copiis,  quas  secum  transportaverat,  interisset  Darius, 
non  solum  Europam  fore  tutam,  sed  etiam  eos,  qui  Asiam 
ihcolerent  Graeci  genere,  liberos  a  Persarum  futures 

10  dominatione  et  periculo  ;  id  et  facile  effici  posse.  Ponte 
enim  rescisso,  regem  vel  hostium  ferro,  vel  inopia  pancis 
diebus  interiturum.  Ad  hoc  concilium  quum  plerique 
aecederent,  Histiaeus  Milesius,  ne  res  conficeretur, 
obstitit,  dicens :  non  idem  ipsis  qui  summas  imperil  te- 

15  nerent  expedire  et  multitudini,  quod  Daiii  regno  ipso- 


lated  *  the  Greek-speaking  inhab- 
itants of  Asia.' 

1.  se  oppresso]     Translate  by  a 
conditional  clause  ;  so  ponte  re- 
scisso and  quo  exstincto  below*  H. 
578,  III. 

relinqueretur]  Expresses  the 
conclusion  to  the  condition  in- 
volved in  se  oppresso;  but  the 
subjunctive  is  that  of  a  subordi- 
nate clause  in  indirect  discourse. 
H.  531. 

2.  In  hoc  —  crederetur]     'Then 
Miltiades  was  among  the  number 
of  those  to  whom  that  charge  was 
intrusted ; '  hoc  —  cui  means  '  so 
constituted  that  to  it,'  and  the  sub- 
junctive is  therefore  one  of  result. 
H,  500.     Turn  implies  that  after- 
wards the  relations  of  Miltiades  to 
the  king  were  different.     Cui  re- 
fers to  numero. 

3.  Hie]    '  At  this  juncture.'    Cf. 
Phaedrus,  2,  4. 

afferrent]    *  Brought  the  news.' 

4.  gerere — premique]     Follows 


afferrent  as  an  object  clause.  H. 
550. 

5.  a  fortuna]  Fortune  is  here 
viewed  as  a  real  agent.  H.  388, 2. 

7.  transportaverat]  The  indica- 
tive shows  that  the  clause  does 
not  strictly  belong  to  the  indirect 
discourse,  but  is  an  explanatory 
remark  of  the  author.  H.  476  and 
531,  4. 

9.  Greed]    An  appositive  of  qui. 

genere']  Ablative  of  specifica- 
tion. H.  429. 

Persarum]  Subjective  genitive. 
H.  396,  I. 

12.  Ad  hoc — accederent]  f  When 
a  great  many  were  foiling  in  with 
this  proposal.' 

13.  Alilesfus]   '  Of  Miletus.'    See 
Atheniensis,c\}.I.  line  1.    Miletus 
was  the  capital  of  Ionia. 

ne  —  obstitit]  «  Prevented  the 
execution  of  the  project.' 

14.  summas  imperil]      *  Chief 
places  of  authority.' 

15.  regno}     Ablative  as  means 


MILTIADES. 


Ill 


rum  niteretur  dominatio  ;  quo  exstincto,  ipsos  potestate 
expulsos  civibus  suis  poenas  daturos.  Itaque  adeo  se 
abhorrere  a  ceterorum  consilio,  ut  nihil  putet  ipsis 
utilius,  quam  confirrnari  regnura  Persarum.  Hujus 
quum  sententiam  plurimi  essent  secuti,  Miltiades,  non  5 
dubitans  tarn  multis  consciis  ad  regis  anres  consilia  sua 
perventura,  Chersonesum  reliquit  ac  rursus  Athenas 
demigravit.  Cujus  ratio  etsi  non  valuit,  tamen  magno- 
pere  est  laudanda,  quum  amicior  omnium  libertati  quam 
sure  fuerit  dominationi.  10 

IV.  Darius  autem  quum  ex  Euro  pa  in  Asiarn  re- 
disset,  hortantibus  amicis,  ut  GraBciam  redigeret  in  suam 
potestatem,  classem  quingentarum  navium  comparavit, 
eique  Datim  praefecit  et  Artaphernem,  bisque  ducenta 
peditum,  decem  milia  equiturn  dedit :  causam  interse- 15 

or   instrument   of  support.     H. 
419,  II.  and  1. 

1.  quo]     i.  e.,  Dario.      Trans- 
late *  for  if  he  were  destroyed.' 

2.  ade*>  —  abhorrere}     *  He  was 
so  completely  averse  to.' 

3.  putet]    The  transition  from 
the  imperfect  to  the  present  im- 
plies that  the  leading  verb,  (obsti- 
tit)  understood,  is  thought  of  as 
if  it  were  the  historical  present ; 
and  the  result  is  thus  viewed  in 
its  relation  to  the  present  rather 
than  to  the  past.    H.  482,  2. 

5.  plurimi]    Antithetic  to  pleri- 
que ;    '  most,'   or    '  a    majority ; ' 
plurimi  says  more  than  plerique, 
plerique  more  than  complures. 

non  dubitans]  'Feeling  as- 
sured.' Non  dubito,  '  I  doubt  not,' 
is  followed  uniformly  in  Nepos  by 
the  accusative  with  the  infinitive* 
whereas  Cicero  and  Cresar  always 
use  quin  with  the  subjunctive.  H. 
498,  3  and  2). 

6.  tarn  —  conbciis]     *  Since    so 


many  were  privy  thereto.'  H. 
430  find  431,  2. 

8.  demigravit]  He  did  not  re- 
turn to  Athens  till  B.  C.  493, 
when  Mardonius  began  to  threaten 
Greece. 

"9.  amicior]    i.  e.,  Miltiades. 

IV.  On  the  invasion  of  the 
Persians,  Miltiades  insists  on 
meeting  them  in  the  open  field. 
B.  C.  490. 

11.  autem]    Is  here,  as  often,  a 
particle  of  transition,  used  to  pre- 
vent abruptness,  which  was  par- 
ticularly distasteful  to  the  Latin 
authors. 

12.  hortantibus  amicis]    *  At  the 
exhortation  of  his  friends.'     H. 
431,  2. 

rediyerei]  Subjunctive  of  pur- 
pose following  comparavit.  H. 
489. 

14.  ducenta"]     Supply  milia. 

15.  interserens]   The  usual  word 
is  interponens. 


112  CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 

rens,  se  hostem  esse  Atheniensibus,  quod  eorum  auxilio 
lones  Sardis  expugnassent,  suaque  praesidia  interfecis- 
sent.  Illi  praefecti  regii,  classe  ad  EubcEam  appulsa, 
celeriter  Eretriam  ceperunt,  omnisque  ejus  gentis  cives 
5  abreptos  in  Asiam  ad  regem  miserunt.  Inde  ad  Atti- 
cam  accesserunt,  ac  suas  copias  in  campum  Marathona 
deduxerunt.  Is  est  ab  oppido  circiter  rnilia  passutim 
decem.  Hoc  tumultu  Athenienses  tarn  propinquo 
tamque  magno  permoti  anxilium  nusquam,  nisi  a  Lace- 

10  daemoniis,  petiverunt,  Phidippumque,  cursorem  ejus  ge- 
neris, qui  hemerodromoe  vocantur,  Lacedaemonem  mi- 
serunt, ut  nuntiaret,  quam  celeri  opus  esset  auxilio. 
Domi  autem  creant  decem  praatores,  qui  exercitui  praa- 
essent,  in  eis  Miltiadem.  Inter  quos  magna  fuit  con- 

15tentio,  utrurn  moenibus  se  defenderent,  an  obviam  irent 
hostibus,  acieque  decernerent.  Unus'Miltiades  maxime 
nitebatur,  ut  primo  quoque  tempore  castra  fierent.  Id 

1.  hostem]    Is  used  adjectively        12.  auxilio'}   Ablative  after  opus 
for  inimicus,  to  represent  his  en-    esset.    H.  419,  V. 

mity  to  the  Athenians  as  based  on  13.  prcetores]      '  Leaders  ; '  the 

national,  and  not  merely  on  per-  original  meaning.    In  the  classi- 

sonal,  grounds.  cal  period,  the  prastors  were  judi- 

2.  Sardis]   This  antiquated  end-  cial  officers. 

ing  of  the  accusative  plural  of  prceessenf]  The  imperfect  sub- 
words  that  have  turn  in  the  gen-  junctive  often  follows  the  histori- 
itive  plural  was  quite  common  till  cal  present.  H.  481,  IV. 
the  time  of  Cicero.  15.  utrum\  From  its  deriva- 
4.  ejus  gentis]  '  Of  this  com-  tion,  implies  a  choice  or  alterna- 
munity.'  tive,  and  is  often  used,  as  here, 

6.  Marathona]     Greek  accusa-  with  an,  in  double  questions.  For 
tive  in  apposition  to  campum.    H.  other  interrogative  particles,  see 
93.    Marathon  is  twenty-two  Eng-  H.  346,  II.  1  and  2. 

lish  miles  north-east  from  Athens.        16.  hostibus]     Dative  after  06- 

7.  oppido']     Athens.  viam.    H.  392,  II.  2. 

milia  passuum]      For  the  Ho-  17.  nitebatur]     < Insisted;*   the 

man  mile,  see  Justin  I.  c.  15, 1. 17.  imperfect  here  denotes  continued 

11.  qui]     Agrees  with  the  pred-  or  persistent  action.    H.  469,  II. 

icate  noun.    H.  445,  4.  primo  — tempore]    'At  the  very 

hemerodrtimce]   Is  a  Greek  word  first  opportunity ; '  quoque  is  here 

transcribed;  'day-couriers.'  tlie  ablative  of  yuivqut. 


MILTIADES.  113 

si  fact um  esset,  et  civibus  animum  accessurum,  quum 
viderent,  de  eorurn  virtute  non  desperari,  et  hostes 
eadem  re  fore  tardiores,  si  animadverterent,  auderi 
adversus  se  tarn  exiguis  copiis  dimicari. 

V.     Hoc  in  tempore  nulla  civitas  Atheniensibus  aux-    5 
ilio  fuit  prsBter  Plataeenses.     Ea  mille  mi  sit  militum. 
Ifcaque  horum  adventu  decem  milia  armatorum  com- 
pleta  sunt:    quse  manus   mirabili   flagrabat  pugnandi 
cupiditate.      Quo  factum  est,  ut  plus,  quam  collegse, 
Miltiiides  valeret.     Ejus  auctoritate  impulsi  Athenien- 10 
ses  copias  ex  urbe  eduxerunt,  locoque  idoneo  castra 
fecerunt.      Deinde  postero  die   sub  montis  radicibus, 
acie  regione  instructa  non  apertissima  prcelium  corn- 
miserunt  (namque  arbores  multis  locis  erant  rarae),  hoc 
consilio,  ut  et  montium  altitudine  tegerentur,  et  arbo- 15 
rum  tract u  equitatus  hostium  impediretur,  ne  multitu- 
dine  clauderentur.     Datis,  etsi  non  sequum  locum  vi- 
debat   suis,  tamen,   fretus   numero   copiarum   suarum, 

1.  et  —  accessurum]    'Not  only  6.  Ea]    i.  e.,   civitas    Plat&en- 
would  courage  be  added  to  the  stum,  implied  in  Plat&enses. 
citizens.'  mille]   As  a  noun,  is  used  in  the 

2.  eorum]    Is  used  for  stia,  be-  singular,  only  in  the  nominative 
cause  Miltiades  speaks  from  his  and  accusative.    H.  178. 

own  point  of  view  ;  but  se  is  found  8.  pugnandi]  Gerunds  are  con- 
in  the  last  clause  of  the  period.  strued  like  nouns  in  like  circum- 

non  desperari]    '  That  there  was  stances.     H.  560. 
no  loss  of  confidence ; '  an  imper-  9.  Quo  factum  est]      '  Of  this 
sonal  construction,   like  that  of  the  result  was.' 
auderi  below.     H.  301,  3.  ut  —  valeret]     Is  subject  of  fac- 
et hostes —  tardiores]    'But  also  turn  est.     H.  495,  2. 
the  enemy,  for  the  same  reason,  11.  loco]    For  the  omission  of 
would  be  less  bold.'  in,  see  H.  422,  1,  1). 

3.  auderi]      '  That    there    was  13.  regione]    Seldom  local  with- 
couragc.'  out  in.     Construe  acie  instructa 

(in]  regione  non  apertissima. 

V.    Battle  of  Marathon,  Sep-  14.  namque]    Introduces  an  ex- 

tember  29,  B.  C.  490.  planation  of  non  apertissima. 

5.   tempore]      '  Crisis,'     4  emer-  rarce]     '  Here  and  there.' 

gency,'  not  merely  an  ablative  of  18.  numero]    Ablative  after^re- 

time.    H.  426,  2,  1).  tus.    H.  419,  IV. 
8 


114 


CORNELIUS   KEPOS. 


confligere  cupiebat :  eoque  magis,  quod,  priusquam 
Lacedaemonii  subsidio  venirent,  diinicare  utile  arbitra- 
batur.  Itaque  in  aciem  peditum  centum,  equitum  de- 
cem  milia  produxit,  proeliumque  comniisit.  In  quo 
5  tanto  plus  virtute  valuerunt  Athenienses,  ut  decempli- 
cein  nuraerum  hostium  profligarint ;  adeoque  perterru- 
erunt,  ut  Persae  non  castra,  sed  naves  petierint.  Qua 
pugna  nihil  adhuc  exstitit  nobilius ;  nulla  enim  um- 
quam  tarn  exigua  man  us  tantas  opes  prostravit. 

10  VI.  Cujus  victoriae  non  alienum  videtur  quale  prae- 
mium  Miltiadi  sit  tributum  docere,  quo  facilius  intelligi 
possit,  eandem  omnium  civitatum  esse  naturam.  Ut 
enim  populi  Romani  honores  quondam  fuerunt  rari  et 
tenues,  ob  eamque  causam  gloriosi;  nunc  autem  effusi 

15  atque  obsoleti :  sic  olim  apud  Athenienses  fuisse  reperi- 


2.  venirent]  Subjunctive  of 
time,  with  the  accessory  notion 
of  purpose  or  design.  H.  523,  II. 

5.  plus  —  valuerunf]    i.  e.,  quam 
Persce. 

6.  projUgarinf]    The  use  of  the 
perfect  subjunctive  for  the  imper- 
fect in    clauses   denoting  result, 
though  exceptional,  is  a  favorite 
construction  with  Nepos,  and  rep- 
resents the  action  or  state,  not  in 
its  temporal  relation  to  the  lead- 
ing clause,  but  simply  as  com- 
pleted or  past.     So  also  petierint, 
below. 

8.  adhuc]  Is  equivalent  to  ad 
hoc  tempus  —  i.  e.,  till  the  time  of 
Nepos. 

VT.  The  reward  of  Miltiades. 

10.  Cujus  victoria,  etc.]  'It 
seems  not  irrelevant  to  state  what 
sort  of  a  reward  for  this  victory,' 
etc. ;  victoria  is  the  objective  gen- 
itive after  premium.  H.  396,  II. 


11.  quo]     A  final  conjunction, 
preferred  to  ut  when  a  compar- 
ative   follows.      It   retains    here 
something  of  its  ablative   char- 
acter. 

12.  possit]    Has  for  its  subject 
the  following  clause.    H.  549. 

eandem]    Emphatic.    H.  594,  I. 
Ut]    Correlative  to  sic,  line  15, 
belo\v. 

13.  populi]   The  subjective  gen- 
itive.   H.  396,  I. 

rari  et  tenues}  *  Infrequent  and 
inexpensive.' 

14.  nunc]     Antithetic  to  quon- 
dam.   Supply  sunt.    H.  460,  3. 

effusi  atque  obsoleti]  *  Profuse 
and  worthless ; '  effusi  is  opposed 
to  rari  et  tenues ;  obsoleti,  to  glo- 
riosi. 

15.  fuisse]    The  subject,  being 
indefinite,   is    omitted.     H.    545, 
2,2). 

reperimus] 


Present;  the  per- 


fect would  be  reperimus. 


MILTIADES. 


115 


mus.     Namque  huic  Miltiadi,  quia  Athenas  totamque   • 
Grseciam  liberarat,  tails  honos  tributus  est  in  porticu, 
qua3  Poacile  vocatur,  quum  pugna  depingeretur  Mara- 
thonia,  ut  in  decem  praetorum  numero  prima  ejus  imago 
poneretur,  isque  hortaretur  milites,  prceliumque  commit-   5 
teret.     Idem  ille  populus,  posteaquam  majus  imperium 
est  nactus,  et  largitione  magistratuurn  corruptus  est, 
trecentas  statuas  Demetrio  Phalereo  decrevit. 

VII.     Post  hoc  preelium  classem  septuaginta  navium 
Athenienses  eidem  Miltiadi  dederunt,  ut  insulas,  quae  10 


1.  Namque]  Is  equivalent  to 
an  emphatic  nam,  and  is  mainly 
causal  or  explanatory,  but  like- 
wise implies  a  close  connection 
with  the  preceding  sentence ;  nam 
introduces  a  conclusive  reason, 
enim  a  confirming  circumstance. 

huic]  i.  e.,  to  the  person  under 
consideration.  H.  450.  Construe  : 
tails  honos  tributus  est  ut  quum 
pugna  Marathonia  depingeretur 
in  porticu  qua  vocatur  Pcecile,  etc. 

3.  Pceclle]  Is  a  Greek  adjec- 
tive, meaning  '  pictured,'  '  deco- 
rated.* A  portions  was  a  walk 
covered  with  a  roof,  which  w.ia 
supported  by  columns,  at  least  on 
one  side.  Such  public  walks  were 
sometimes  built  in  the  most  mag- 
nificent style,  and  adorned  with 
pictures  and  statues  by  the  most 
celebrated  .artists.  Polygnotus  is 
said  to  have  painted  the  fresco 
representing  the  battle  of  Mara- 
thon. 

depingeretur}  The  subjunctive 
is  regularly  used  after  quum,  when 
the  relation  of  cause  is  implied, 
even  if  it  be  only  one  of  several 
concurring  causes. 

5.  isque]    *  And  that  he.* 

7.  largitione]    Reference  is  had 


to  the  custom  of  distributing  to 
the  people  money  from  the  public 
treasury.  This  practice  eventu- 
ally led  to  all  sorts  of  abuses,  and 
to  wide-spread  corruption. 

7.  est]    Is  repeated  because  its 
participle  is  passive,  while  nactus 
is  active  in  meaning. 

8.  trecentas]    So  stated  from  a 
love   of  round   numbers ;    there 
were  really  360. 

Demetrio]  A  native  of  Phale- 
rum,  a  borough  of  Attica.  He 
governed  Athens-,  under  Cassan- 
der,  from  B.  C.  317  to  B,  C.  307, 
when  he  was  driven  from  power, 
and  sentenced  to  death.  He,  how- 
ever, withdrew  to  Egypt,  where 
he  died  B.  C.  283.  He  was  the 
last  of  the  distinguished  orators 
of  Greece. 

VII.  Miltiades  fails  to  reduce 
Faros ;  is  condemned  to  pay  a 
fine,  and  dies  in  prison. 

9.  navium]    The  genitive  of  ex- 
ternal quality. 

10.  eidem]     'Likewise.'    Idem, 
when  joined  to  a  noun  or  pro- 
noun,  is  often  to   be   translated 
'  also/  '  likewise,'  '  at   the  same 
time,' etc.    H.  451,3, 


116 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


barbaros  adjuverant,  bello  perse queretur.  Quo  imperio 
plerasque  ad  officiura  red  ire  coegit,  nonnullas  vi  expu- 
gnavit.  Ex  liis  Parum  insulain,  opibus  elatam,  quimi 
oratione  reconciliare  non  posset,  copias  e  navibns 
5  eduxit,  urbem  operibus  clausit  omnique  commeatu  pri- 
vavit.;  dein  vineis  ac  testudinibus  constitutes,  propius 
muros  accessit.  Quum  jam  in  eo  esset,  ut  oppido  poti- 
retur,  procul  in  continenti  lucus,  qui  ex  insula  conspici- 
ebatur,  nescio  quo  casu,  nocturno  tempore  incensus  est. 

10  Cujus  flamma  ut  ab  oppidanis  et  oppugnatoribus  est 
visa,  utrisque  venit  in  opinionem,  signura  a  classiariis 
regiis  datum.  Quo  factum  est,  ut  et  Parii  a  deditione 
deterrerentur,  et  Miltiades,  timens,  ne  classis  regia  ad- 
ventaret,  incensis  operibus,  quae  statuerat,  cum  totidem 

15  navibus,  atqiie  erat  profectus,  Athenasinagna  cum  offen- 
sione  civium  suoruni  rediret.  Accusatus  ergo  est  prodi- 


1.  imperio]      The  ablative  of 
means. 

2.  coe'git]    Takes  the  subjunc- 
tive with  ut  ot'tener  than  the  in- 
finitive. 

3.  Ex  his  —  quum]     Construe: 
quum  ex  his,  etc. 

5.  operibus]     '  With  (military) 
works.' 

6.  vineis  ac  testudinibus]     It  is 
thought  that  Nepos  has  been  guilty 
of  an  anachronism  in  ascribing 
the  use  of  these  engines  to  Mil- 
tiades. 

propius]  And  proxime,  1  ike  pro- 
pe,  take  the  accusative.  H.  437, 1. 

7.  Quum  —  potiretur]      '  When 
he  was  already  on  the  point  of 
becoming  master,'  etc. ;  but  est  in 
the  expression  in  eo  est,  ut  is  al- 
ways used  impersonally. 

oppido]  Called  urbem  in  line  5 
—  i.  e.,  Paros,  the  island  and  town 
having  the  same  name. 


8.  in  continenti]  Improbable, 
as  a  fire  on  the  main  land  would 
hardly  be  seen  at  Paros. 
.  9.  nescio  quo]  Is  equivalent  to 
aliquo.  The  expression  nescio  quis 
always  requires  that  a  verb  be 
supplied  to  complete  the  sentence. 

1 1 .  utrisque  —  opinionem]  *  Both 
parties  conceived  the  idea ; '  alicui 
venit  in  mentem  is  the  usual  ex- 
pression. 

12.  regiis']     i.  e.,  the    Persian 
king's. 

datum]     Sc.  esse.    H.  545,  3. 

14.  totidem  —  atque]    '  As  many 
as.'    Ac  and  atque  are  used  in  the 
sense  of  '  as '  and  '  than '  after  ad- 
jectives   and    adverbs    denoting 
similarity  and  dissimilarity,  equal- 
ity and  inequality. 

15.  magnd  —  offensione\  '  To  the 
great  displeasure.' 

16.  proditionis]    The  genitive  of 
crime.    H.  410,  2. 


MILTIADES. 


117 


tionis,  quod,  quum  Parum  expugnare  posset,  a  rege  cor- 
ruptus  infectis  rebus  discessisset.  Eo  tempore  seger 
erat  vulneribus,  quse  in  oppugnando  oppido  acceperat. 
Itaque  quoniain  ipse  pro  se  dicere  non  posset,  vcrba 
fecit  frater  ejus  Stesagoras.  Causa  cognitfi  capitis  abso-  5 
lutus,  pecunia  multatus  est,  eaque  lis  quinquaginta  ta- 
lentis  aestirnata  est,  quantus  in  classern  sum  plus  factus 
erat.  Hanc  pecuniam  quod  solvere  in  praasentia  non 
poterat,  in  viucula  publica  conjectus  est  ibique  diem 
obiit  supremum.  10 

VIII.  Hie  etsi  crimine  Pario  est  accusattis,  tamen 
alia  causa  fuit  damnationis.  Namque  Athenienses 
propter  Pisistrati  tyranuidem,  quse  paucis  annis  ante 
fuerat  omnium  civium  suorum  potentiam  extimesce- 
bant.  Miltiades,  multum  in  imperiis  magnisque  versa- 15 


2.  infectis  rebus]    l  Without  hav- 
ing accomplished  his  object.' 

3.  in  oppugnando  oppido]     The 
gerundive  does  not  imply  the  idea 
of  necessity  which  is  contained  in 
the  future  passive  participle.    For 
gerundives  and  their  use,  see  H. 
582  and  3  ;  for  the  construction  in 
this  case,  H.  536,  II. 

4.  ipse  pro  sc]    '  For  himself  in 
person.' 

posset]  The  subjunctive  as  the 
statement  of  Stesagoras.  H.  520,  II. 

5.  capitis]    Caput  comprehends 
life,    freedom,    and    citizenship ; 
Ncpos  generally  uses  it  with  ref- 
erence to  the  first. 

6.  pecunia]     '  But  was  fined  in 
a  sum  of  money ; '  the  omission 
of  the  conjunction  intensifies  the 
antithesis. 

muitatus  est}  Est  belongs  also 
to  absolutus. 

talentis]  The  ablative  of  price. 
H.  416. 


7.  quantus  —  sumptus]     '  For  so 
great  an  outlay.' 

8.  prcesentia]      Is  the  ablative 
singular  —  i.  e.,  'just  then,'  'at the 
moment.' 

9.  diem  —  supremum]      A    eu- 
phemism for  *  died.' 

VIII.  The  real  cause  of  tha 
condemnation  of  Miltiades. 

11.  crimine  Pario]  *  On  a 
charge  relating  to  Paros ; '  the 
ablative  of  means. 

13.  Pisistrati  tyrannidem]    The 
rule  of  Pisistratus  lasted,  with  in- 
terruptions, from  B.  C.  560  to  B.  C. 
527,  and  was  continued  under  the 
Pisistivitidae  till   the   ejection   of 
Hippias,  in  the  year  B.  C.  510. 

14.  potentiam]       A     Capacity, 
which  can  be  exerted  at  will,  of 
producing  an  effect;  potcstas,  le- 
gal authority,  delegated  power. 

15.  multum  —  versatus]     *  As  he 
had  been  much  engaged  in  mill- 


118  CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 

tus,  non  videbatur  posse  esse  privatus,  pra3sertim  quum 
consuetudine  ad  imperil  cupiditatem  -Irani  videretur. 
Nam  in  Chersoneso  omnes  illos,  quos  habitarat,  annos 
perpetuam  obtinuerat  dominationem,  tyrannusque  fu- 
5  erat  appellatus,  sed  Justus.  Non  erat  enim  vi  consecu- 
tus,  sed  suorum  voluntate,  eamque  potestatem  bonitate 
retinebat.  Omnes  autem  et  dicuntur  et  habentur  ty- 
ranni,  qui  potestate  sunt  perpetufi  in  ea  civitate,  quse 
libertate  usa  est.  Sed  in  Miltia.de  erat  quum  summa 
10  humanitas,  turn  mira  communitas,  ut  nemo  tarn  humilis 
esset,  cui  non  ad  eum  aditus  pateret,  magna  auctori- 
tas  apud  omnes  civitates,  nobile  nomen,  laus  rei  milita- 
ris  maxima.  Hsec  populus  respiciens  maluit  ilium  in- 
noxium  plecti,  quam  se  diutius  esse  in  timore. 

tary  offices,  and  that,  too,  in  im-  Observe,  in  the  last  part  of  this 

portant  ones.'  period,  the  absence  of  connectives 

I.  esse  privatus]     'Remain   a  (asyndeton),  and  compare  ch.  I. 
private  individual/  1.  1.    The  rule  is,  omit  all,  or  ex- 

3.  habitarat]  Sc.  ibi  —  i.  e.,  in  press  all,  if  each  notion  is  to  be 

the  Chersonese.  made  prominent. 

8.  sunt]  'Hold,'  'exercise.'  13.  maluit  —  timore]  *  Preferred 

Cf.  ch.  II.  page  108,  line  2.  rather  that  he  should  be  punished, 

II.  cui — pateref]     'As  not  to  though  guiltless,  than  that  they 
have  free  access  to  him.'    H.  500.  should  live  longer  in  fear.' 


THEMISTOCLES. 


119 


THEMISTOCLES. 

I.  THEMISTOCLES,  Neocli  filius,  Atbeniensis.  Hujus 
vitia  ineuntis  adolescentiae  magnis  sunt  emendata  virtuti- 
bus,  adeo  ut  anteferatur  huic  nemo,  pauci  pares  putentur. 
Sed  ;ib  initio  est  ordiendus.  Pater  ejus  Neocles  genero- 
sus  fuit.  Is  uxorem  Halicarnasiam  civem  duxit,  ex  qua  5 
natus  est  Themistocles.  Qui  quum  minus  esset  proba- 
tus  parentibus,  quod  et  liberius  vivebat  et  rem  familia- 
rern  negligebat,  ,a  patre  exberedatus  est.  Quse  contu- 
melia  non  fregit  eum,  sed  erexit.  Nam  quum  judicasset 
sine  summa  industria  non  posse  earn  exstingui,  totum  se  10 
dedidit  rei  publicae,  diligentius  amicis  famaeque  serviens. 


I.  The  talents  and  ambition 
of  Themistocles. 

The  introduction  is  a  mere  su- 
perscription;  no  fuit  is  to  be  sup- 
plied. 

1.  Nedcli]  Many  Greek  proper 
nouns  in  -cs  not  increasing,  form 
their  genitive  in  -i,  for  -?s,  in  writ- 
ers of  the  golden  age.  H.  92,  2. 

Hujus]  Limits  vitia,  which  is 
also  modified  by  ineuntis  adoles- 
centiffi  ;  l  his  youthful  faults,'  « the 
shortcomings  of  his  youth.' 

3.  anteferatur']       The    present 
makes  the  assertion  valid  to  the 
time  of  the  author. 

4.  ordiendus]   The  personal  con- 
struction, in  place  of  est  ordien- 
dum,  has  here  the  best  authority. 
See  also  Alcibiades,  last  clause. 

generosus]  Is  equivalent  to  no- 
bili  genere  ortus. 

5.  Halicarnasiam]     Is  a  noun, 
uxorem  being   predicate    accusa- 
tive, and  civem  appositive.    Hali- 


carnassus  was  a  celebrated  city  on 
the  coast  of  £aria. 

ex  qua]  After  nascor,  ffiffni, 
and  oriri,  the  name  of  the  father 
is  put  in  the  ablative,  generally 
without  a  or  ab ;  the  mother's 
name  also  stands  in  the  abla- 
tive, more  commonly  with  ex  or  de. 

6.  minus  —  parentibus]       'Did 
not  meet  the  approval  of  his  par- 
ents ; '    minus  is  often   used  for 
non ;  probatus  is  a  participial  ad- 
jective.   H.  391. 

7.  liberius]    'Too  freely.'     H. 
444,  1. 

8.  Quce  contumelia]     *  This  dis- 
grace nevertheless.'    The  connec- 
tive force  of  the    relative   may 
often    be    expressed    by    '  and,' 
*  now,'    '  for,'    '  but,'    '  however,' 
etc.,  according  to  the  context. 

10.  industria]     '  Activity.' 

11.  diligentius — serviens]  'Pay- 
ing  more   than    ordinary  atten- 
tion/ 


120 


CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 


Multum  in  judiciis  privatis  versabatur;  saepe  in  conti- 
onem  populi  prodibat;  nulla  res  major  sine  eo  gereba- 
tur ;  celeriter  qua3  opus  erant,  reperiebat,  facile  earl  em 
oratione  explicabat.  Neque  minus  in  rebus  gerendis 
5  promptus,  quam  excogitandis,  erat,  quod  et  de  instanti- 
bus,  ut  ait  Thucydides,  verissime  judicabat,  et  de  futu- 
ris  callidissime  conjiciebat.  Quo  factum  est,  ut  brevi 
tempore  illustraretur. 

II.     Primus  autem  gradus  fuit  capessendse  reipublica3 

10  bello  Corcyrseo ;  ad  quod  gerendum  praetor  a  populo 
fact  us  non  solura  praesenti  bello,  sed  etiam  reliquo  tem- 
pore ferociorem  reddidit  civitatem.  Nam  quurn  pecu- 
nia  publica,  quae  ex  metallis  redibat,  largitione  magistra- 
tuum  quotannis  interiret,  ille  persuasit  populo,  ut  efi  pe- 

15  cunia  classis  centum  navium  aedificaretur.    Qua  celeriter 


1.  privatis']  'Affecting  indi- 
vidual interests.' 

in  contionem  — prcctibaf]  '  Took 
part  in  the  assembly  of  the  peo- 
ple.' 

3.  qua]  The  antecedent  of  the 
relative  is  often  omitted  when  it 
is  the  object  of  the  preceding  verb. 
H.  445,  6. 

opus]  Here  stands  as  a  predi- 
cate. H.  419,  3,  2). 

5.  instantibus]     '  The  present.' 

6.  Thucydides]      A    celebrated 
Greek  historian,  born  at  Athens 
about  B.  C.  470.    His  work,  which 
contains  an  account  of  the  first 
twenty-one  years  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  war,  is  one  of  the  master- 
pieces of  antiquity,  though  unfin- 
ished at  the  author's  death,  which 
happened  about  B.  C.  400. 

II.  Themistodes  begins  his 
career  as  a  statesman  and  gen- 
eral. 


9.  capessenda  rci public  a]  f    '  In 
managing  affairs  of  state.'     For 
verbs  in  -esso,  see  H.  332,  2,  2). 

10.  Corcyrceo]     Probably  a  mis- 
take for  JEginetieo,  as  Herodotus 
and  Thucydides  mention  a  war 
with    JEgma,   but    none   against 
Corcyra. 

12.  ferociorem]      *  More    war- 
like.' 

13.  metallis]    i.  e.,  from  the  sil- 
ver  mines  of  Mount  Laurium,  near 
Cape  Suniuni,  the  yearly  product 
of  which  was  said  to  be  one  hun- 
dred talents. 

redibat]     '  Accrued.' 

largitione  m:igistratuum\  Here, 
as  in  Miltiades,  ch.  VI.  line.  7,  the 
expression  ought  to  be  largitione 
publica,  for  the  money  was  dis- 
tributed according  to  law,  ten 
drachmas  (about  $1.85)  to  each 
citizen. 

14.  interiret]      *  Perished/    or 
'was  wasted.' 


THEMISTOCLES.  121 

effecta,  priraum  Corcyraeos  fregit,  deinde  mavitimos  prae- 
dones  consectando  mare  tutum  reddidit.  In  quo  quum 
divitiis  ornavit,  turn  etiara  peritissirnos  belli  navalis  fecit 
Athenienses.  Id  quanta}  saluti  fuerit  universae  Gras- 
cise,  bello  cognitum  est  Persico.  Nam  quum  Xerxes  5 
et  mari  et  terra,  belluin  universae  inferret  Europae  cum 
tantis  copiis,  quantas  neque  antea,  nee  postea  babuit 
quisquam  :  hujus  enim  classis  mille  et  ducentarum 
navium  longarum  iuit,  quam  duo  milia  onerariarum  se- 
quebantur  ;  terrestres  autem  exercitus  septingenta  pedi- 10 
turn,  equitum  quadringenta  milia  fuerunt :  cujus  de  ad- 
ventu  quum  fama  in  Graeciam  esset  perlata,  et  maxime 
Athenienses  peti  dicerentur  propter  pugnam  Maratho- 
niam,  miserunt  Delphos  consultum,  quidnam  facerent 
de  rebus  suis.  Deliberantibus  Pythia  respondit,  ut  15 
moenibtis  ligneis  se  munirent.  Id  responsum  quo  vale- 
ret,  quum  intelligent  nemo,  Themistocles  persuasit, 
consilium  esse  Apollinis,  ut  in  naves  se  suaque  confer- 

2.  tutum]     Predicate  adjective,  were  called,  from  their  banks  of 

H.  373,  3.  oars,  biremes,  triremes,  etc.,  while 

In  quo]     '  Hereby.'  the  naves  onerarice,  '  transports,' 

4.  Id]    i.  e.,   the  fact  that  he  were  bro.;d  and  capacious, 
made  Athens  a  naval  power.  11.  cujus—  fama]    'When  the 

saluti  —  Gracice]    Two  datives,  report  of  his  approach.' 
H.  399.  14.  miserunt]     Sc.  legates ;  but 

5.  bello— -Persico]    i.e.,  in  the  the  verb  may  here  be  considered 
second    Persian  war,  B.  C.  480,  as  used  absolutely. 

with  particular  reference  to  the  facerent  de]     'They  should  do 

buttle  of  Salamis.     Xerxes  was  about; '  but  de  with  faccre  is  gen- 

the  second  son  of  Darius  Hystas-  erally  to  tjc  translated  '  with.' 

pis,  and   succeeded   him  in    the  15.  respondit,ut]    Instead  of  the 

year  B.C.  485.  accusative  with  the  infinitive  to 

6.  et  mari  et  terra]   Is  less  com-  denote  a  fact,  the  subjunctive  is 
mon  than  terra  marique.  used  to  express  a  direction. 

8.  hujus  —  classis  — fuit]     'For  16.    Id  —  valcret]      'What  this 
his  fleet  consisted  of.'  response    meant;'    literally,    'in 

9.  navium  longarum]    The  pred-  what  direction  it  had  force.' 
icate   penitive.      H.   403.     These  17.  persuasit]     Sc.  Atheniensi- 
wcre  built  long  and  narrow,  and  bus.     When  this  verb  means  to 


122  CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 

rent :  eum  enim  a  deo  significari  murum  ligneum. 
Tali  consilio  probato,  addunt  ad  superiores  totidem 
naves  triremes,  suaque  omnia,  qua3  moveri  poterant, 
partim  Salamina,  partim  Trcezena  deportant ;  arcem  sa- 
5  cerdotibus  paucisque  mnjoribus  natu  ad  sacra  procu- 
randa  tradunt,  reliquum  oppidum  relinquunt. 

III.  Hujus  consiiium  plerisque  civitatibus  displice- 
bat,  et  in  terra  dimicari  magis  placebat.  Itaque  missi 
sunt  delecti  curn  Leomda,  Laceda3moniorum  rege,  qui 

10  Thermopylas  occuparent,  longiusque  barbaros  progredi 
non  paterentur.  Hi  vim  hostium  non  sustinuerunt, 
eoqne  loco  omnes  interierunt.  At  classis  communis 
GraBciaa  trecentarum  navium,  in  qua  ducenta3  erant 
Atheniensium,  primum  apud  Artemisium,  inter  Euboeam 

15  cpntinenteinque  terram,  cum  classiariis  regis  conflixit. 
Angustias  enim  Themistocles  quserebat,  ne  multitudine 
circumiretur.  Hie  etsi  pari  prcelio  discesserant,  tamen 

convince,  it  takes  the  accusative  the  Temple  of  Minerva  Proma- 

with  the  infinitive,  as  in  this  pas-  chos  being  the  most  conspicuous, 

snge ;  otherwise  it  is  followed  by  5.  ad  sacra  procuranda}     *  To 

ut  with  the  subjunctive,  to  denote  attend  to  the  sacred  rites.' 

the  purpose  of  the  persuasion.  6.  reliquum]    Is  here  partitive 

1.  eum  —  ligneum}      '  For  that  —  *  the  rest  of.'    H.  441,  6. 
was  the  wooden  wall  meant  by 

the  god ; '  eum  for  eas  (naves}  is  III.    Leonidas  falls  at  Ther- 

made  to  agree  with  the  following  mopylse;  the  naval  action  off 

noun,  which  belongs  to  the  predi-  Artemisium. 

cate.    H.  445,  4.  11.  non  paterentur}     'Hinder,' 

2.  Tali}    Is  equivalent  to  hoc,  'prevent.' 

with  the  notion  of  shrewdness.  12.   omnes']    i.  e.,  the   Spartans 

4.    arcem}      Is  emphatic,  and,  and  the  Thespians;   the  rest  of 

with  reliquum  oppidum,  forms  an  the  allies  had   been    sent   away 

antithesis.    By  arcem  the  Acropo-  when    Leonidas    saw    that    they 

lis  is  meant,  which  was  a  precipi-  must  be  overwhelmed, 

tous  rock  rising  3-50  feet  from  the  classis]    Is  limited  by  two  geni- 

plain,  1000  feet  in  length,  and  500  tives.    H.  397,  2. 

in  breadth.    In  after-times  it  was  17.  pari  prcelio}    'After  a  drawn 

covered  with  temples,  statues,  and  battle ; '  ablative  of  manner, 

other  works  of  art  —  the  Propy-  discesserant]     i.  e.,  Grcecit   im- 

laea,  Parthenon,  Erechtheum,  and  plied  in  classis  Gratia. 


THEMISTOCLES. 


123 


eodem  loco  non  sunt  ausi  manere ;  quod  erat  periculum, 
ne,  si  pars  navium  adversariorurn  Eubo3am  superasset, 
ancipiti  premerentur  periculo.  Quo  factum  est,  ut  ab 
Artemisio  discederent,  et  exadversum  Athenas  apud 
Salamma  classem  snam  constituerent.  5 

IV.  At  Xerxes,  Thermopylis  expugnatis,  protinus 
acccssit  astu,  idque,  nullis  defendentibus,  interfectis 
sacerdotibus,  quos  in  arce  invenerat,  incendio  delevit. 
Cujus  flamma  perterriti  classiarii  qtmm  manere  non  au- 
derent,  et  plurimi  hortarentur,  ut  doraos  suas  discede- 10 
rent,  mcBnibusque  se  defenderent :  Themistocles  unus 
restitit,  et  universes  pares  esse  posse  ajebat,  disperses 
testabatur  perituros,  idque  Eurybiadi,  regi  Lacedsemo- 
niorum,  qui  turn  summse  imperil  praBerat,  fore  affirma- 
bat.  Quern  quum  minus,  quam  vellet,  moveret,  noctu  15 
de  servis  suis,  quern  liabuit  fidelissimum,  ad  regem 
misit,  ut  ei  nuntiaret  suis  verbis :  adversaries  ejus  in 
fuga  esse :  qui  si  discessissent,  majore  cum  labore  et 


2.  superassef]     'Doubled.'    The 
Persians  are  said  to  have  attempt- 
ed this,  but  the  part  of  the  fleet 
detached  for  that  purpose  was  lust 
in  a  storm. 

3.  ancipiti]      'Twofold,'    i.e., 
in  front  and  rear. 

IV.  The  Persians  burn  Ath- 
ens ;  their  defeat  at  Salamis, 
September  20,  JB.  C.  480. 

7.  accessit}  Acccdere  followed  by 
the  accusative  without  a  preposi- 
tion is  not  used  by  the  best  authors. 

axtii]  Is  a  Greek  word  Lat- 
inized, meaning  'city,'  used  es- 
pecially of  Athens. 

nulls']  The  plural  is  rarely  used 
suhstantively. 

9.  Cujus]     i.  e.,  incendii. 

10.  domos]     '  To  their  homes ; ' 
plural,  as  different  localities  are 


meant.  This  word  in  both  num- 
bers follows  the  construction  of 
names  of  towns.  H  379,  3,  1). 

12.  universes']       *  Combined  ; ' 
antithetic  to  disperses. 

pares]  i.  e.,  Per  sis ;  *  be  a  match 
for.' 

ajebat — testabatur  —  affirmabaf] 
Observe  the  persistence  of  the 
speaker,  and  the  energy  of  the  ex- 
pressions. 

13.  regi]    He  was  not  king, but 
Commander-in-chief. 

15.  vellet}     Potential  subjunc- 
tive.   H.  485. 

mover ef]     '  Impressed.' 

16.  fi.delissinmm']    Belongs  logi- 
cally to  the  antecedent  clause  — 
'the  most  faithful  slave  that  he 
had.' 

17.  suis  verbis]     '  In  his  words,' 
i.  e.,  in  those  of  Themistocles. 


124 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


longinquiore  tempore  bellum  confecturum,  quum  singu- 
los  consectari  cogeretur ;  quos  si  statim  aggrederetur, 
brevi  universes  oppress  urum.  Hoc  eo  valebat,  ut  in- 
gratiis  ad  depugnandum  omncs  cogerentur.  Hue  re 
5  audita  barbarus,  niliil  doli  subesse  credens,  postridie 
alienissimo  sibi  loco,  contra  opportunissimo  hostibus, 
adeo  angusto  mari  conflixit,  ut  ejus  niultitu  lo  naviuin 
ezplicari  non  potuerit.  Victus  ergo  est  magis  etiam 
consilio  Themistocli,  quam  armis  Graeciae. 

10  Y.  Hie  etsi  male  rein  gesserat,  tamen  tantas  habebat 
reliquias  copiarum,  ut  etiamtum  his  opprimere  posset 
hostes.  Iterum  ab  eoclem  gradu  depulsus  est.  Nam 
Themistocles  verens,  ne  bellare  perse veraret,'  certiorem 
eum  fecit,  id  agi,  ut  pons,  quern  ille  in  Hellesponto 

15  fecerat,  dissolveretur,  ac  reditu  in  Asiam  excluderetur ; 
idque  ei  persuasit.  Itaque  qua  sex  mensibus  iter  fece- 
rat, eadem  minus  diebus  triginta  in  Asiam  re  versus 


1.  confecturum}      The    subject 
of  the  infinitive  is  sometimes  omit- 
ted when  it  can  be  readily  interred 
from  the  context. 

2.  quos  si,  etc.]     '  But  if  he  at- 
tacked them  at  once/ 

3.  Hoc  — valebat]      '  This    had 
for  its  aim.' 

8.  etiam]    With   the  compara- 
tive,  means    '  even,'    *  still.'      H. 
444,  3,  1). 

9.  Themistdcli]     See  Xedcli,  ch. 
I.,  line  1. 

V.  Xerxes,  duped  by  The- 
mistocles, returns  in  haste  to 
Asia. 

10.  Ric]    (  Here,'  i.  e.,  at  Saia- 
mis. 

tantas  —  copiarum]  '  Had  such 
forces  left.' 

11.  opprimere  posset]   '  He  might 
have  crushed.' 


12.  eodem]    \.v.,Themistdcles. 

gradu  depulsus  est]  *  Was  baf- 
fled,' '  driven  from  his  vantage- 
ground  ; '  a  term  of  the  gladiato- 
rial school  and  camp. 

13.  certiorem  —  agi]    'Informed 
him  that  it  was  in  contemplation ; ' 
certiorem  face  re,  literally  '  to  make 
more  certain,'  —  i.e.,  'to  inform/ 
—  here  takes  the  accusative  with 
the  infinitive,  like  a  verbum  decla- 
randi. 

15.  excluderetur]    i.  e.,  Xerxes. 
Such  changes  of  subject  are  not 
infrequent. 

16.  idque — persuasit]    '  And  he 
mnde  him  believe  it.' 

17.  diebus]      Ablative  of  time 
with  in  which.   H.  426.    Minus  lias 
no  influence  on  the  construction. 
H.  417,  3. 

reversus  est]  Revertit  would 
have  been  more  in  accordance 


THEMISTOCLES.  125 

cst,  seque  a  Themistocle  non  superatum,  sed  conserva- 
tion judicavit.  Sic  unius  viri  prudentia  Graecia  liberata 
est,  Europfleqne  snecubuit  Asia.  Hasc  altera  victoria, 
qua?  cum  Marathonio  possit  comparari  tropaGo.  Nam 
pari  modo  apud  Salamlna  parvo  numero  navitirn  maxima  5 
post  hominum  memoriam  classis  est  devicta. 

VI.  Magnus  hoc  bello  Themistocles  fuit,  neque  mi- 
nor in  pace.  Quum  enim  Phalerico  portu,  neque  ma- 
gno  neque  bono,  Athenienses  uterentur,  hujus  consilio 
triplex  Piraei  portus  constitutus  est,  isque  mcenibus  cir- 10 
curndatus,  ut  ipsam  urbem  dignitate  aequipararet,  utili- 
tate  superaret.  Idem  muros  Atheniensium  restituit 
praecipuo  stio  periculo.  Namque  Lacedsemonii,  causam 
id  one  am  nacti  propter  barbarorum  excursiones,  qua 
negarent,  oportere  extra  Peloponnesum  ullam  urbem  15 
habere,  ne  essent  loca  munita,  quas  hostes  possiderent, 
Athenienses  aedificantes  proliibere  sunt  conati.  Hoc 

with  classical  usage.     Cicero  al-  VI.   Themistocles  constructs 

ways  uses  the  active  form  of  the  the  harbors  of  the  Piraeus,  and 

perfect,  but  the   deponent  forms  fortifies  it  and  the  city,  against 

alone  of  the  present  tenses  are  the  wishes  of  the  Lacedaemo- 

used.  mans'    B-C'477. 

2.  liberata    est]      Substantially  8.  neque  —  bono]     'Which  was,' 
true ;    for    Mardonius,    who    re-  etc.    An  adjective  or  a  participle 
mained  with  300,000   barbarians,  is  often  best  translated  by  a  rela- 
was  defeated  at  Platiea  the  fol-  tive  clause. 

lowing  year.  10.  triplex]   As  it  consisted  of 

3.  succubuit  Asia]    Is  the  Ian-    three  basins. 

gnage  of  rhetoric.     Alexander  be-  .  13.    prcecipuo — periculo']      'At 

came  the  master  of  Asia   B.  C.  his  own  especial  peril.' 
331.  14.  qua  negarent]     *  For  saying 

Hcec  altera]     <  This  is  the  sec-  that  no  city,'  etc. ;  literally,  '  by 

ond;'  supply  esf.  which    they  might    say  that  no 

4.  possit]     Subjunctive  of  re-  city,'  etc.    H.  501,  III. 

suit.     H.  501.  16.  habere]     Subject  of  oportere. 

tropceo]      The   sign   is   put  by  H.  549, 2.     Supply  mitros. 

metonymy  for  the  thing  signified  ne  — possiderent]      *  That  there 

—  i.e.,  victory.  might  be  no  strongholds  for  the 

6.   post  —  memoriam}       '  Men-  enemy  to  occupy.' 

tioncd  in  the  history  of  mankind.'  17.    cedificantes]      This  present 


126  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

loBge  alio  spectabat,  atque  videri  volebant.  Athenienses 
enim  duabus  victoriis,  Marathonia  et  Salaminia,  taut  am 
gloriam  apud  omnes  gentes  erant  consecnti,  ut  intellige- 
rent  Lacedaemonii,  de  principatu  sibi  cum  iis  certamen 
5  fore.  Quare  eos  quam  infirmissimes  esse  volebant. 
Postquam  autem  audierunt,  muros  instrui,  legates 
Athenas  miserunt,  qui  id  fieri  vetarent.  His  prsesenti- 
bus  desierunt,  ac  se  de  ea  re  legates  ad  eos  missuros 
dixernnt.  Hano  legationem  suscepit  Themistocles,  et 

10  solus  prime  prefect  us  est ;  reliqut  legati  ut  turn  exirent, 
quum  satis  altitude  muri  exstructa  videretur,  prae- 
cepit;  interim  omnes,  send  atque  liberi,  opus  facerent, 
neque  ulli  loco  parcerent.  sive  sacer,  sive  privatus  esset, 
sive  publicus,  et  undique,  quod  idoneum  ad  muniendtim 

15  putarent,  congererent.  Quo factum  est,  ut  Atheniensium 
muri  ex  sacellis  sepulcrisque  constarent. 

VII.     Themistocles  autem,  ut  Laceda9monem  venit, 
adire  ad  magistratus  noluit,  et  dedit  operam,  ut  quam 

participle  implies  that  the  Athe-  contentions  of  these  states  m;ide 

nians  were   already   engaged    in  it  easy  for  Alexander  the  Great 

their  work,   as   otherwise  ne   or  to  annex  them  to  his  empire. 

quominusy  with  the   subjunctive,  5.  qii'tni]    With  the  superlative, 

would  have  been  expected  after  denotes  the  highest  possible  de- 

prohibcre.  gree.     H.  170,  2. 

1.  atque]    '  Than.'    H.  417,  4.  6.   instrui]     '  Were   in  process 

videri]    The  subject  is  hoc  un-  of  erection.'   The  verb  here  marks 

derstood.  the  initial  stage  of  the  building; 

4.  principatu]       'Leadership,'  exstructi.  below,  means  'built  up,' 

'  hegemony.'    This  was  a  political  actually  erected  —  i.e.,  raised  from 

and   military  preeminence,  con-  below. 

ceded  to  that  state  of  Greece  which  8.  desierunt]    Sc.  Athenienses. 

showed  the  greatest  power,  valor,  ad  eos]   i.e.,  ad  Lacedcemonios. 

and  efficiency  in  war.    From  the  10.  turn]    '  Only  then,'  *  not  till 

beginning   of  the    Persian  inva-  then.* 

sions  till  B.  C.  477,  Sparta  took  12.  facerent]     The  imperative 

the  lead ;  then  Athens  until  B.  C.  of  direct  discourse  takes  the  sub- 

404,  when  Sparta  regained  her  po-  junctive  in  indirect  discourse.    H. 

sition :  but  Thebes  overcame  Spar-  529. 

ta  at  Leuctra  and  Mantinea.    The  VII.    Themistocles,    by    his 

continued    rivalries,    feuds,    and  skilful  diplomacy  while  deal- 


THEMISTOCLES.  127 

longissime  tempus  duceret,  causam  interponens,  se  col- 
legas  exspectare.  Quum  Lacedaemonii  quererentur, 
opus  nihilo  minus  fieri,  eumque  in  ea  re  conari  fallere, 
interim  reliqui  legati  sunt  consecuti.  A  quibus  quum 
atidisset,  non  mulium  superesse  munitionis,  ad  ephoros  5 
Laceda3moniorum  accessity  penes,  qnos  summum  erat 
imperium,  atque  apud  eos  contenclit,  falsa  iis  esse  dela- 
ta;  quare  raquum  esse,  illos  viros  bonos  nobilesque 
mittere,  quibus  fides  haberetur,  qui  rem  explorarent ; 
interea  se  obsidem  retinerent.  Gestus  est  ei  mos,~tres- 10 
que  legati,  functi  summis  honoribus,  Athenas  miissi 
sunt.  Cum  his  collegas  suos  Themistocles  jussit  profi- 
cisci,  iisque  praedixit,  ut  ne  prius  LacedaBinoniorum  le- 
gatos  dimitterent,  quam  ipse  esset  remissus.  Hos  post- 
quam  Athenas  pervenisse  ratus  est,  ad  magistratum  se- 15 
hatumque  Lacedaemoniorum  adiit,  et  apud  eos  liberrime 
professns  est:  Atheniensis  suo  consilio,  quod  communi 

ing  with  the   Spartans,  gains  7.  Us}   i.  e.,  Lacedcemoniis. 

time  to  complete  the  walls  of  8.  illos]   i.  e.,  ephoros. 

Athens.  10.  Gestus  —  mos]      '  His  wish 

1.  tempus  duceref]     *  Spin    out  was  complied  with.' 

the  time.'  11.  functi]    Is  equivalent  to  a 

4.  sunt  consecuti]    Observe  the  relative  clause.    H.  577. 

force  of  con,  '  came  up  with/  i.  e.,        13.  prcedixit]     'Told  them  be- 
'joined.'  forehand ; '   nearly  equivalent  to 

5.  munitionis']     '  Of  the  work    prcecepit. 

of  fortifying.'     Verbal  nouns  in  ut  ne]    The  negative  belongs  to 

-io   are   primarily   abstract.      H.  prius,  not  to  the  whole  clause. 

321,  2.  15.  magistratum']    « The  govern- 

ephoros]    The  ephori  were  five  ment,'  i.  e.,  the  ephors. 

in  number,  and  were  elected  an-  senatum]      This    consisted    of 

nually.      They    constituted    the  twenty-eight    elders    over    sixty 

highest  civil  magistracy,  control-  years  of  age,  and  the  two  kings, 

ling  even  the  kings.     The  terrn  17.     Atheniensis']      Accusative 

signifies  '  supervisors,' and  as  such  plural.    Cf.  Miltiadcs,  p.  112,  1.  2. 

they  managed  the  affairs  of  the  quod  —  possent]      The    relative 

state  in  all  its  internal  and  exter-  refers   to  the    following    deos  — 

nal  relations,  using  the  kings  as  sepsisse,  and  is  introduced  before 

their  generals  and  executive  offi-  that,  to  mitigate  the  indignation 

cers.  of  the  Spartans  when  they  heard 


128 


CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 


jure  gentium  facere  possent,  deosque  publicos  suosque 
patrios  nc  penates,  quo  facilius  ab  hoste  possent  defen- 
clere,  muris  sepsisse  ;  neque  in  eo,quod  inutile  esset  Grse- 
cioe,  fecisse.  Nam  illorum  urbem  ut  propugnaculum  op- 
5  positum  esse  barbaris,  apud  quam  jam  bis  classes  regi.is 
fecisse  naufragium.  Lacedaemonios  autem  male  et  in- 
juste  facere,  qui  id  potius  intuerentur,  quod  ipsorum 
dominationi,  quam  quod  universse  GraBciae  utile  esset. 
Quare,  si  suos  legatos  recipere  vellent,  quos  Athenas 

10  miserant,  se  remitterent ;  aliter  illos  numquam  in  patri- 
am_  essent  recepturi. 

VIII.  Tamen  non  effugit  civium  suorum  invidiam. 
Namque  ob  eundem  timorem,  quo  damnatus  erat  Mil- 
tiades,  testularum  suffragiis  e  civitate  eje'ctus,  Argos 

15  habitatum  concessit.  Hie  quum  propter  multas  ejus 
virtutes  niagna  cum  dignitate  viveret,  Lacedaemonii 
legatos  Athenas  miserunt,  qui  cum  absentem  accusa- 


the  admission  of  Themistocles. 

I.  deos]     The  dii  publici  were 
the    national    gods,    worshipped 
alike  by  all  the  Greeks ;  the  dii 
patrii  were  the  gods  of  Athens 
or  Attica;  the  penates^  those  of 
the  family  or  household. 

4.  oppositum]  Following  the 
predicate  noun,  agrees  with  it 
rather  than  with  tirbem. 

6.  fecisse  naufragiuni]     Refer- 
ring to  the  battles  of  Marathon 
and  Salamis. 

7.  intuerentur]     Subjunctive  of 
cause  or  reason.    H.  517. 

8.  universes]     '  As  a  whole.' 

10.  miserant]  Cf.  Miltiades, 
p.  110,  line  7,  transportaverat. 

II.  essent    recepturi]       Would 
regularly    have    been    recepturos 
esse.     Cf.  Phaedrus,  9,  6  ;  where  a 
similar  construction  occurs. 


VIII.  Banishment  of  The- 
mistocles. B.  C.  471. 

13.  quo]    Ablative  of  cause.   H. 
414,  2. 

14.  testularum  suff"ragiis~\     Os- 
tracism is  here  meant.    By  this 
means  the  Athenian  democracy 
banished,  generally  for  ten  years, 
any  one  who  was   suspected  of 
ambitious  designs,  or  whose  pre- 
eminence was  regarded  as  danger- 
ous to  the  state.  This  was  effected 
by  6000  votes,  which  were  record- 
ed on  pieces  of  tile.    But  the  sen- 
tence involved  no  loss  of  honor  or 
of  property. 

Argos']  Is  probnbly  accusative 
plural,  as  the  neuter  form  is  used 
mostly  by  poets  and  geographers. 

15.  ejus]    Irregular,  as  a  result 
of  the   author's   negligence,   for 
suoa. 


TIIEMISTOCLES. 


129 


rent,  quod  societatem  cum  rege  Perse  ad  Graeciam  op- 
primendam  fecisset.  Hoc  crimine  absens  proditionis 
damnatus  est.  Id  ut  audivit,  quod  non  satis  tuturn  se 
Argis  videbat,  Corcyram  demigravit.  Ibi  quum  cjtis 
principes  animadvertisset  timere,  ne  propter  se  bell um  5 
iis  Lacedaeraonii  et  Athenienses  indicerent,  ad  Adme- 
tura,  Molossum  regem,  cum  quo  ei  hospitium  erat,  con- 
fugit.  Hue  quurn  venisset,  et  in  praesentia  rex  abesset, 
quo  majore  religion e  se  receptuin  tueretur,  filiam  ejus 
parvulam  arripuit,  et  cum  ea  se  in  sacrarium,  quod  10 
summa  colebatur  caerimonia,  conjecit.  Inde  non  prius 
egressus  est,  quam  rex  eum  data  dextra  in  fidem  re- 
ciperet;  quam  praestitit.  Nam  quum  ab  Atlieniensi- 
bus  et  Laceda3moniis  exposceretur  publice,  supplicem 
non  proclklit,  monuitque,  ut  consuleret  sibi ;  difficile  15 
enim  esse,  in  tarn  propinquo  loco  tuto  eum  versari.  Ita- 
que  Pydnam  eum  deduci  jussit,  et  quod  satis  esset 
praesidii,  dedit.  Hie  in  navem  omnibus  ignotus  nautis 
escendit.  Quaa  quum  tempestate  maxima  Naxum  fer- 


1.  Perse]  From  Perses,  ce ;  it 
is  an  appositive  of  rege,  and  is 
used  perhaps  to  give  prominence 
to  the  nationality.  So  Molossum, 
below,  for  Molossorum. 

6.  Us]    i.  e.,  Corcyreeis,  implied 
in  Corey  ram,  above. 

7.  hospitium^  Guest- friendship.' 
This  was  a  mutual  agreement  be- 
tween two  persons  to  receive  and 
entertain,  to  succor  and  protect, 
each  other,  under  all  circumstan- 
ces.   This  relation  was  hereditary, 
and  was  regarded  as  sacred  until 
it  was  renounced,  which  may  have 
been  the  case  here,  as  Thucydides 
says  that  Admetus  was  at  variance 
with  Thcmistucles. 

9.   quo  —  tueretur\      '  In    order 
that   he   might    protect   himself 
9 


when  received  with  a  greater  re- 
ligious obligation.' 

12.  in  fidetn  reciperef]    '  Took 
him  under  his  protection.'    Sub- 
junctive of  time,  with  the  acces- 
sory notion  of  cause.    H.  523,  II. 
The  pluperfect  would  have  been 
expected. 

13.  quam  prastitit]     'And   he 
kept  this  engagement.' 

15.  monuitque]      '  But   warned 
him.' 

dfficile  —  esse]     Supply  dixit. 

16.  tuto~]    An  adverb  of  manner. 
H.  33o,  4,  2). 

17.  Pydnam]     A  town  of  Mace- 
donia, near  the  Thcrmaic  Gulf,  on 
which  it  had  a  harbor. 

satis  esset]   The  subjunctive  ex- 
presses the  opinion  of  Admetus. 


130 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


retur,  ubi  turn  Atheniensium  erat  exercitus,  sensit  The- 
mistocles,  si  eo  pervenisset,  sibi  esse  pereundum.  JIac 
necessitate  coactus  domino  navis,  qui  sit,  aperit,  raulta 
pollieens,  si  se  conserv asset.  At  ille,  clarissimi  viri 
5  captus  misericordia,  diem  noctemque  procul  ab  insula 
in  salo  navem  tenuit  in  ancoris,  neque  quemquam  ex 
eii  exire  passus  est.  Inde  Ephesum  pervenit,  ibique 
Themistoclen  exponit ;  cui  ille  pro  mentis  gratiam 
postea  retulit. 

Iff    IX.     Scio,    plerosque    ita  scripsisse,   Themistoclen, 

^*  Xerxe  regnante,  in  Asiam  transisse.     Sed  ego  potissi- 

mum  Thucydkli  credo,  quod  aetate  proximus  de  iis  qui 

illorum   temporum  historiam  reliquerunt,   et  ejusdem 

civitatis  fuit.     Is  autern  ait,  ad  Artaxerxem  eum  venis- 

15  se,  atque  his  verbis  epistolam  misisse  :  "  Themistocles 
veni  ad  te,  qui  plurima  mala  omnium  Grajorum  in 


2.  pervenisset]    i.  e.,  Themisto- 
cles. 

sibi]  Dative  of  the  agent.  H. 
388, 1. 

esse  pereundum]  Used  imper- 
sonally. H.  301,  2. 

3.  qui  sit]    '  Who  he  is,'  i.  e., 
as  to  rank,  condition,  etc. ;  quis 
sit  would  mean  *  what  his  name 
is.'    H.  454. 

4.  clarissimi]     Best  translated 
by  'so  distinguished.' 

6.  in  salo]  *  In  the  roads,'  in 
opposition  to  in  portu. 

1.  Ephesum]  This  was  a  city 
of  great  celebrity  and  wealth,  to 
which  its  excellent  harbor  largely 
contributed.  Its  temple  of  Diana 
was  so  magnificent  as  to  be  ac- 
counted one  of  the  seven  wonders 
of  the  world.  The  burning  of  this 
sanctuary  in  A.  D.  232  by  the 
Goths,  disastrous  earthquakes, 
and  the  destruction  of  the  harbor 
by  the  deposits  of  the  Cayster, 


effected,  in  the  course  of  time,  the 
total  ruin  of  the  city. 

8.  Themistoclen]  Some  Greek 
proper  names  in  -es  of  the  third 
declension  sometimes  form  the 
accusative  in  -en,  after  the  manner 
of  the  first.  H.  93,  3. 

gratiam  —  retulit]  'Returned  the 
favor.'  Cf.  Justin,  p.  71,  line  19. 

IX.  Themistocles  repairs  to 
the  king  of  Persia. 

11.  Xerxe]  Emphatic,  as  opposed 
to  Artaxerxes,  below.  Xerxes 
reigned  from  B.C.  485  to  B.  C. 
465 ;  Artaxerxes  Longimunus, 
from  B.C.  465  to  B.C.  424. 

13.  ejusdem — fuit]  'Belonged 
to  the  same  state.'  H.  402,  III. 

16.  veni]  Perfect,  with  refer- 
ence to  the  time  when  the  letter 
would  1)3  read;  '  I,  Thcmistocres, 
have  come.'  Themistocles  is  ap- 
positive  to  ego,  the  subject  of  veni. 

Grajorum]    For  Gr&corum ;  au 


THEMISTOCLES.  131 

domain  tuam  intuli,  quamdiu  raihi  necesse  fuit,  adver- 
sum  patrem  tuura  bellare,  patriamque  meam  defendere. 
Idem  mul to  plura  bona  foci,  postquam  in  tuto  ipse,  et 
ille  in  periculo  esse  coepit.  Nam  quum  in  Asiam  re- 
verti  vellet.  proelio  apud  Salamlna  facto,  litteris  cum  5 
certiorem  feci,  id  agi,  ut  pons,  quern  in  Hellesponto 
fecerat,  dissolveretur,  atque  ab  hostibus  circumiretur : 
quo  nuntio  ille  periculo  est  liberatus.  Nunc  autem  con- 
fugi  ad  te,  exagitatus  a  cuncta  Gra3cia,  tuam  petens 
amicitiam :  quam  si  ero  adeptus,  non  minus  me  bonum  10 
amicum  habebis,  quam  fortem  inimicum  ille  expert  us 
est.  Te  autem  rogo,  ut  de  iis  rebus,  quas  tecum  collo- 
qui  volo,  annuum  mihi  tempus  des,  eoque  transacto  ad 
te  venire  patuiris." 

X.     Hujus  rex  animi  magnitudinem  admirans,  cupi- 15 
ensque  talem  viram  sibi  conciliari,  veniam  dedit.     Ille 
omne  illud  tempus  litteris  sermonique  Persarum  se  de- 
dedit :  quibus  aded  eruditus  est,  ut  multo*  commodius 
dicatur  apud  regem  verba  fecisse,  quam  ii  poterant,  qui 

archaism,  i.e.,  the  use  of  an  an-  13.  ad  te  venire]    Supply  me  as 

ticnt  word  or  expression.     The  subject  from  mihi. 

genitive  here  limits  qui. 

1.  domurti]     As   we   say,  '  the  X.    Themistocles  finds  favor 

house    of   Brunswick/    meaning  with  Artaxerxes,  and  fixes  his 

fimily  residence  at  Magnesia,  where 

3.  ipse]   Sc.  esse  ccepit.  he  di  s'  about  B'  °«  460' 

6.  ayi]    *  That  it  was  in  con-  17.  litteris]    '  The  literature.' 

templation.'    Cf.  p.  124,  line  14.  sermoni]     *  The  language,'  as  a 

9.  exagitatus']     '  Pursued.'  means  of  communication. 

10.  non  minus,  etc.]     'You  will  18.  eruditus  est]     Is  equivalent 
have  (in)  me  a  no  less  valuable  to  a  reflexive  verb;  '  he  instructed 
friend  than  he  found  me  a  vnliant  himself,'  with  adeby  'he  became 
e.ierny;'  amicum  is  appositivc  to  so  learned.' 

me.  mult**]     Ablative,  denoting  the 

12.  quas]     Irregular  for  de  qui-  measure   of   difference.      H.  418. 
bus.     Colloquiy  being  intransitive,  19.  qui  in  Perstde]    The  Asiatic 
properly  takes  only  the    neuter  Greeks  arc  probably  meant;  oth- 
accusative  of  a  pronoun.  erwise  the  statement  of  Ncpos  is 

13.  annuum]   Here  a  grammat-  an    exaggeration.       Thucydides 
ical  equivalent  for  anni.  says  Themistocles  learned  what 


132 


CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 


in  Perside  erant  nati.  Hie  quum  multa  regi  esset  pol- 
licitus,  gratissimumque  illucl,  si  suis  uti  consiliis  vellet, 
ill u  in  Graeciam  bello  oppress  urura  :  magnis  muneribus 
ab  Artaxerxe  donatus  in  Asiam  rediit,  domiciliumque 
5  Magnesia  sibi  constituit.  Namque  hanc  urbem  ei  rex 
donarat,  his  quidem  verbis :  quae  ei  pan  em  praeberet  (ex 
qua  regione  quinquaginta  talenta  quotannis  redibant)  ; 
Lanipsucum  autem,  unde  vinum  sumeret;  Myunta,  ex 
qua  obsoniura  haberet.  Hujus  act  nostram  memoriam 
10  monumenta  manserunt  duo:  sepulcrum prope  oppidum, 
in  quo  est  sepultus ;  statua  in  foro  Magnesias.  De  cu- 


be could  of  the  language  of  the 
Persians. 

1.  multa  —  illud]  *  Many  prom- 
ises, and  especially  this  most  wel- 
come one.' 

5.  sibi]   The  dative  of  advantage 
following  constituit,  in  place  of 
suum  modifying  domicillum. 

6.  quidem]    Gives  an  emphasis 
to  the  preceding  word,  but  need 
not  always  be  translated. 

praberet]  Subjunctive  of  pur- 
pose. H.  500.  The  Oriental  kings 
were  wont  thus  to  make  presents, 
to  friends  and  favorites,  of  the 
entire  »income  of  cities  and  dis- 
tricts. 

7.  regione}     This  explanatory 
term  includes  urbem,  the  antece- 
dent of  qua,  aud  its  environs. 

quinquaginta]  Stands  for  the 
distributive,  as  quotannis  is  ex- 
pressed. 

8.  autem]  This  adversative  and 
vero  mark  only  a  transition,  and 
follow  Jhc  words  which  they  con- 
nect;  sed  and  verum  denote  a  di- 

*  rect  opposition ;  at  emphasizes  the 
opposition.     H.  587,  III.  2. 

9.  ad — memorirtm]  To  our  t:mc,' 
i.  e.,  to  that  when  Nepos  wrote. 


10.  oppidum]   i.  e.,  Athens.  The 
tomb  of  Thcmistocles  —  accord- 
ing to  Pausanias,  a  writer  of  the 
second  century  of  our  era  —  stood 
near  the  Piraeus. 

11.  est  sepultus]     *  Lies  buried.' 
The  perfect  —  especially  the  per- 
fect passive  —  may  sometimes  de- 
note   the    condition   in  which   a 
thing  now  is  in  consequence  of  a 
previous  action ;   cf.  mortuus  est, 
1  died,'  '  is  dead.' 

foro]  A  forum  was  an  open 
place  suitable  in  situation  and  sur- 
roundings for  the  transaction  of 
public  or  private  business.  A  Ro- 
man forum  was  a  levelled  space  of 
ground  of  an  oblong  form,  and 
surrounded  by  buildings,  temples, 
porticoes,  etc.  Some  fora  were 
devoted  exclusively  to  purposes 
of  trade,  and  called,  from  their 
special  use,  forum  boarium,  the 
cattle  market;  forum  olitorium, 
the  vegetable  market,  etc.  Others,, 
like  the  forum  Romanum,  were 
appropriated  mainly  for  the  ad- 
ministration of  justice,  for  hold- 
ing assemblies  of  the  people,  and 
f  >r  the  transaction  of  public  aff  u'rs,. 
though  such  persons  as  bankers 


THEMISTOCLES. 


133 


jus  morte  multimodis  apud  plcrosque  scriptum  est ;  sed 
nos  eundem  potissimum  Thueydideni  auctorem  proba- 
mus,  qui  ilium  ait  Magnesia3  morbo  mortuum  neque 
negat,  fuisse  famam,  venenum  sua  sponte  sumpsisse, 
quum  se,  quse  regi  de  Graecia  opprimenda  pollici- 
tus  esset,  prsestare  posse  desperaret.  Idem,  ossa  ejus 
clam  in  Attica  ab  amicis  sepulta,  quoniarn  legibus  non 
concederetjur  quod  proditionis  esset  damnatus,  me- 
moria3  prodidit. 


and  usurers  occupied  shops  in  the 
adjacent  porticoes.  The  word  /b- 
rum,  in  conjunction  with  a  gcni- 
tivc  or  proper  adjective,  forms 
the  name  of  many  market  and  as- 
size towns,  as  Forum  Appii,  Fo- 
rum Aurelium,  etc. 

1.  multimodis]  Antiquated  and 
colloquial  for  multis  modis. 

apud  plerosque}  *  In  a  great 
manv  authors.' 


3.  neque  negat]     *  Without    de- 
nying,' or  *  though  he  does  not 
deny.' 

4.  venenum  —  sumpsisse]      Ap- 
positive  to  famam.     H.   554,  II. 
Supply  eum. 

7.  quoniam]     Refers  to  clam. 

8.  concederetur  —  esset    damna- 
tus]   The  subjunctives  show  that 
the  statements  are  those  of  Thu- 
cydides. 


134 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


ARISTIDES. 

I.  ARISTIDES,  Lysimachi  filius,  Atheniensis,  aequalis 
fere  fuit  Themistocli.  Itaque  cum  eo  de  principatu 
contendit:  namque  obtrectarurit  inter  se.  In  his  au- 
tem  cognitura  est,  quanto  anteataret  eloquentia  inno- 
5  centiaa.  Quamquam  enim  adeo  excellebat  Aristldes 
abstinentia,  ut  unus  post  hominum  memoriam,  quern  qui- 
dem  nos  audierimus,  cognomine  Justus  sit  appellatus  : 
tamen,  a  Themistocle  collabefactus,  testula  ilia  exsilio 


I.  Aristides,  the  rival  of 
Themistocles,  is  banished  for 
ten  years,  B.  C.  483,  but  is  re- 
called on  the  invasion  of  the 
Persians. 

1.  aqualis  fere]     'Nearly  of  the 
same  a^e  with.' 

2.  Themistocli]      With  aqualis, 
the  genitive  of  names  of  persons 
is  more  common,    in  the   classic 
period,  than  the  dative. 

de  principatu]  'For  the  pre- 
eminence.' 

3.  obtrectarunt  inter  se]    '  Were 
rivals.'     Grote   thinks  it  highly 
probable  that  one  cause  of  their 
rivalry  was  the  attempt  of  The- 
mistocles to  convert  Athens  from 
a  land  power  into  a  sea  power. 

4.  quanta]      The    ablative    of 
measure  of  difference.    H.  418. 

antestarct]  '  Is  mightier  ; '  a 
general  remark,  and  therefore 
better  translated  by  the  present. 

innocenticp]    '  Blamelessness.' 

6.  abstinentia]  '  In  disinterest- 
edness.' 

ut  unus  —  audierimus']  '  That 
he  is  the  only  one  in  the  history 


of  mankind,  that  at  least  I  have 
heard  of,  that  has  been,'  etc.  A 
relative  clause,  used  to  limit  or 
restrict  a  general  statement,  takes 
the  subjunctive.  H.  501,  II. 

7.  nos]    i.e.,  ego.    An  individ- 
ual  not    infrequently  spe  iks   of 
himself  in  the  first  person  plural 
when  he  thinks  more  of  the  con- 
dition and  bearings  of  the  subject 
under  discussion  than  of  himself 
personally  in  distinction  from  oth- 
ers.    H.  446,  2. 

cognomine}  '  By  the  surname 
of.'  Ablative  of  specification.  H. 
429. 

Justus]  Is  predicate  adjective 
after  appellatus. 

sit  appellatus]  The  perfect  here 
represents  the  result  as  valid  even 
to  the  time  of  the  author.  H. 
482,  2. 

8.  testula]    Is  equivalent  to  tcs- 
tularum  suffragiis,  in  Themisto- 
cles, ch.  VIII.  p.  128,  lino  14. 

ilia]  Represents  the  thing  as 
well  known.  H.  450,  5. 

exsilio]  The  ablative  of  pun- 
ishment. H.  410,  5,  3). 


ARISTIDES. 


135 


decem  annorum  multatus  est.  Qui  quidem  quum  intel- 
ligeret,  reprimi  concitatam  multitudinem  non  posse, 
cedensque  anirnadvertisset  quendam  scribentern,  nt 
patria  pelleretur,  quaesisse  ab  eo  dicitur,  quare  id  face- 
ret,  aut  quid  Aristides  commisisset,  cur  tanta  poena  5 
dignus  duceretur?  Cui  ille  respondit,  se  ignorare  Ari- 
stidem ;  sed  sibi  non  placere,  quod  tarn  cupide  elabo- 
rasset,  ut  praeter  ceteros  Justus  appellaretur.  Hie  de- 
cem annorum  legitimam  poenam  non  pertulit.  Nam 
postquam  Xerxes  in  Graeciam  descendit,  sexto  fere  10 
anno,  quam  erat  expulsus,  populiscito  in  patriam  resti- 
tutus  est. 

II.  Interfuit  autem  pugnae  navali  apud  Salamina, 
qua3  facta  est  prius,  quam  poana  liberaretur.  Idem 
praetor  fuit  Atheniensium  apud  Plataeas  in  proelio,  quo  15 


3.  cedensque]  'And  giving  up 
the  struggle.' 

scribentem]  In  this  act  lies  the 
purpose  expressed  in  ut  pelleretur. 
The  name  only  of  the  person  to 
be  banished  was  written  on  the 
tile.  For  the  difference  between 
the  present  participle  and  the  in- 
finitive after  verbs  of  perceiving, 
see  H.  551,  4. 

5.  cur  —  duceretur]       Subjunc- 
tive of  result.   H.  500 ;  cur  is  here 
a  relative  adverb. 

pccna]  Not  intended  to  be,  but 
really  such. 

6.  se  —  Aristidem]    Ignorare  is 
stronger  than  non  nosse.      *  Did 
not  know  Aristides  at  all.' 

7.  placere}     The  subject  is  quod 
—  appellaretur. 

8.  ceteros]      Ccteri  means   the 
others  of  the  same  species ;  alii, 
others,  different    from  those  al- 
ready mentioned ;  reliqui,  the  rest, 
remaining  ones. 


9.  annorum]    Genitive  of  char- 
acteristic.   H.  396,*IV. 

non  pertulit]  'Did  not  suffer 
to  the  end.'  He  was  in  exile  only 
three  years  at  most. 

10.  flcscendit]  'Came  down,' i.e., 
from  the  interior  to  the  coast. 

11.  quam]      For  postquam.     H. 
427,  3. 

erat  expulsus]  The  pluperfect 
is  used  after  postquam  when  a 
definite  intervening  time  is  men- 
tioned. Cf.  III.  ad  Jin. 

II.  Aristides  commands  the 
Athenians  at  Plataea,  and  caus- 
es the  transfer  of  the  hegem- 
ony to  Athens. 

13.  Interfuit]  Not  in  the  Athe- 
nian fleet,  but  he  captured  P*yt- 
talui,  a  small  island  near  Salumis, 
and  killed  the  Persians  that  had 
occupied  that  position. 

15.  quo  Mardonius,  etc.]  The 
facts  would  have  led  us  to  expect 


136  CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 

Mardonius  fusus,  barbarorumque  exercitus  interfectus 
est.  Neque  aliud  est  ullura  hujus  in  re  militari  illustre 
factum,  quam  hujus  imperil  memoria;  justitia3  vero,  et 
sequitatis,  et  innoeentias  inulta:  in  primis,  quod  ejus 
5  sequitate  factum  est,  quum  in  cotnmimi  classe  esset 
Graeciae  simul  cum  Pausania,  quo  duce  Mardonius  erat 
fugatus,  ut  summa  imperil  maritimi  ab  Lacedaemoniia 
transferretur  ad  Athenienses.  Nainque  ante  id  tempus 
et  mail  et  terra  duces  erant  Lacedaemonii.  Turn  autem 

10  et  intemperantia  Pausaniae,  et  justitia  factum  est  Ari- 
stidis,  ut  omnes  fere  civitates  Graeeiae  ad  Atheniensium 
societatem  se  applicarent,  et  ad  versus  barbaros  hos 
duces  deligerent  sibLj 

III.     Quos  quo  facilius  repellerent,  si  forte  bellum 

15  renovare  conarentur,  ad  classes  sedificandaa  exercitus- 
que  comparandos  quantum  pecuniaB  quaeque  civitas 
daret,  Aristides  delectus  est,  qui  constitueret,  ej usque 
arbitrio  quadringena  et  sexagena  talenta  quotannis 
Delum  sunt  collata.  Id  enim  commune  serarium  esse 

quo    barbarorum    exercitus  fusus  10.  intemperantia]      *  The  over- 

Mardoniusque  interfectus  est.  bearing  conduct.' 

2.  JNV/we  —  ulluni]     'But  there  12.  hos  —  sili]       'Chose   them 

is  no  other.'  (the  Athenians)  as  their  leaders; ' 

Z.quhni]    'Except.'   Nisi  might  duces  is  predicate.    H.  373,  1. 
also  have  been  used   here.      In 

"such  instances,   alius   and  aliter  III.    Aristides   is   appointed 

stand  in    a    negative    clause,    or  to  fix  the  amount  to  be  contrib- 

with  an  interrogative  used  nega-  uted  *>?  each  state  to  a  common 

tjvel  treasury,  but  dies  in  poverty 

memorial    'Account.'    Accord-  ^bout  B.  C.  470. 

ing    to    Plutarch,  Aristides    was  18.    quadringena,    etc.]      Four 

second  only  to  Miltiades  at  the  hundred  and  sixty  talents  a  year, 

battle  of  Marathon.  H.  174,  2,  1). 

4.  in  primis — factum  esf]    '  Es-  19.   Delum']     Limit  of  motion, 

pecially  that  which  resulted,'  etc.  Cf.  Justin  II.  ch.  I.  line  7. 

6.  quo    duce]      '  Under   whose  /rf]    i-  e.,  Delum  ;  the  pronoun 
lead;'  ablative  absolute.     H.  430.  agrees  in  gender  with  the  prcdi- 

7.  summa  —  maritimi]       'The  cate  noun,  instead  of  the  antece- 
chief  command  on  the  sea.'  dent.    H.  445,  4. 


ARISTIDES.  137 

voluerunt.  QuaB  omnis  pecunia  postero  tempore  Athe- 
nas  translata  est.  Hie  qua  fuerit  abstinentia,  nullum 
est  certius  indicium,  quara  quod,  quum  tantis  rebus 
prsefuisset,  in  tanta  paupertate  decessit,  ut,  qui  efferre- 
tur,  vix  reliquerit.  Quo  factum  est,  ut  filire  ejus  pu-  5 
blice  alerentur,  et  de  com  muni  serarto  clotibus  datis 
collocarentuF.  Decessit  autem  fere  post  annum  quar- 
tum,  quam  Themistocles  Athenis  erat  expulsus. 

3.  quam  —prafuissef]      '  Than    supported  at  the  expense  of  the 
the  fact  that,  though  he  had  had    state,'  i.  e.,  in  the  Prytaneum,  a 
charge  of  so  important  affairs.'         building  where   the    guests   and 

4.  decessit]    Sc.  de  vita.  beneficiaries  of  the  state  were  en- 
qui  efferretur]    *  Means  for  his    tertained  at  the  public  charge. 

burial ; '  literally,  '  wherewith  he  6.  dotibus  datis]      *  With  dow- 

could  be  carried  out,'  i.  e.,  for  ries.'    Plutarch  states  they  were 

burial ;  qui  is  an  old  ablative.    H.  in    this    case  3000   drachmas,  or 

187,  1.  about  $580. 

5.  publice   alerentur}      *  Were  8.  erat  expulsus']  Cf.  p.  135, 1. 11. 


138 


CORNELIUS   NEP-OS. 


ALCIBIADES. 

I.  ALCIBIADES,  Cliniae  filius,  Atheniensis.  In  hoc, 
quid  natura  efficere  possit,  videtur  experta.  Constat 
enim  inter  omnes,  qui  de  eo  memorise  prodiderunt, 
nihil  illo  fuisse  excellent-ins,  vel  in  vitiis,  vel  in  virtu- 
5tibus.  Natus  in  amplissima  civitate,  summo  genere, 
omnium  aBtatis  sure  multo  formosissimus,  ad  omnes 
res  aptus,  consiliique  plenus  (namque  imperator  fuit 
summus  et  mari  et  terra) ;  disertus,  ut  in  primis  dicendo 
valeret,  quod  tanta  erat  commendatio  oris  atque  ora- 
10  tionis,  ut  nemo  ei  posset  resistere ;  dives ;  qiumi  tern- 
pus  posceret,  laboriosus,  patiens;  liberalis,  splendidus 
non  minus  in  vita,-quam  victu;  affabilis,  bland  us,  tem- 
poribus  callidissime  serviens :  idem,  simulac  se  remise- 


1.  The  origin  and  character 
of  Alcibiades. 

For  the  beginning,  cf.  Themis- 
tocles,  ch.  I.  line  1. 

2.  natura]      Observe  thnt  the 
leading  subject  stands  in  the  de- 
pendent clause. 

possit]  According  to  the  rule 
for  the  sequence  of  tenses,  posset 
would  be  the  regular  tense  after 
experta  (essc), —  cf.  antestaret,  Ari- 
stides,  ch.  I.  line  4, —  but  the 
present  marks  more  emphatically 
the  universality  of  the  proposi- 
tion. 

3.  memories  prodiderunt]  'Have 
written.' 

4.  nihil]    More  comprehensive 
and  stronger  than  neminem.    So 
Cicero  ad  Attlcum,  2,  24:  "  Xihil 
me  infortunatius,  nihil fortunatius 
est  Catiilo." 

excellentius]  'More  remarkable.' 


vel — vel]  *  Either,'  '  or ; '  i.  e., 
will  you  thus,  or  will  you  thus  ? 
—  vel  being  a  contracted  form  of 
velis j  from  volo.  Aut  indicates  a 
difference  of  the  object,  and  vel 
a  difference  of  expression. 

o.  Natus]  This  word  and  the 
following  adjectives  belong  to  the 
predicate  of  the  sentence  agreeing 
with  idem,  below ;  *  born,  etc.  — 
he  on  the  other  hand  —  was  found 
to  be,'  etc. 

9.  commendatio — orationis]  'The 
fascination  of  his  elocution  and 
language.' 

11.  laboriosiis']     'Painstaking.' 
patiens]     ( Hardy.' 

12.  vita]     '  Public  life.' 

victu]  '  Style  of  living,'  with 
reference  to  his  dwelling,  attire, 
table,  etc. 

13.  se  remiserat]     l  Had  unbent 
himself.'    The  pluperfect  here,  in 


ALCIBIADES. 


139 


rat,  neque  causa  suberat,  quare  animi  laborem  perferret, 
luxuriosus,  dissolutus,  libidinosus,  intemperans  reperie- 
batur,  ut  ornnes  admirarentur,  in  uno  lioinine  tantam 
esse  dissimilitudinem,  tanique  divcrsain  naturam. 

II.  Educatus  est  in  domo  Pencil  (privignus  enim 
ejus  fuisse  dicitur),  eruditus  a  Socrate;  socerum  habuit 
Hippomcum,  omnium  Grasca,  lingua  loquentium  divitis- 
simum;  ut,  si  ipse  fingere  vellet,  neque  plura  bona 
comminisci,  neque  majora  posset  consequi,  quam  vel 
natura  vel  fortuna  tribueret. 


10 


conjunction  with  the  imperfect, 
denotes  a  repeated  action.  H. 
472,  2. 

I.  animi    laborem]       *  Mental 
toil.' 

4.  diversam]    '  Contradictory.' 

II.  The  youth  and  education 
of  Alcibiades. 

5.  in  clomo  Perlcli]    He  lost  his 
father,  Clinias,  at  the    battle  of 
Coionea,  and  Pericles  became  his 
guardian, 

Perlcli]  This  illustrious  Athe- 
nian orator  and  statesman  was 
b  >rn  about  B.  C.  500,  and  began 
his  political  career  in  the  year 
B.C.  469.  By  his  talents,  wis- 
dom, and  eloquence,  he  soon 
gained  a  prominent  position,  and, 
in  B.  C.  444,  the  foremost  place  in 
the  state.  By  his  liberality  and 
enterprise,  with  the  cooperation 
of  the  great  sculptors,  architects, 
and  painters  of  his  day,  he  not 
only  raised  Athens  to  a  degree  of 
splendor  befitting  the  imperial 
rank  which  she  had  acquired  by 
her  maritime  ascendency,  but 
made  his  age  an  epoch  in  the  his- 
tory of  art.  He  died  of  a  linger- 
ing fever,  in  the  year  B.  C.  429,  in 


the  third  year  of  the  Peloponne- 
sian  war. 

privignus']  A  mistake ;  the 
grandfather  of  Alcibiades  and  the 
mother  of  Pericles  were  brother 
and  sister. 

6.  Socrate]    Cf.  Phaedrus,  28,  2. 
socerum]      Alcibiades  received 

with  his  wife  ten  talents,  which 
was  regarded  as  an  immense  dow- 
ry in  those  times.  Note  that  in- 
herited wealth  is  placed  by  the 
author  among  the  gifts  of  nature, 
while  the  dowry  is  regarded  as 
one  of  the  favors  of  fortune. 

7.  Grceca  —  loquentium]     A  pe- 
riphrasis for  Grcecorum ;   cf.  Mil- 
tiacles,  ch.  III.  line  11. 

8.  faigere]    *  To  give  play  to  his 
imagination.' 

vellet]  This  use  of  the  imper- 
fect, either  in  the  condition  or  in 
the  conclusion  of  hypothetical 
sentences,  in  the  place  of  the  plu- 
perfect, —  by  which  completed  ac- 
tions of  the  past  are  transferred, 
at  least  partl3r,  to  the  present,  — 
is  a  peculiarity  of  the  Latin  lan- 
guage. In  translating,  conform 
to  the  English  idiom. 

10.  tribueret]  The  subjunctive 
of  attraction.  H.  527. 


140 


CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 


III.  Bello  Peloponnesio  hujus  consilio  atque  aucto- 
ritate  Athenienses  bellum  Syracusanis  indixerunt ;  ad 
quod  gerendum  ipse  dux  delectus  est;  duo  praBterea 
colleges  dati,  Nicia  et  Lamachus.  Id  quurn  appara- 
5retur,  priusquam  classis  exiret,  accidit,  ut  una  nocte 
omnes  Hennse,  qui  in  oppido  erant  Atlienis,  dojice- 
rentur  praeter  unum,  qui  ante  januain  erat  Andocidi. 
Itaque  ille  postea  Mercurius  Andocidis  vocitatus  est. 
Hoc  quum  appareret  non  sine  magna  multorum  con- 
10  sensione  esse  fact  urn,  quse  non  ad  privatam,  sed  pu- 
blicam  rem  pertineret,  magnus  multitudini  timor  est 


HI.  Alcibiades  instigates  a 
war  against  Syracuse :  he  is 
suspected  of  sacrilege  and  trea- 
son. B.C.  415. 

1.  Bello]     This  war,  which  was 
waged  between  the  Athenians  and 
Spartans,  began  B.  C.  431,   and 
ended  with  the   discomfiture  of 
the  Athenians,  B.  C.   404. 

2.  Syracusanis]    Syracuse,  once 
the  largest,  richest,  and  most  pow- 
erful city  of  Sicily,  was  situated 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  south- 
ern portion  of  that  island.    It  was 
founded  by  the  Dorians,  B.  C.  735. 
In  its  most  prosperous  times,  it 
had  a  circumference  of  180  stadia, 
or  over  20  English  miles.    Being 
connected  with  Sparta  by  ties  of 
race,  it  would  naturally  side  with 
that  state,  rather  than  with  Ath- 
ens. 

4.  dati]  Sc.  suntt  to  be  supplied 
from  est,  at  the  end  of  the  preced- 
ing clause. 

Nicia]  For  Nicias,  a  Latin  for 
a  Greek  form.  H.  43,  3.  Nicias, 
—  on  whom  alone,  in  consequence 
of  the  recall  of  Alcibiades  and  the 
death  of  Lamachus,  the  conduct 
of  this  war  devolved,  —  though  a 
brave  and  experienced  general, 


was  at  last  compelled,  after  great 
disasters  and  sufferings,  to  surren- 
der himself  and  his  army  to 
the  Syracusans,  who  put  him  to 
death,  B.  C.  413. 

5.  priusquam  —  exiret]        The 
subjunctive  shows  a   connection 
between  this  clause  and  accidit  ut 
dejicerentur,  which  is   merely   a 
periphrasis  for  dejecti  sunt.      H. 
523,  II.  and  2. 

6.  Hermaf]    These  were  square 
blocks  of  stone,  surmounted  with 
a  head  of  Hermes  or  Mercurius, 
and  were  placed  in  the  streets  and 
at  the  entrances  of  houses.    The 
Pclasgians    represented    Hermes 
without  hands  and  feet. 

dejicerentur]  Thucydides  and 
Plutarch  say  that  they  were  mu- 
tilated. 

7.  Andocidi]    The  genitive ;  cf. 
Pericli,  ch.  II.  1.  5.     AndocTdes 
was  one  of  the  ten  Attic  orators. 
Being  implicated  in   this   act   of 
sacrilege,  he  was  punished  w'th 
atimy,  a  state  of  infamy,  by  which 
one   lost   the    protection    of   the 
laws,  and  in  general   the   rights 
of  a  citizen. 

11.  pertineret]  The  subjunctive 
of  result.  H.  501. 


ALCIBIADES. 


141 


injectus,  ne  qua  repentina  vis  in  civitate  exsisteret, 
quse  libertatem  opprimeret  populi.  Hoc  maxim e  con- 
venire  in  Alcibiadem  yidebatur,  quod  et  potentior  et 
major,  quam  privatus,  existimabatur.  Multos  enim 
liberalitate  devinxerat,  plures  etiam  opera  forensi  suos  5 
reddiderat.  Quare  fiebat,.  ut  omnium  oculos,  quoties- 
cumque  in  publicum  prodisset,  ad  se  converteret,  ne- 
que  ei  par  quisquam  in  civitate  poneretur.  Itaque  non 
solum  spem  in  eo  habebant  maximam,  sed  etiam  timo- 
rem,  quod  et  obesse  plurimum  et  prodesse  poterat.  10 
Aspergebatur  etiam  infamia,  quod  in  domo  sua  facere 
mysteria  dicebatur;  quod  nefas  erat  more  Athenien- 
sium;  idque  non  ad  religionem,  sed  ad  conjurationem 
pertinere  existimabatur. 

IV.     Hoc  crimine  in  contione  ab  inimicis  compella- 15 
batur.     Sed  instabat  tempus  ad  bellum  proficiscendi. 
Id  ille  intuens,  neque  ignorans  civium  suoruin  consue- 


1.  vis]    '  Act  of  violence.' 

2.  Hoc]   i.  c.,  the  presumed  con- 
spiracy against  the  freedom  of  the 
people. 

convenire]     ( To  apply.' 

4.  privatus]    Cf.  Miltiades,  ch. 
VIII.  p.  118,  line  1. 

5.  opera  forensi]     '  By  his  ser- 
vice as  an  advocate,'  i.  e.,  in  the 
assemblies  of  the  people,  and  in 
the  courts  of  law. 

stios]  'His  adherents.'  The 
predicate  accusative. 

7.  in  publicum  prodisset]  '  Ap- 
p'feared  in  public.' 

11.  Aspergebatur]  «  He  (i.  e.,  his 
character)  was  stained.' 

facere  mysteria]  '  To  celebrate 
the  mysteries,'  i.  e.,  those  of  the 
Elcusinian  Ceres  (Demeter),which 
it  was  unlawful  to  celebrate  oth- 
erwise than  in  the  prescribed 
ways ;  a  **  sham  celebration  "  of 


these    rites  was   alleged  against 
AlcibiMes. 

IV.  Aloibiades  is  accused, 
and  recalled  from  Sicily,  but 
escapes  to  Sparta. 

15.  compelldbatur'}  '  "Was  called 
to  account.'  This  was  only  pre- 
liminary to  a  formal  accusation, 
which  was  brought  against  him 
after  his  arrival  in  Sicily.  See 
below. 

17.  neque  ignorans]  *  Knowing 
very  well ; '  an  example  of  litotes. 
The  two  negatives  here,  and  gen- 
erally when  the  second  is  em- 
phatic, not  only  destroy  each 
other,  but  produce  a  stronger 
affirmation. 

consuetudinem]  i.  e.,  of  accusing 
persons  in  their  absence,  or  of 
getting  rid  of  prominent  and  sus- 
pected citizens. 


142  CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 

tuilinern,  postulabat,  si  quid  de  se  agi  vellent,  potius 
d<>  prsesente  quaestio  haberetur,  quam  absens  invidise 
crirnine  accusaretur.  Iniraiei  vero  ejus  quiescendurn 
in  praesenti,  quia  noceri  non  posse  intelligebant,  et  illud 
5  tempus  exspectandum  decreverunt,  quo  exisset,  ut  ab- 
sentem  aggrederentur ;  itaque  fecerunt.  Nam  post- 
quam  in  Siciliam  eum  pervenisse  crediderunt,  absen- 
tem,  quod  sacra  violasset,  re  urn  fecerunt.  Qua  de  re 
quum  ei  nuntius  a'magistratu  in  Siciliam  missus  esset, 

10  ut  domum  ad  causam  dicendam  rediret,  essetque  in 
magna  spe  provinciae  bene  administrandae ;  non  parere 
noluit,  et  in  trierem,  quas  ad  eum  deportandum  erat 
niissa,  ascendit.  Hac  Thurios  in  Italiam  pervectus, 
multa  secum  reputans  de  immoderata  civium  suorum 

15  licentia  crudelitateque  erga  nobiles,  utilissimum  ratus, 
impendentem  evitare  tempestatem,  clam  se  ab  custo- 
dibus  subduxit,  et  inde  primum  Elidem,  dein  Thebas 
venit.  Postquam  autem  se  eapitis  damnatum,  bonis 

2.  haberetur"]     For   the    omis-        11.  non pirere]     'D-sobey.' 
sion  of  ut,  see  H.  493,  2.  12.  trierem}    A  Greek  word  for 

i/ividifs  crimine]     *  On  an  invid-  triremem. 
ious  charge.'  13.  Uac]     Refers  to  trierem. 

3.  quteicenddi*]     Sc.  esse  sibi.        Thurios}    A  city  founded,  B.  C. 
H.  301,  2,  and  388.  443,  by  a  colony  of  Athenians, 

4.  noceri}    Sc.  ei.    For  this  im-  near  the  ruins  of  Sybaris. 
personal  construction,  cf.  Justin,        15.  ergo}    In  classical  language 
I.  ch.  I.  line  2,  p.  55.  is  seldom  used  in  a  hostile  sense. 

8.  sacra]     Refers  to  mysteria,        utilissimum}     Predicate  adjec- 
in  ch.  III.  line  12,  p.  141.  '  tive.    H.  373,  2. 

reum  fecerunt}      'Accused;'   a  17.  Elidem}    The  capitil  of  the 

juridical  expression.  country  of  the  same  name ;  if  the 

9.  a  majistratu}    'By  the  gov-  latter  had  been  meant,  it  would 
eminent.'  have  been  in  Elidem. 

10.  ad  causam  dicendam}     'To        18.  bonis  pubUcatis}     We  occa- 
plead  his  cause ; '   cf.  reum  fece-    sionally   find    ablatives    absolute 
runt,  above.  formed  with  the  perfect  participle, 

essetque — administrandce}  '  And  to  express  a  circumstance  which 
cherished  strong  hopes  of  con-  does  not  precede,  but  accompanies 
ducting  his  command  success-  or  follows,  the  main  action.  Mad- 
fully.'  vig,  431,  Obs.  2. 


ALCIBIADES.  143 

publicatis,  audivit,  et,  id  quod  usu  venerat,  Eumolpidas 
sacerdotes  a  populo  coactos,  ut  se  devoverent,  ej usque 
devotionis,  quo  testatior  esset  memoria,  exemplum,  in 
pilfi  lapidea  incisum,  esse  positum  in  publico,  Lacedae- 
monein  demigravit.  Ibi,  ut  ipse  praedicare  consueverat,  5 
lion  ad  versus  patriam,  sed  inimicos  suos  bellum  gessit, 
quod  iidem  hostes  essent  civitati.  Nam  quum  intelli- 
gerent,  se  plurimum  prodesse  posse  reipublicaB,  ex  ea 
ejecisse  plusque  iraa  suse,  quam  utilitati  communi  paru- 
isse.  Itaque  hujus  consilio  Laeedremonii  cum  Perse  10 
rege  amicitiam  fecerunt ;  dein  Decellam  in  Attica  rnu- 
nierunt,  pra3sidioque  ibi  perpetuo  posito  in  obsidione 
Atbenas  tenuerunt.  Ejusdem  opera  loniara  a  societate 
averterunt  Atheniensiura.  Quo  facto  multo  superiores 
bello  esse  coeperunt.  15 

V.     Neque  vero  his  rebus  tarn  amici  Alcibifidi  sunt 
facti,  quam  timore  ab  eo  alienati.     Nam  quum  acerrimi 

1.  et  —  venerat]     'And,  as  had  8.  sc]    i.  e.,  Alcibiadem. 
actually  happened,  that ; '  id  quod  ex  ea  ejecisse']     '  They  had  ban- 
relates   to   the    entire    statement  ished  him.'     Supply  subject  and 
which  follows  ;  usu  is  an  ablative  object  from  the  context. 

of  cause.  \\.rege]  Darius Nothus reigned 

Eumolpidas]    The  Eumolpidae  from  B.  C.  424  to  B.  C.  405. 

were  an  ancient  priestly  family,  Deceliam]    This  was  a  village 

descended     from    Eumolpus,     a  about  fifteen  miles  north  of  Ath- 

Thracian,  who  is  said,  as  priest  ens,  on  the  road  to  Euboea,  whence- 

of   Ceres,  to   have   founded   the  the  Athenians  obtained  many  of 

Eleusinian  mysteries.    By  virtue  their  supplies, 

of  their  office,  it  would  be  their  12.  in  obsidione}    '  In  a  state  of 

duty  to  take  cognizance  of  the  siege.' 
crime  of  Alcibiades. 

2.  se]    Refers  to  Alcibiades,  the  V.    Alcibiades,  suspected  by 
leading  subject.  trie  Spartans,  flees  to  the  Per- 

3.  testatior]    <  Better  attested.'  sians,  in  the  year   B.  C.  411, 

4.  lapidea]   An  adjective  of  ma-  but  is  afterwards  reinstated  in 
terial  (H.  324) ;  -eus  answering  to  command  by  the  Athenians, 
the  English  -en,  as  in  golden,  oak-  16.  Neque  vero]    So  also  we  find 
en,  etc.  regularly  neque  tamen  for  non  ta- 

7-  inteHigerent]    Subjunctive  of     men,  and  usually  neque  enim,  ne- 
concession.    H.  515,  I.  que  igitur. 


144  CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 

viri  prasstantem  pruclentiam  in  omnibus  rebus  cogno- 
scerent,  pertimuerunt,  ne  caritate  patriae  ductus  ali- 
quando  ab  ipsis  descisceret,  et  cum  suis  in  gratiam 
rediret.  Itaque  tempus  ejus  interficiundi  quaerere  in- 
Sstituerunt.  Id  Alcibiades  diutius  celari  non  potuit: 
erat  enira  ea  sagacitate,  ut  decipi  non  posset,  praesertim 
quum  animum  attendisset  ad  cavendum.  Itaque  ad 
Tissaphemem,  praefectum  regis  Darii,  se  contulit.  Cu- 
jus  quum  in  intimam  amicitiam  pervenisset,  et  Athe- 

10  niensium,  male  gestis  in  Sicilia  rebus,  opes  senescere, 

contra  Lacedaemoniorum  crescere  videret:  initio  cum 

Pisandro  praetore,  qui  apud  Samum  exercitum  habebat, 

per  internuntios  colloquitur,  et  de  reditu  suo  facit  men- 

N  tionem.      Erat    enim    eodern,   quo   Alcibiades,   sensu, 

15  populi  potentiaa  non  amicus,  et  optimatium  fautor. 
Ab  hoc  destitutus  primum  per  Thrasybulum,  Lyci 
filium,  ab  exercitu  recipitur,  praetorque  fit  apud  Sa- 

2.  pertimuerunt]   *  Feared  great-    oases,   the    Latin   lias   no  word. 
ly ; '  cf.  perterreo,  permag?ius,  in    Z.  767. 

which  likewise  per  heightens  the  12.   Pisandro]      This  Pisander 

signification.  was  one  of  the  chiefs  of  the  oli- 

3.  cum  —  rediret]    'Should  be-  garchical  faction  in  the  Athenian 
come  reconciled  to  his  country-  army.    Androcles,  the  leader  of 
men.'  the  popular  party  at  this  time,  was 

4.  interficiundi]     For  inter/id-  an  enemy  of  Alcibiades. 

endi.     H.  238.  Samum]    Was  principally  cele- 

5.  Id]    Accusative  after  celari.    brated  as  the  birthplace  of  Pytha- 
H.  374,  1  and  1).  goras. 

cetari]     *  Be  kept  ignorant  of.'          14.  ecdem,  quo]   *  Of  the  same  — 

6.  sagacitate']     'Acuteness ; '  the    as.'    H.  451,  5. 

word  properly  denotes  keenness  15.  optimatium]  The  more  usual 

of  the  senses,  especially  of  smell-  genitive  plural  of  optimates.    H. 

ing.  89,  o. 

8.  Tissaphernem]  He  was  sa-  16.  per]  l  Through  the  medin- 
trap  of  Lydia  and  Cam,  and  the  tion  of.'  The  person  here  is  re- 
enemy  of  Cyrus  the  You'.iircr.  garded  rather  as  the  means  than 

11.    Lacedamoniorum]       4  Tliat  as  the  agent.     H.  414,  c,  1). 

(i.  e.,  the  power)  of  the  Laceda3-  Tlirasybuhmi}       An     energetic 

monians.'    For  '  that,'  as  the  rep-  and  enterprising  leader,  who  after- 

resentative   of  a   noun    in   such  wards,  as  the  champion  of  the 


ALCIBIADES.  145 

mum;  post,  suffragante  Theramene,  populiscito  resti- 
tuitur,  parique  absens  iniperio  praeficitur  simul  cum 
Thrasybulo  et  Theramene.  Horum  in  imperio  trnita 
commutatio  rerum  facta  est,  ut  Lacedaemonii,  qui 
paullo  ante  victores  viguerant,  perterriti  paceni  pete-  5 
rent.  Victi  enim  erant  quinque  prceliis  terrestribus, 
tribus  navalibus,  in  quibus  ducentas  naves  triremes 
amiserant,  quae  captae  in  hostium  venerant  potestatem. 
Alcibitides  simul  cum  collegis  receperat  loniam,  Helle- 
spontum,  multas  praeterea  urbes  Graecas,  quae  in  ora  10 
sitas  sunt  Thraciae,  quarum  expugnarant  complures,  in 
iis  Byzantium;  neque  minus  multas  consilio  ad  amici- 
tiam  adjunxerant,  quod  in  captos  dementia  fuerant  usi. 
Ita  praedfi  onusti,  locupletato  exercitu,  maximis  rebus 
gestis,  Athenas  venerunt.  15 

VI.  His  quum  obviarn  universa  civitas  in  Piraenm 
descendisset,  tanta  fuit  omnium  exspectatio  visendi 
Alcibiadis,  ut  ad  ejus  trireme  m.  vulgus  conflneret, 
proinde  ac  si  solus  advenisset.  Sic  enim  populo  erat 

popular  party,  overthrew  the  oli-  14.  lorupletato —  gestis]     Et  is 

garchy  at  Athens.  generally  omitted    Ijetween    two 

1.  suffragante  Th era mene]  'With  ablatives  absolute, 
the  cooperation  of  TherumSnes.' 

Theramenes  was  one  of  the  Tiiirty  VI.  Alcibiades  is  received  at 

Tyrants.     He  possessed  superior  Athens  with  great  enthusiasm, 

abilities,   but  was    so   inconstant  and  tno  curse  of  the  Eumolpi- 

and  time-serving  that  he  became  d89  is  removed.    B.  C.  408. 

unpopular  with  both  parties,  and  16.  Pireeum]    Cf.  Themistdcles, 

was    finally    seized,    and   put   to  ch.  VI.  line  10.    The  Pirseus  is 

death  by  poison,  at  the  order  of  about  five  miles  south-west  from 

Crifias,  the  chief  of  the  Thirty.  Athens. 

2.  par i  —  imperio]   '  With  equal  17.  omnium']      Subjective  geni- 
auth:>r!ty.'  tive. 

s'mitl  citm]     '  Together  with  ;'  visendi]    Visere,  a  frequentative 

not  temporal  here.  from  video,  has  often  rather  an 

9.   Hellespontum]     i.  e.,  the  re-  intensive  force.     H.  332,  2,  2). 

gion  bordering  on  the  Hellespont.  19.  Sic — persuasum]     'For  the 

12.  neque  —  multas]    'And  quite  people  had  become  convinced  of 

as  many.'  this ; '  populo  is  the  dative  of  ad- 

consilio]    '  By  their  policy.'  vantage.    H.  385. 
10 


146  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

persuasum,  et  adversas  superiores,  et  prsesentes  secun- 
das  res  accidisse  ejus  opera.  Itaque  et  Siciliae  amis- 
sum,  et  Lacedaemoniorum.  victorias  culpae  SUSB  tribue- 
bant,  quod  talem  virum  e  civitate  expulissent.  Neque 
5  id  sine  causa  arbitrari  videbantur.  Nam  postquam 
cxercitui  praesse  coeperat,  neque  terra,  neque  mari 
hostes  pares  esse  potuerant.  Hie  ut  e  navi  egressus 
est,  quamquam  Theramenes  et  Thrasybulus  iisdem 
rebus  praefuerant,  simulque  venerant  in  Piraeum,  taraen 

lOunura  omnes  ilium  prosequebantur ;  et,  id  quod  nuin- 
quam  autea  usu  venerat,  nisi  Olympiaa  victoribus,  coro- 
nis  laureis  taeniisque  vul^o  donabatur.  Ille  lacrimans 
talem  benevolentiam  civiurn  suorum  accipiebat;  rerni- 
nisci  pristini  temporis  acerbitatem.  Postquam  in  astu 

15  venit,  contione  advocata  sic  verba  fecit,  ut  nemo  tarn 
ferns  fuerit,  quin  ejus  casu  illacrimarit,  inimicumque  iis 
se  ostenderit,  quorum  opera  patria  pulsus  fuerat,  pro- 
inde  ac  si  all  us  populns,  non  ille  ipse,  qui  turn  flebat, 
enm  sacrile<rii  damn  as  set.  Restituta  ergo  huic  sunt 

o  o 

20  publice  bona;  iidemque  illi  Eumolpldae  sacerdotes 
rursus  resacrare  sunt  coacti,  qui  eum  devoverant ;  pilae- 
que  illae,  in  quibus  devotio  fuerat  scripta,  in  mare 
praecipitatas. 

2.  amissum]     Occurs  nowhere        13.  remmisct]  . Historical  infini- 

else  as  a  noun.  tive  for  the  historical  present,  or 

6.  ca>pera£]     The  pluperfect  is  imperfect  indicative.     H.  545,  1. 
used  on  account  of  the  pluperfect        16.  casu]    An  old  dative.      H. 

potuerat,  in  the  leading  clause.  116,  4,  3). 

11.  lictnribus]   i.  c.,  on  their  re-        illacrimarit']       Subjunctive    of 
I'.irn    home  ;    but   they   received  result  after  qmnt  in  the  sense  of 
also,  at  Olympia,  chaplets  of  wild  ut  non.     H.  498. 

olive  leaves.     "  The    re-entry  of  17.  proinde  ac  si]     Is  less.com- 

AlcibiAdes  was  not  merely  unos-  mon  than  perinde  a?  si. 

tentations,   but  even    mistrustful  21.  resicrare]    f  To  release  from 

and  apprehensive."     He  had  been  the  curse.' 

in  exile  from  B.  C.  415  t->  B.  C.  407.  pil&rjue  Wai]    Refers  to  p.  143, 

12.  tcBniis]    These  sei*ved  as  or-  line  4,  where,  however,  only  one 
naments  to  the  chaplets.  pila  is  mentioned.    H.  450. 


ALCIBIADES.  147 

VII.  Hsec  Alcibiadl  laetitia  non  nimis  fuit  diuturna. 
Nam  quum  ei  omnes  essent  honores  decreti,  totaque 
respublica  domi  bellique  tradita,  ut  unius  arbitrio  gere- 
retur;  et  ipse  postulasset,  ut  duo  sibi  college  darentur, 
Thrasybiilus  et  Adimantus,  neque  id  negatum  esset:  5 
classe  in  Asiam  profectus,  quod  apud  Cymen  minus 
ex  sententia  rem  gesserat,  in  invidiam  recidit.  Nihil 
enim  eum  non  efficere  posse  ducebant.  Ex  quo  fiebat, 
ut  omnia  minus  prospere  gesta  culpae  tribuerent,  quum 
eum  aut  negligenter,  aut  malitiose  fecisse  loquerentur:  10 
sicut  turn  accidit.  Nam,  corruptum  a  rege  eapere  Cy- 
men noluisse,  arguebant.  Itaque  huic  maxime  puta- 
rnus  malo  fuisse  nimiam  opinionern  ingenii  atque  virtu- 
tis.  Timebatur  enim  non  minus,  quam  diligebatur,  ne, 
secunda  fortuna  magnisque  opibus  elatus,  tyrannidem  15 
concnpisceret.  Qtiibus  rebus  factum  est,  ut  absent! 
magistratum  abrogarent,  et  aliiim  in  ejus  locum  substi- 
tuerent.  Id  ille  ut  audivit,  domum  reverti  noluit,  et  se 
Pactyen  contulit,  ibique  tria  castella  communiit,  Bor- 
nos,  Bisanthen,  Neontlchos;  manuque  collecta  primus  20 
civitatis  in  Thraciam  introiit,  gloriosius  existi- 


VII.    Alcibiades  is  removed  11.    corruptum]      *  Because  lie 

from  his  command,  and  retires  had  been  bribed.'    H.  578,  II. 

to  Thrace,  in  the  year   B.  C.  12.  huic  — malo]    Two  datives. 

407'  H.  390. 

1.  non  —  diuturna]    'Was  none  13.  opinionem  —  virtutis]    'The 

too  lasting.'  opinion  which  they  (i.  e.,  the  Athe- 

7.  ex  sententia]   l  To  their  mind,'  man's)  had  of  his  ability  and  val- 

i.  e.,  of  the  Athenians.  or.'    Ingenii  and  virtutis  are  ob- 

Nihil  —  dttzebant]      '  For  there  jective  genitives.     H.  396,  II. 

was  nothing  that  they  thought  he  1C.  absenti]     Sc.  ei,  dative   of 

could  not  do;'  '  they  thought  he  disadvantage, 

could  do  everything.'    Non  after  20.  yeontichos]    A  Greek  word, 

a  general   negative    gives  it  the  equivalent  to  Newcastle. 

force  of  a  general  affirmative :    H.  collecta  —  civitatis']     *  And  was 

58-5,  1.  the  first  man  of  a  Greek  state  that 

10.  malitiose']     '  With  evil   in-  assembled,'  etc. 

tent.'  i.  <?.,  with  traitorous  designs.  21.  in  Thraciam]    The  interior 


148  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

mans,  barbarorum  praeda  locupletari,  quam  Grajorum. 
Qua  ex  re  creverat  quura  fama,  turn  opibus,  magnain- 
que  amicitiani  sibi  cum  quibusclam,  regibus  ThraciaB 
pepererat. 

5  VIII.  Neque  tamen  a  caritate  patrise  potuit  rece- 
dere.  Nam  quum  apud  ^Egos  flumen  Philocles,  prae- 
tor Atheniensium,  classem  constittiisset  suain,  neque 
longe  abesset  Lysander,  praetor  Lacedaemoniorum,  qui 
in  eo  erat  occupatus,  ut  belluin  quam  diutissime  duce- 

10  ret,  quod  ipsis  pecunia  a  rege  suppeditabatur,  contra 
Atheniensibus  exhaustis  p raster  arma  et  naves  nihil 
erat  super:  Alcibiades  ad  exercitum  venit  Athenien- 
sium, ibique  praesente  vulgo  agere  coepit;  si  vellent, 
se  coacturum  Lysandrum  dimicare,  aut  pacem  petere 

15  spondet ;  Lacedasmonios  eo  nolle  classe  confligere  quod 
pedestribus  copiis  plus,  quam  navibus,  valerent;  sibi 
autem  esse  facile  Seuthen,  regem  Thracum,  adducere, 
ut  eos  terra  depelleret ;  quo  facto  necessario  aut  classe 
conflicturum,  aut  bellum  compositurum.  Id  etsi  vere 

20  dictum  Philocles  animadvertebat,  tamen  postulata  fa- 
cere  noluit,  quod  sentiebat,  se,  Alcibiade  recepto,  nul- 

must  have  been  intended,  as  there  writers  translate  only  the  limited 

bad  long  before  this  been  Greek  noun,  retaining  the  Greek  geni- 

colonies  on  the  coast.  tive. 

Phildcles]  There  were  five  other 

VIII.  In  his  exile  Alcibiades  Athenian  commanders,  but  Phi- 
remains  devoted  to  his  coun-  locies  was  acting  general  the  day 
try,  but  his  counsels  are  disre-  of  the  battle.  He  was  taken  pris- 
garded.  oner,  and  shortly  afterwards  put 

5.  Xeque  tameri\    Cf.  neque  vero,  to  death. 

ch.  V.  line  16.  9.    in    eo  —  lit]      *  Was    intent 

6.  Nam  quum\    The  conclusion    upon.' 

begins  at  line  12.  12.  erat  super']    Unusual  for  su- 

SEgos  flumeii]     Called  from  the  percrat ;    a  case  of  hyperbaton. 

Greek  JEyospotami,  i.  c.,  'Goat's  H.  704,  IV. 

River.'    It  was  a  small  stream  in  13.  prcesente   vulgo]      '  In   the 

the  Thracian  Chersonese,  directly  presence  of  the  soldiery  ;'  proba- 

opposite  to  Lampsacus,  about  two  bly  in  order  to  gain  their  support, 

m.ies    from   Sesto^.     The   Latin  agere]    'To  declare.' 


ALCIBIADES.  149 

lius  moment!  apud  exercitum  futurum,  et,  si  quid  se- 
cundi  e-venisset,  nullam  in  ea  re  suam  partem  fore; 
contra  ea,  si  quid  adversi  accidisset,  se  untim  ejus 
delicti  futurum  reum.  Ab  hoc  discedens  Alcibiades, 
"quoniam,"  inquit,  "victoria  patriaB  repugnas,  illud  mo-  5 
neo,  juxta  hostem  castra  habeas  nautica;  periculum  est 
enim,  ne  imrnodestia  militurn  vestrormn  occasio  detnr 
Lysandro  vestri  oppritnendi  exercitus."  Neque  ea  res 
ilium  fefellit.  Nam  Lysander,  quum  per  speculatores 
comperisset,  vulgum  Atheniensium  in  terrain  praeda- 10 
turn  exisse,  navesque  paene  inanes  relictas,  tern  pus 
rei  gerendaB  non  dimisit,  eoque  impetu  belluin  totum 
delevit. 

IX.     At  Alcibiades,  victis  Atheniensibus  non  satis 
tuta  eadem  loca  sibi  arbitrans,  penitus  in  Thraciam  se  15 
supra  Propontidem  abdidit,  sperans,  ibi  facillime  suam 
fortunam   occuli    posse.     Falso.     Nam  Thraces,  post- 
quam  eum  cum  magna  pecunia  venisse  senserunt,  insi- 
dias    fecerunt;    qui    ea,   qua3    apportarat,    abstulerunt, 
ipsum   capere    non    potuerunt.      Ille   cernens,   nullum  20 
locum  sibi  tut  urn  in  GraBoia  propter  potentiam  Lfice- 
daemonioram,    ad    Pharnabazum    in    Asiam    transiit ; 

4.  futurum  reum}     *  Would  be        vestrorwri]    Alcibiades  now  in- 
held  accountable. '  eludes  the  other  commanders  in 

5.  illud  moneo]   *  I  give  you  this    his  remarks. 

warning;'  the  accusative  for  the  11.    tempus  —  gerendce]       'The 

genitive.    H.  410,  3,  1).  chance  to  strike  a  blow.' 

6.  castra  —  nautica]     'A  naval  13.  delemf]     *  Put  an  end  to.' 
camp.'    The  ships  of  the  ancients 

were  drawn    ashore,  and  some-  IX.  Alcibiades  leaves  Thrace, 

times  protected  by  works,  while  and,  crossing  over  to  Asia,  tries 

the  men  pitched  their  tents  around  to  win  the  Persian  king  as  an 

them ;  in  the  present  instance  it  a11^  to  the  Athenian*. 

seems  to  mean  the  place  where  15.  penitus  —  se  —  abdidit"]    *Re- 

the  ships  were  moored.    Habeas  tired  into  the  interior.' 

is    in   the    subjunctive    after   ut  17.  fortunam}    '  His  condition/ 

omitted.    H,  4^3,2.  Falso]      'In    vain.'      Sc.   spe- 

7.  ne]    Is  dependent  upon  per-  ravit. 

iculum.    H.  493,  3.  22.  Pharnabazum}    The  satrap 


150 


CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 


quern  quidera  adeo  sua  cepit  humanitate,  ut  eum  nemo 
in  amicitia  antecederet.  Namque  ei  Grynium  dederat 
in  Phrygia  castrum,  ex  quo  quinquagena  talenta  vecti- 
galis  capiebat.  Qua  fortuna  Alcibiades  non  erat  con- 
5  tentus,  neque  Athenas  victas  Lacedaemoniis  servire 
poterat  pati.  Itaque  ad  patriam  liberandam  orani  fe- 
rebatur  cogitatione.  Sed  videbat,  id  sine  rege  Perse 
non  posse  fieri;  ideoque  eum  amicura  sibi  cupiebat 
adjungi;  neque  dubitabat,  facile  se  consecuturum,  si 

10  modo  ejus  conveniundi  habuisset  potestatem.  Nam 
Cyrum  fratrem  ei  bellum  clam  parare,  Laceda3moniis 
acljuvantibus,  sciebat ;  id  si  aperuisset,  magnam  se 
initufum  gratiam  videbat. 

X.     Hoc  quum  moliretur,  peteretque  a  Pharnabazo, 

15  ut  ad  regem  mitteretur,  eodem  tempore  Critias  ceteri- 


of  the  Persian  provinces  near  the 
Hellespont. 

1.  cepit  humanitate]    '  Charmed 
by  his  culture.' 

2.  in  amicitia]    i.  e.,  in  Phar- 
nabazus's. 

Grynium]  "Was  a  small  for- 
tress in  the  south-west  of  Mysla. 
Though  thus  situated,  it  belonged 
to  the  satrapy  of  Phurnabazus, 
for  which  Phrygia  seems  to  have 
been  the  general  term. 

3.  castruni]     Is  seldom   found 
except  in  connection  with  names 
of  places ;  as  Castrum  Inui,  Cas- 
trum Novum,  etc. ;  otherwise  cas- 
telium. 

quinquagena']  i.  e.,  annually, 
as  the  distributive  shows. 

6.  omni  —  cogitutione]     Trans- 
late '  all  his  thoughts  were  turned/ 

7.  rege  Perse]   Artaxerxes  Mne- 
mon,  who  reigned  from  B.  C.  405 
to  B.  C.  359. 

10.  ej'ua  conveniwidi  potestatem] 


1  An  opportunity  of  meeting  him.* 
11.  Cyrum]  Cyrus  the  Younger, 
who,  having  assembled  an  army 
of  10,000  Greeks  and  100,000  Per- 
sians, rebelled  against  his  brother, 
B.  C.  401,  and  fell  at  Cnnaxa, 
near  the  Euphrates,  the  same 
year. 

X.  Pharnabazus,  instigated 
by  the  Thirty  Tyrants  at  Ath- 
ens, causes  Alcibiades  to  be 
assassinated  in  the  year  B.  C. 
404. 

15.  Critias]  A  man  of  high 
rank,  large  wealth,  and  eminent 
abilities,  who,  as  a  poet,  orator, 
and  historical  writer,  is  mentioned 
with  praise.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Socrates  and  an  uncle  of  Plato. 
As  chief  of  the  Thirty  Tyrants,  he 
displayed  such  a  lust  of  power, 
such  malignity  and  atrocity,  that 
he  brought  ruin  on  himself  and 
his  party. 


ALCIBIADES.  151 

que  tyranni  Atheniensium  certos  homines  ad  Lysan- 
drum  in  Asiam  miserant,  qui  eum  certiorem  facerent, 
nisi  Alcibiadem  sustulisset,  nihil  earum  rerinn  fore 
ratum,  quas  ipse  Athenis  constituisset ;  quare,  si  suas 
res  gestas  man  ere  vellet,  ilium  persequeretur.  His  Laco  5 
rebus  commotus  statuit  accuratius  sibi  agendum  cum 
Pharnabazo.  Huic  ergo  renuntiat,  qua3  regi  cum  Lace- 
daBmoniis  essent,  nisi  Alcibiadem  vivuin  aut  mortuum 
sibi  tradidisset.  Non  tulit  hunc  satrapes,  et  violaro 
clementiam,  quam  regis  opes  minui  maluit.  Itaque  mi- 10 
sit  Susamithren  et  Bagaeum  ad  Alcibifidem  interficien- 
dum,  quum  ille  esset  in  Phrygia,  iterque  ad  regem  com- 
pararet.  Missi  clam  vicinitati,  in  qua  turn  Alcibifides 
erat,  dant  negotium,  ut  eum  interficiant.  II li  quum 
ferro  aggredi  non  auderent,  noctu  ligna  contulerunt  15 
circa  casam  earn,  in  qua  quiescebat,  eaque  succende- 
runt,  ut  incendio  conficerent,  quern  manu  superari  posse 
diffidebant.  Ille  autem  ut  sonitu  flarnmaB  est  excitatus, 

1.    tyranni]   .  Who    had    been  find  satraps,  satrapis,  and  satra- 

placed  in    power  at  Athens,  by  pern,  but  the  other  forms  are  of 

Lysander,  on  the  overthrow  of  the  first  declension, 

the  democracy  at  the  close  of  the  10.  clementiam]    '  The  claims  of 

Peloponnesian  war.  humanity.' 

certos]  'Trustworthy ;' not* cer-  11.  Susamithreri]    The  uncle  of 

tain '  in  the  sense  of  quosdam.  Pharnabazus  ;     Bagaeus    was    a 

3.  nisi  —  sustulisset]    '  If  he  did  brother  of  the  satrap. 

not  make  away  with.'  13.  clam]    Belongs  to  dant. 

4.  ratum]     'Secure.'  14.  interjicianf]      Is  in  the  plu- 

5.  res   yestas    manere]  .    '  His    ral,  because  vicinitati  is  a  collec- 
measures  to  be  permanent.'  tive  noun.    H.  461. 

Laco]    i.  e.,  Lysander.  Illi]   i.  e.,  vicini,  implied  in  vi- 

7.  Huic— essent]    '  He  told  him,  cinitati. 

therefore,  that  he  disclaimed  the  17.  quern,  etc.]    « One  who  they 

alliance    of    the    king    with    the  did  not  believe  could,'  etc. 

Lacedemonians.'  18.  ut]    *  As  soon  as,'  like  post- 

9.  Non— satrapes]    <  The  satrap  quam,  ubi,  etc.,   is  in  narratives 

did    not   hold  out  against  him.'  generally  followed  by  the  liistori- 

Sat rapes  is  a  Persian  word,  which  cai  perfect. 

the  Latin  writers  sometimes  trans-  sonitu]  *  Crackling.'  Justin  says 

late  by  praetor  or  prafeclus.    We  he  was  burned  in  his  chamber. 


152  CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 

etsi  gladius  ei  erat  subductus,  familiaris  sui  subalare 
telum  eripuit.  Namque  erat  cum  eo  quidam  ex  Arca- 
dia hospes,  qni  numquam  disced  ere  voluerat.  Hunc 
sequi  se  jubet,  et  id,  quod  in  praesentia  vestimentorum 
5  fuit,  arripit.  His  in  ignem  ejectis,  flammae  vim  transiit. 
Quern  ut  barbari  incendium  effugisse  viderunt,  telis 
eminus  missis  interfecerunt,  caputque  ejus  ad  Pharna- 
bazurn  retulerunt.  At  mulier,  quae  cum  eo  vivere  con- 
suerat,  muliebri  sua  veste  contectum  aedilicii  incendio 

10  mortuum  cremavit,  quod  ad  vivum  interimendum  erat 
comparatum.  Sic  Alcibiades,  annos  circiter  quadra- 
ginta  natus,  diem  obiit  supremurn. 

XI.     Hunc  infamatum   a   plerisque   tres   gravissimi 
historic!  summis  laudibus  extulerunt :  Thucydides,  qui 

15  ejusdem  aetatis  fuit;  Theopompus,  qui  post  aliquanto 
natus,  et  Timaeus ;  qui  quidem  duo  maledicentissimi, 
neseio  quo  modo,  in  illo  uno  laudando  conspirant. 
Namque  ea,  quae  supra  scripsimus,  de  eo  praedicarunt, 
atque  hoc  amplius :  quum  Athenis,  splendidissima  civi- 

20  tate,  natus  esset,  omnes  splendore  ac  dignitate  supe- 
rasse  vitas ;  postquam  inde  expulsus  Thebas  venerit, 

1.  erat  subductus]    '  Had  been        13.  gramssimi}    '  Very  authori- 
secretly  withdrawn.'  tative.' 

subalare   telum]       '  Side-weap-  14.  summis — extulerunt]  "  Thn- 

on ; '  probably  a  dagger  that  could  cydides  extols  only  the  capacity 

be  worn  sub  ala,  'under  the  arm.'  and  warlike  enterprise  of  Alci- 

2.  cripuif]   i.  e.,  from  its  sheath,  biades.     His  picture  of  the  dis- 
5.  arripit]     *  Catches  up.'  positions  and  conduct  of  Alcibi- 
8.  mulier]    Her  name  was  Ti-  Sdes  is  the  reverse  of  eulogy." 

mnndra.  Grote,  vol.  vi.  p.  23. 

10.  cremavif]  The  Greeks  some-  15.  Theopompus]     "Was  born  at 
times  buried  their  dead  and  some-  Chios  about  B.  C.  380.    He  was  a 
times  burned  them.  considerable  orator  as  well  as  h'is- 

11.  (juadraginta~\    He  is  suppos-  torian,  but  of  his  works  only  a 
ed  to  have  been  at  least  forty-five  few  fragments  remain. 

years  old  at  the  time  of  his  death.        16.  et    Timmts]     Et    connects 

Theopompus' and  Timaens  as  to- 

-    XI.     Some    authors    blame,    gcther  opposed  to  Thucydides ;  it 
others  praise  Alcibiades.  forms  no  exception  to  the  rule 


ALCIBIADES.  153 

adeo  studiis  eorum  inservisse,  ut  nemo  eum  1  above  cor- 
porisque  viribus  posset  aequiparare  (omries  enira  Boeotii 
magis  firrnitati  corporis,  quani  ingenii  acumini  inservi- 
unt) ;  eundem  apud  LacedaB  monies,  quorum  moribus 
summa  virtus  in  patientia  ponebatur,  sic  duritiae  se  5 
dedisse,  ut  parsimonia  victus  atque  cultus  omnes  Lace- 
daamonios  vinceret ;  venisse  ad  Persas,  apud  quos  sum- 
ma  laus  esset  fortiter  venari,  luxuriose  vivere:  horum 
sic  imitatum  consuetudinem,  ut  illi  ipsi  eum  in  his 
maxime  admirarentur.  Quibus  rebus  effeeisse,  ut,  apud  10 
quoscumque  esset,  princeps  ponerctur,  habereturque 
carissimus.  Sed  satis  de  hoc;  reliquos  ordiaraur. 

stated  on  page  118.    Timseus  was        eorum']    i.  c.,  Thebanorum,  im- 

a  Sicilian,  who  died  B.  C.  256,  at  plied  in  Thebes. 
the  age  of  ninety-six  years.   Some        5.  patientia]     'Endurance.' 
fragments  only  of  his  work  are       6.  victus— cultus]    '  Of  diet  and 

extant.  manner  of  life.' 
1.  studiis]    «  Favorite  pursuits.'        12.  satis]    Sc.  scripsimus. 


154  COKNELIUS   NEFOS. 


EPAMINONDAS. 

I.  EPAMINONDAS,  Polymnidis  filius,  Thebanus.    De 
hoc  priusquam   scribitnus,  haec  praacipienda  videntur 
lectoribus,  ne  alienos  mores  ad  suos  referant ;  neve  ea, 
quaa  ipsis  leviora  sunt,  pari  mocto  apud  ceteros  fuisse 

5  arbitrentur.  Scimus  enim,  musicen  nostris  moribus 
abesse  a  principis  persona ;  saltare  vero  etiam  in  vitiis 
poni :  qua3  omnia  apud  Gra3cos  et  grata,  et  lande  digna 
ducuntur.  Quum  autera  exprimere  imaginem  consue- 
tudinis  atque  vitaB  velimus  Epaminondae,  nihil  videmur 

lOdebere  praetermittere,  quod  pertineat  ad  earn  declaran- 
dara.  Quare  dicemus  primura  de  genere  ejus ;  deinde, 
quibus  disciplinis  et  a  quibus  sit  eruditus ;  turn  de  mo- 
ribus ingeniique  facultatibus,  et  si  qua  alia  memoria 
digna  erunt ;  postremo  de  rebus  gestis,  quaa  a  plurimis 

15  animi  anteponuntur  virtutibus. 

II.  Natus   est   igitur   patre,   quo   diximus,   genere 

1.  Hemarks  of  the  author  on        8.    exprimere  imaginem]     '  To 
the  customs  of  the  Greeks,  and    draw  a  picture  ' 

a  statement  of  what  he  pur-  9>   videmur  debere^    «It  seems 

poses  to  treat.  that  we  ought.' 

2.  hac  —  videntur']     'The  fol-  10.  pertineat]     Subjunctive   of 
lowing  directions  seem  necessary  result. 

to  be  given.'  declarandam]     '  To  throw  light 

3.  ad  suos]    Sc.  mores,  i.  e.,  as    on>» 

a  standard  of  judgment.  {2.  quibus  disciplinis]  '  In  what 

4.  ipsis  leviora]    <  Rather  trivial    branches  of  learning.' 
in  their  sight.' 

6.    abesse  a]      f  Is  inconsistent  II.   The  youth  and  education 

with.'  of  Epaminondas. 

in  vitiis  poni]    '  Is  set  down  as  16.  igitur]    Here    a   transition 

a  fault.'    Cf.    Cicero,  pro  Mure-  particle,  resuming  the  interrupted 

na,  sec.  13,  nemo  fere  saltat  sobri-  narrative,  like  autem  in  ch.  IV. 

tis,  nisi  forte  insanit.    But  sacred  line  14. 

dances  were  customary  at  Rome.  diximus]    i.  e.,  eum  natum  esse. 


EPAMINONDAS.  155 

honesto,  pauper  jam  a  majoribus  relict  us ;  eruditus 
autem  sic,  ut  nemo  Thebanus  magis.  Nam  et  cithari- 
zare,  et  cantare  ad  chordarum  sonum  doctus  est  a 
Dionysio,  qui  non  rainore  fuit  in  musicis  gloria,  quam 
Damon  aut  Lamprus,  quorum  pervulgata  stint  nomina;  5 
cantare  tibiis  ab  Olympiodoro,  sal  tare  a  Calliphrone. 
At  philosophise  praBceptorem  habuit  Lysim,  Tarenti- 
num,  Pythagoreum ;  cui  quidem  sic  fuit  deditus,  ut 
adolescens  tristem  et  severum  senem  omnibus  aequali- 
bus  suis  in  familiaritate  anteposuerit ;  neque  prius  eum  10 
a  se  dimiserit,  quam  in  doctrinis  tanto  antecesserit 
condiscipulos,  ut  facile  intelligi  posset,  pari  modo  su- 
peraturum  omnes  in  ceteris  artibus.  Atque  ha3c  ad 
nostram  consuetudinem  sunt  levia,  et  potius  contem- 
nenda;  at  in  GraBCia  utique  olim  magnae  laudi  erant.  15 
Postquam  ephebus  est  factus  et  palaestrae  operam  dare 
coepit,  non  tam  magnitudini  virium  servivit,  quam  velo- 
citati.  Ill  am  enim  ad*  athletarum  usum,  hanc  ad  belli 
existimabat  utilitatem  pertinere.  Itaque  exercebatur 
plurimura  currendo  et  luctando  ad  eum  finem,  quoad  20 

1.  eruditus]     Sc.  est.     '  Was  so  pher,  who  lived  in  the  sixth  cen- 
well  educated.'  tury  B.  C. ;  he  spent  a  great  part 

2.  nemo\    Is  used  adjectively.  of  his  life  in  M-;gna  Grrccia. 
H.  457,  1.  13.  Atque]     '  Now  indeed.' 

citharizare]      Is  a  Greek  word  ad  —  consuetudinem]     'Accord- 
Latinized,  used  only  by  Nepos.  ing  to  our    customs.'    But  phil- 

5.  Damon]    He  and  Lamprus  osophical  studies  at  least  had  be- 
were  contemporaries  of  Pericles.  come  respectable  in  the  time  of 

6.  cantare  tibiis]     'To  play  on  Nepos. 

the  pipes.*    The  tibia  was  of  vari-  16.  palcestra:}  The  pnlcrstra  has 

ous    shapes    and   materials,   and  been  supposed  by  some  to  form  a 

was   the    most    common    of   the  part  i.f  the  gymnasium.   Running, 

musical    instruments  among  the  jumping,  throwing  quoits,  wres- 

Greeks  and  Romans.    When  the  tling,  and  boxing  were  the  priuci- 

performer  used  two  of  these  pipes  pal  athletic  exercises, 

at  the  same  time,   he  was   said  19.   exercebatur]     '  He  trained 

canere  or  cantare  tibiis.  himself.'  The  passive  is  here  used 

8.  Pythagoreum]       Pythagoras  in  a  reflexive  sense, 

was  a  celebrated  Greek  philoio-  20.  ad  eumjincm,  quoad]  '  Only 


CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 


stans  complecti   posset  atque  contcndere.      In  armis 
vero  plurimum  stndii  consumebat. 

III.  Ad  hanc  corporis  firmitatem  plura  etiam  ani- 
mi  bona  accesserant.  Erat  enim  modestus,  prudens, 
5  gravis,  temporibus  sapienter  utens,  peritus  belli,  fortis^ 
manu,  animo  maximo;  adeo  veritatis  diligens,  ut  ne 
joco  quidem  raentiretur.  Idem  continent,  clemens,  pa- 
tiensque  admirandum  in  modura,  non  solum  populi,  sed 
etiam  amicorum  ferens  injurias ;  in  primis  commissa 

10  celans,  quod  interdum  non  minus  prodest,  quam  diserte 
dicere ;  studiosus  audiendi :  ex  hoc  enim  facillime  disci 
arbitrabatur.  Itaque  quum  in  circulum  venisset,  in 
quo  aut  de  republica  disputaretur,  aut  de  philosophia 
sermo  haber,etur,  numquam  inde  prius  discessit,  quam 

15  ad  fineni  sermo  esset  adductus.      Paupertatem  adeo 


so  far  as.'  This  belongs  only  to 
lur.tando. 

1.  stans]  There  were  two  kinds 
of  wrestling:  in  one  the  antago- 
nists contended  while  standing, 
in  the  other  while  lying  on  the 
ground.  The  latter  method  was 
inconsistent  with  the  purpose  of 
Epaminondas,  as  he  desired  to  in- 
crease his  agility  for  the  purposes 
of  war,  and  not  to  become  a  fin- 
ished wrestler. 

posset}  Subjunctive  of  time, 
with  the  accessory  notion  of  pur- 
pose. H.  521. 

III.  The  mental  and  moral 
characteristics  of  Epaminon- 
das. 

4.  modestus']     'Unassuming.' 

5.  gravis}     *  Staid  ; '   as  denot- 
ing sobriety  of  character. 

temporibux}  '  Opportunities.'  Cf. 
Aldi.iades,  ch.  I.  line  12. 

6.  diligens]      A    participle    in 


many  cases  becomes  a  mere  ad- 
jective. This  occurs  when  the 
word,  having  lost  the  element  of 
time,  expresses  a  permanent  qual- 
ity or  condition;  whereas,  while 
it  retained  its  participial  significa- 
tion, it  expressed  simply  an  act 
or  state  of  its  verb.  Most  of  these 
words  admit  of  comparison,  and 
are  frequently  followed  by  the 
genitive.  H.  399,  2,  1). 

9.   in  primis  —  celans}     f  (And) 
especially  a  keeper  of  secrets.' 

11.  disci]  '  That  knowledge  was 
acquired ; '  an  infinitive  without  a 
subject,  which  is  contained  in  the 
verb  itself. 

12.  quurn]  'Whenever;'  repeated 
action  is  here  denoted.    H.  471,  3. 

13.  de    republica    disputaretur] 
'  There  was  a  discussion  of  politi- 
cal questions ; '  the  subjunctive  is 
one  of  result. 

de  philosophia]     '  About  a  phil- 
osophical subject.' 


EPAMINONDAS.  157 

facile  perpessus  est,  ut  de  republics  nihil  prater  g]o- 
riam  ceperit,  amicorum  in  se  tuendo  carueiit  facultati- 
bus :  fide  ad  alios  sublevandos  ssepe  sic  usus  est,  ut 
judicari  possit,  omnia  ei  cum  amicis  fuisse  communm. 
Nam.  quum  aut  civium  suorum  aliquis  ab  hostibus  esset  5 
captus,  aut  virgo  amici  nubilis  quaa  propter  pauperta- 
tem  collocari  non  posset,  amicorum  consilium  habebat, 
et,  quantum  quisque  daret,  pro  facultatibus  imperabat. 
Eamque  summain  quum  fecerat,  priusquam  acciperet 
pectmiam,  adducebat  eum,  qui  quaerebat,  ad  eos,  quilO 
conferebant,  eique  ut  ipsi  numerarent,  faciebat;  ut  ille, 
ad  quern  ea  res  perveniebat,  sciret,  quantum  cuique 
deberet. 

'IV.     Tentata  autein  ejus  est  abstinentia  a  Diome- 
donte,  Cyziceno.     Namque  is  rogatu  Artaxerxis  regis  15 
Epaminondam  pecunia  corrumpendum  susceperat.    Hie 
magno  cum  pondere  auri  Thebas  venit,  et  Micythum 
adolescentulum  quinque  talentis  ad  suam  perduxit  vo- 
luntatem,  qnem  turn  Epaminondas  plurimum  diligebat. 
Micythus  Epaminondam  convenit,  et  causam  adventus  20 
Diomedontis    ostendit.      At    ille    Diomedonti    coram, 

l.nihil—ceperif]    i.  e.,  for  his  11.  ipsi]    Is  the  nominative, 
services. 

2.  in  se  tuendo]     *  For  his  own  IV.    The  incorruptibility  of 
support.'  Epaminondas. 

caruerif]    '  Did  without.'  14.  autem]    Is  here  a  transition 

3.  fide]     Sc.  amicorum ;  their  particle,  which  may  be  omitted  in 
confidence  in  him  is  meant.  translating. 

4.  possif]    The  present  brings  15.  Artaxerxis]    i.  e.,   Mnemo- 
the  possibility  down  to  the  times  nis,    who    wished    to    counteract 
of  the  author.  Spartan  influence  by  securing  the 

6.  virgo]    l  Maiden  daughter ;  *  friendship  of  the  Thebans. 

supply  esset.  17.  pondere]     The  sum  is  said 

paupertatem]     '  Narrowness  of  to  have  been  30,000  darics  —  about 

means,'  requiring  the  practice  of  $160,000. 

economy;     inopia    and     egestas,  21.  DiomSdonti]     Dative    after 

galling  poverty,  involving  suffer-  inquit. 

ing.  coram}    '  To  his  face.1 


158  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

"  Nihil,"  inquit,  "  opus  pecunia  est.  Nam  si  ea  rex  vult, 
quae  Thebanis  sunt  utilia,  gratis  facere  sum  paratus; 
sin  autem  contraria,  non  habet  auri  atque  argenti  satis. 
Namque  orbis  terrarum  divitias  accipere  nolo  pro  pa- 
Striaa  caritate.  Tu  quod  me  incogniturn  tentasti,  tuique 
similem  existimasti,  non  miror,  tibique  ignosco;.  sed 
egredere  propere,  ne  alios  corrumpas,  quura  me  non 
potueris.  Et  tu,  Micythe,  argent um  huic  redde,  aut 
nisi  id  confestim  facis,  ego  te  tradarn  magistratui." 

10  Hunc  Diomedon  quum  rogaret,  ut  tuto  exiret,  suaque, 
quae  attulerat,  liceret  efferre:  "Istud  quidem,"  inquit, 
"  faciam ;  neque  tua  causa,  sed  mea,  ne,  si  tibi  sit  pecunia 
adempta,  aliquis  dicat,  id  ad  me  ereptum  pervenisse, 
quod  delatum  accipere  noluissem."  A  quo  quum  quaa- 

15  sisset,  quo  se  deduci  vellet,  et  ille  Athenas  dixisset ; 
presidium  dedit,  ut  tuto  perveniret.  Neque  vero  id 
satis  habuit,  sed  etiam,  ut  inviolatus  in  navem  ascen- 
deret,  per  Chabriam  Atbeniensem,  de  quo  supra  men- 
tionem  fecimus,  efFecit.  Abstinentiae  erit  hoc  satis  te- 

1.  Nihil]  Fornon, is  often  used        magistratui]    '  To  the  govern- 
with  verbs,  rarely  with  adjectives,    mcnt.' 

pecunia]    May  be  either  nom-  11.  Istud.]    Is  the  regular  de- 

inative  or  ablative.     H.  419,  V.  monstrative  of  the  second  person, 

and  3,  2).  H.    450. 

2.  gratis]     A  contracted  abla-  12.  tibi\     Dative  of  disadvan- 
tive  plural,  from  gratia,  used  ad-  tage. 

verbi.illy.  13.  ereptum]     *  By  seizure.' 

facere']     Follows    paratus.     H.  15.  Athenas']  Sc.  se  velle  deduci, 

552,  3.  and  the  whole  is  the  object  of 

5.    tuique  similem]     Similis  is  dixisset. 

generally   followed  by  the  geni-  17.  satis]  Is  here  an  adjective. 

tive  when  an  internal  or  essential  See  below,  erit  satis. 

likeness  is  denoted.    H.  399,  3, 2).  18.  supra]  A  brief  sketch  of  the 

8.  potueris']    Subjunctive  of  con-  life  of  Chabrias  forms  a  part  of 
cession,  alter  quum.    H.  515,  I.  the  extant  works  of  Nepos.     He 

9.  ego]     The  nominative  of  the  died  in  the  year  B.  C.  357. 
personal  pronouns  of  the  first  and  19.  Abstinentia,  etc.]  Arrange  : 
second  persons  is  expressed  when  hoc  testimonium  abstinentice  erit 
they  are  emphatic  or  antithetic.  satis.    Cf.  Ariatides,  ch.  I.  line  6. 


EPAMINONDAS. 


159 


stimonium.     Plurima  quidem  prefer  re  possumus  ;    sed 
modus    adhibendus    est,    quoniam    uno    hoc   volumine 
vitam    excellentium   virorum   compluriurn    concludere 
constituimus,  quorum  separatirn  multis  milibus  versuum  t 
complures  scriptores  ante  nos  explicarunt.  5 

V.  Fuit  etiam  disertus,  ut  nemo  ei  Thebanus  par 
esset  eloquentia;  neque  minus  concinnus  in  brevitate 
respondendi,  quam  in  perpetua  oratione  ornatus.  Ha- 
buit  obtrectatorem  Meneclidem  quendam,  indidem 
Thebis,  et  adversarium  in  administranda  republica,  10 
satis  exercitatum  in  dicendo,  ut  Thebanum  scilicet : 
namque  illi  genti  plus  inest  viriurn,  quam  ingenii.  Is, 
quod  in  re  militari  florere  Epamiuondam  videbat,  hor- 
tari  solebat  Thebanos,  ut  pacem  beilo  anteferrent,  ne 
illius  imperatoris  opera  desideraretur.  Huic  ille,  15 
"  Fallis,"  inquit,  "  verbo  cives  tuos,  quod  hos  a  bello 
revocas ;  otii  enim  nomine  servitutem  concilias.  Nam 


1.  possumus]  Possemus  is  found 
in  some  texts.  The  indicative 
here  denotes  real,  unconditional 
ability. 

sed  modus  —  est]  (  But  a  limit 
must  be  set.' 

4.  quorum]     Sc.  vitam. 

versuum]  From  verto,  'turn,' 
from  the  turning  of  the  hand  or 
writing  instrument  to  a  new  line; 
we  should  say  *  pages,'  or  *  vol- 
umes,' in  the  modern  sense  — 
terms  inapplicable  to  the  long 
papyrus  or  parchment  rolls  (vo- 
lumina)  of  the  ancients.  Pliny 
speaks  of  pages  (pagince)  in  let- 
ters, which  were  often  written  on 
wax  tablets. 

V.  Epaminondas  shows  his 
adroitness  in  the  aptness  of 
his  replies. 

6.    disertus    ut]     The    adverbs 


ita,  sic,  tarn  are  often  omitted 
with  verbs  and  adjectives,  and  ut 
alone  is  equivalent  to  ita,  etc., — 
ut. 

10.  Thebis]    Ablative  of  source 
or  origin.     H.  425. 

11.  ut  Thebanum  scilicet]     t  For 
a  Theban,  you  understand.'    Sc. 
exercitatum   in   dicendo    esse    ex- 
spectari  poterat,  where  Thebanum 
exercitatum  esse  would  be  the  sub- 
ject of  poterat.     Ut  denotes  a  lim- 
itation by  the    comparison,   and 
scilicet  adds  the  notion  of  sarcasm. 

15.  imperatoris]      Is  appositive 
to  illius,   ( as  commander.'    The 
appositive  often  denotes  not  the 
character  of  the  person  or  thing 
generally,   but    only  during   the 
time  implied  in  the  sentence. 

16.  verbo]      «  The  word,'    i.  e., 
*  peace.'    Cf.  otii  nomine,  below. 

qubd  hos  —  revocas]    i  In  trying 


160  COENELIUS   NEPOS. 

paritur  pax  bello.  Itaque  qui  ea  diut'ina  volunt  frui, 
bello  exercitati  esse  clebent.  Quare  si  principes  GraBciae 
vultis  esse,  castris  est  vobis  utendum,  non  palaestrfi." 
Idem  ille  Meneclides  quum  huic  objiceret,  quod  liberos 
5  non  haberet,  neque  uxorem  duxisset ;  maximeque  inso- 
lentiam,  quod  sibi  Agamemnonis  belli  gloriam  videretur 
consecutus:  "at,"  ille,  "desine,"  inquit,  "Meneclida,  de 
uxore  mihi  exprobrare;  nam  nullius  in  ista  re  minus  uti 
consilio  volo."  (Habebat  enim  Meneclides  suspicionem 

10  adulterii.)  "  Quod  autem  me  Agamemnonem  aemulari 
putas,  falleris.  Namque  ille  cum  universa  GraBcia  vix 
decem  annis  unam  cepit  urbem ;  ego  contra  ea  una 
urbe  nostra  dieque  uno  totam  Graecram,  Lacedaamoniis 
fugatis,  liberavi." 

15  VI.  Idem  quum  in  conventum  venisset  Arcadum, 
petens,  ut  societatem  cum  Thebanis  et  Arglvis  face- 
rent  ;  contraque  Callistratus,  Atheniensium  legatus,  qui 
eloquentia  omnes  eo  praestabat  tempore,  postularet,  ut 
potius  amicitiam  sequerentur  Atticorum,  et  in  oratione 

20  sua  multa  invectus  esset  in  Thebanos  et  Arglvos,  in 

to  restrain.'  The  imperfect  here  VI.  The  eloquence  of  Epam- 
denotes  an  attempted  action.  H.  inondas,  in  opposition  to  Cal- 
469?  it  listratus,  B.  C.  370. 

3.  vultis]  The  The  bans  are  ad-  15.  quum  —  venisset]  The  con- 
dressed,  elusion  begins  with  huic  in  re- 

5.  neque  uxorem  duxissef]    Celi-  spondendo  Epaminondas,  below. 
bncy  was  regarded  as  inconsistent  17.  Callistratus]    A  celebrated 
with  patriotism  in  the  early  times  Athenian  orator,  whose  eloquence 
of  Greece  and  Rome.  excited  the  admiration  and  fired 

6.  sibi\    Dative  after  videretur.     the  ambition  of  Demosthenes.  In 
Agamemndnis— gloriam]    <Ag-    public  affairs  he  generally  sided 

amemnon's  glory  in  war.'  with  Sparta. 

10.  Qubd— putas]    ' As  to  your        18.  omnes]  Omnibus  is  the  more 
supposing.'  usual  construction. 

11.  falleris]  'You  deceive  your-        20.  multa]     The  neuter  accusa- 
self.'    H.  465,  1.  tive  of  a  pronoun  or  of  a  numeral 

13.  Lacedcemo?iiis  fugatis]  At  adjective  (unum,  multa,  pauca) 
the  battle  of  Leuctra,  in  the  year  sometimes  follows  a  verb  to  ex- 
B.  C.  371.  press  the  extent  of  the  action. 


EPAMINONDAS. 


181 


eisque  hoc  posuisset;  animadvertere  debere  Arcadas, 
quales  utraque  ci vitas  civis  procreasset,  ex  quibus  de 
ceteris  possent  judicare;  Arglvos  enim  fuisse  Orestem 
et  Alcmseonem,  matricidas ;  Thebis  CEdipum  natum, 
qui  qmim  patrem  suum  interfecisset,  ex  matre  liberos  5 
procreasse:  hie  in  respondendo  Epaminondas,  quurn 
de  ceteris  perorasset,  postquam  ad  ilia  duo  opprobria 
pervenit,  admirari  se  dixit  stultitiam  rhetoris  Attici, 
qui  non  animadverterit,  innocentes  illos  natos  domi, 
scelere  admisso,  quum  patria  essent  expulsi,  receptos  10 
esse  ab  Atheniensibus.  Sed  maxime  ejus  eloquentia 


2.  utraque]    Duo,  'two,'  in  op- 
position to  any  other  number,  is 
used  of  two  objects  hitherto  un- 
mentioned,  or  when  it  is  unknown 
that  only  two  exist.    When  two 
objects  already  spoken  of  are  to 
be  viewed  conjointly,  ambo  is  em- 
ployed ;  while  uterque  represents 
them    as   separated  in   space  or 
time. 

civis]     Accusative    plural.   Cf. 
Sardis,  page  112,  line  2. 

3.  Orestem}  He  killed  his  moth- 
er, Clytemnestra,  because  she  had 
murdered   his    father,   Agamem- 
non.   Alcmteon  slew  his  mother, 
Eriphyle,  for  having  betrayed  his 
father,  Amphiaraus. 

.  4.  matricidas]  An  objective 
compound ;  i.  e.,  one  in  which  one 
element  is  related  to  the  other  as 
a  grammatical  object. 

(Edipum]  He  was  a  son  of 
Lams,  king  of  Thebes,  and  lo- 
caste.  Having  been  exposed  on 
Mount  Cithaeron,  he  was  found 
by  a  Corinthian  shepherd,  and 
reared  by  the  king  of  Corinth. 
Having  reached  the  age  of  man- 
hood, though  ignorant  of  his  birth, 
11 


he  resolved  to  visit  Thebes.  On 
his  way  thither,  he  met  Lalus  on 
the  road  between  Delphi  and 
Daulis.  In  a  scuffle  provoked  by 
the  charioteer  of  the  king,  LaYus 
was  slain  by  his  son,  who  knew 
neither  the  rank  of  the  king,  nor 
his  relationship  to  him.  After- 
wards, having  destroyed  the 
Sphinx,  a  monster  which  was 
molesting  the  Thebans,  he  mar- 
ried his  mother,  locaste.  Some 
years  thereafter,  he  discovered 
his  origin,  and  the  crimes  he 
had  ignorantly  committed.  Filled 
with  grief  and  remorse,  he  ban- 
ished himself  from  Thebes,  and 
retired  to  Attica,  where  he  died 
in  a  grove  sacred  to  the  Furies, 
near  Colonus. 

5.  qui  quum]    Is  equivalent  to 
et  quum  is. 

6.  procreasse']     Supply  eum  as 
subject. 

7.  duo  opprobria]    i.  e.,  against 
the  Thebans  and  Argives. 

8.  rhetoris]    This  term  is  here 
used  contemptuously. 

9.  animadverterit}    Subjunctive 
of  cause  or  reason.    H.  517. 


162  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

eluxit  Spartas,  legati  ante  pugnam  Leuctricam.  Quo 
quum  omnium  sociorum  convenissent  legati,  coram  fre- 
quentissimo  legationum  conventu  sic  LacecloBmon id- 
rum  tyrannidem  coarguit,  ut  non  minus  ilia  oratione 
5  opes  eorum  concusserit,  quam  Leuctrica  pugnfi.  Turn 
enim  perfecit,  quod  post  apparuit,  ut  auxilio  Laceua3- 
monii  sociorum  privarentur. 

VII.    Fuisse  patientem  suorumque  injurias  ferentern 
civium,  quod  se  patriae  irasci  nefas  esse  duceret,  haac 

10  sunt  testimonia.  Quum  eum  propter  invidiam  cives 
sui  pra3ficere  exercitui  noluissent,  duxque  esset  delectus 
belli  imperitus,  cujus  errore  eo  esset  deducta  ilia  rnulti- 
tudo  militum,  ut  omnes  cle  salute  pertimescerent,  quod 
locorum  angustiis  clausi  ab  hostibus  obsidebantur :  de- 

15  siderari  coepta  est  Epaminonda3  diligentia;  erat  enim 
ibi  privatus  numero  militis.  A  quo  quum  peter ent 
opem,  nullam  adhibuit  memoriam  oontuineliaB,  et  exer- 
citum,  obsidione  liberatum,  domum  recluxit  incolumem. 
!N"ec  vero  hoc  semel  fecit,  sed  saBpius.  Maxirne  au- 

20  tem  fuit  illustre,  quum  Peloponnesum  exercitum  duxis- 
set  adversus  Laceda3monios,  baberetque  collegas  duos, 
quorum  alter  erat  Pelopidas,  vir  fortis  ac  strenuus. 
Hi  quum  criminibus  adversariorum  omnes  in  invidiam 

1.  legati]     '  When  he  was  am-  nondas.     H.  520,  II. 

bassador.'  12.  eo  —  deducta]     «  Had    been 

5.    Leuctrtca  pugna]     Leuctra  brought  to  that  pass.' 

was   a  village    in    the   south  of  16.  privatus  —  militis]       l  In    a 

Bceotia,    not    far    from    Plateea;  private    capacity,    as  a  common 

Cleombrotus,  the  Spartan   king,  soldier/ 

was  defeated  and  siain.  19.  hoc  — fecit]    i.  e.,  *  acted  in 

this  way.' 

VII.     Epaminondas,   forget-  20.  fait  illustre']    Sc.  hoc  testi- 

ful    of    injuries,    rescues    the  monium. 

army,    and    assumes   a    grave  22.  vir  fortis']    He  was  one  of 

responsibility  for  the  salvation  the  most  distinguished  and  sue- 

01  the  state.  /.  -,  • 

cessful  commanders  of  his   age, 

9.  duceret]    Subjunctive,  as  ex-    and    second    only  to   his    friend 
pressing  the  thought  of  Epami-    Epaminondas. 


EPAMINONDAS.  163 

enissent,  ob  eamque  rem  imperitim  iis  esset  abroga- 
tum,  atque  in  eorum  locum  alii  praetores  successissent : 
Epaminondas  populiscito  non  paruit,  idemque  ut  face- 
rent,  persuasit  collegis,  et  bellum,  quod  susceperat, 
gessit.  Namque  animadvertebat,  nisi  id  fecisset,  totum  5 
exercitum  propter  praetorura  imprudentiam  inscientiam- 
que  belli  periturum.  Lex  erat  Thebis,  quse  morte  mul- 
tabat,  si  quis  imperium  diutius  retinuisset,  quam  lege 
prafinitum  foret.  Hanc  Epaminondas  quum  reipubli- 
ca3  conservanda3  causa  latam  videret,  ad  perniciem  civi- 10 
tatis  conferre  noluit;  et  quattuor  mensibus  diutius, 
quam  populus  jusserat,  gessit  imperium. 

VIII.  Postquam  domum  reditum  est,  collegse  ejus 
hoc  crimine  accusabantur.  Quibus  ille  permisit,  ut 
omnem  causam  in  se  transferrent,  suaque  opera  factum  15 
contenderent,  ut  legi  non  obedirent.  Qua  defensione 
illis  periculo  liberatis,  nemo  Epaminondam  responsu- 
rum  putabat,  quod,  quid  diceret,  non  haberet.  At  ille 
in  judicium  venit;  nihil  eorum  negavit,  qua?  adversarii 
crimini  dabant,  omniaque,  quae  collega3  dixerant,  con- 20 
fessns  est,  neque  recusavit,  quo  minus  legis  poanam 
subiret;  sed  unum  ab  iis  petivit,  ut  in  periculo  suo 
scriberent :  "  Epaminondas  a  Thebanis  morte  multatus 

9.  foret]    Unusual  for  esset.  the  ablative  with  a  preposition. 

11.  conferre]  Repeat  as  subject        14.  crimine]    The   ablative   of 

hanc  (legeni).  means. 

mensibus]     Ablative  of   meas-         18.  quid  —  haberet]  'He  would 

ure  of  difference.    H.  418.  not  know  what  to  say ; '  non  habeo 

quod  dicam  is  equivalent  to   '  I 

VIII.  Epaminondas  defends  have  nothing  to  say.' 
himself  when  accused,  and  is        20.   crimini   dabant]     'Alleged 

honorably  acquitted.  against  him>,  thc  datiye  Qf  tho 

13.  reditum  est]   By  the  passive  person   being   understood.       H. 

of  intransitive  verbs,  it  is  simply  390,  2. 

asserted    that   the    action    takes  22.  subiret]  The  subjunctive  of 

place,  usually  without  special  ref-  purpose.     H.  499. 

erence  to  the  agent,  which,  how-  periculo]    <  In  the  record  of  his 

ever,  is  sometimes  expressed  by  condemnation.' 


164  CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 

est,  quod  eos  coegit  apud  Leuctra  superare  Lacedsemo- 
nios,  quos  ante  se  iruperatorem  nemo  Bceotiorum  ausus 
fuit  aspicere  in  acie;  quodque  uno  proelio  non  solum 
Thebas  ab  interitu  retraxit,  sed  etiam  universam  Gra3- 
5  ciam  in  libertatem  vindicavit,  eoque  res  utrorumque 
perduxit,  ut  Thebani  Spartam  oppugnarent,  Laced re- 
inonii  satis  haberent,  si  salvi  esse  possent;  neque  pritis 
bellare  destitit,  quam  Messene  restituta  urbem  eorum 
obsidione  clausit."  Haac  quum  dixisset,  risus  omnium 

10  cum  hilaritate  coortus  est;  neque  quisquam  judex  au- 
sus est  de  eo  ferre  suffragium.  Sic  a  judicio  capitis 
maxima  discessit  gloria. 

IX.     Hie  extremo  tempore  imperator  apud  Manti- 
neam   quum   acie   instructa   audacius   instaret  hostes, 

15  cognitus  a  Laceda3momis,  quod  in  unius  pernicie  ejus 
patriaB  sitam  putabant  salutem,  universi  in  unum  im- 
petum  fecerunt,  neque  prius  abscesserunt,  quam  magna 
caede  multlsque  occisis  fortissime  ipsum  Epaminondam 

2.  ante  se  imperatorem]      'Be-  Epaminondas  restored  the  inde- 

fore  he  was  commander.'    Se  is  pendence  of  the  Messenians,  in 

used  for  eumy  as  if  the  language  order  to  check  the  ambition  of 

of  Epaminondas  were  reported  in  Sparta. 

indirect  discourse.  .11.  judicio  capitis]     'A  capital 

ausus  fuit]     The  perfect  par-  trial.' 
ticiple  withfui  expresses  a  lasting 

condition.  IX.    Epaminondas  falls  vic- 

6.  Spartam  oppugnarent]     This  torious  at  Mantinea,  B.  C.  362. 

could    not  have    been  cited    by  14.  instaret  hostes]  Unusual,  for 

Epaminondas  as  a  fact,  and  the  instaret  hostibus. 

insolence  of  the  whole  speech,  as  15.  cognitus]  Agrees  with  Epa- 

here  given,  is  quite  inconsistent  minondas,  the   intended  subject, 

•with  his  character.  but,  by  an  anacoluthon,  universi 

Lacedamojiii]       The   omission  (Lacedcemonii)  is  made  the  sub- 

of  the    conjunction    (asyndeton)  ject. 

heightens  the  contrast.  17.  ahscesserunf]    In  compound 

8.  Messene    restituta]      It-home  verbs,  abs  is  used  before  c,  p,  and 

had  been  captured,  and  the  whole  t.    H.  338,  III.  1. 

district    subdued,   by  the   Spar-  magna  ccede,  etc.]    The  ablative 

tans,    in    the    year    B.  C.    455.  of  manner.    « Amid  great  carnage, 


EPAMINONDAS. 


165 


pugnantem,  sparo  eminus  percussum,  concidere  vide- 
runt.  Hujus  casu  aliquantum  retardati  sunt  Bceotii ; 
neque  tamen  prius  pugna  excesserunt,  quam  repugnan- 
tes  profligarimt.  At  Epaminondas,  quum  animadver- 
teret,  mortiferum  se  vulnus  accepisse,  simulque,  si  fer-  5 
rum,  quod  ex  hastili  in  corpore  remanserat,  extrax- 
isset,  animam.  statim  emissurum,  usque  eo  retinuit, 
quoad  renuntiatum  est,  vicisse  Boeotios.  Id  postquam 
audivit;  "  satis,"  inquit,  "  vixi ;  invictus  enim  morior." 
Turn  feiTo  extracto  confestim  exanimatus  est.  10 

X.  Hie  uxorem  numquam  duxit.  In  quo  quum  re- 
prehend eretur,  quod  liberos  non  relinqueret,  a  Pelo- 
pida,  qui  filium  habebat  infamem,  maleque  eum  in  eo 
patriaa  consulere  diceret :  "  vide,"  inquit,  "  ne  tu  pejus 
consulas,  qui  talem  ex  te  natum  relicturus  sis.  Neque  15 
vero  stirps  mihi  potest  deesse.  Namque  ex  me  natam 
relinquo  pugnam  Leuctricam,  quse  non  modo  mihi  su- 
perstes,  sed  etiam  immortalis  sit  necesse  est."  Quo 


and  after  many  had  been  slain.' 

1.  pugnantem]  *  While  fight- 
ing.' 

sparo]  This  missile  had,  fixed 
to  a  wooden  shaft  (hastile),  a 
pointed  iron  head  (ferrum),  with 
a  curved  blade  attached.  It  was 
not  a  regular  weapon  of  warfare. 
It  is  called  by  Virgil  agrestis  spa- 
rus,  and  might  be  used  by  rude 
levies  of  the  peasantry. 

concidere}  Pausanias  says  thnt 
he  was  killed  by  Gryllus,  the  son 
of  Xenophon. 

7.  usque  eo  —  quoad]  *  Until.' 
H.  522,  I. 

X.  His  apology  for  not  mar- 
rying. At  his  death,  Thebes 
loses  her  pre-eminence. 

14.  diceret]  i.  e.,  Peloptdas.  The 


subjunctive  follows  quum,  and  is 
in  the  same  construction  with  re- 
prehenderetur. 

vide  —  ne~\     '  Beware  lest.'    H. 
558,  VI. 

15.  relicturus  sis]     Subjunctive 
of  cause  or  reason.    H.  517. 

16.  ex  me  natam]     '  As  a  daugh- 
ter.' 

17.  Leuctricam]      A  proper  ad- 
jective is  often  equivalent  to  the 
English    objective  with  of.     H. 
441,  5. 

mihi superstes]     'Survive  me.' 
H.  391. 

18.  necesse  est]  Observe  the  sub- 
ject   and   result    preceding.      In 
this    construction    ut    is    usually 
omitted.     H.495,  2. 

Quo  tempore]      This    was    the 
year  B.  C.  379. 


166  CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 

tempore,  duce  Pelopida,  exsules  Thebas  occuparunt,  et 
presidium  Lacedaemoniorum  ex  arce  expulerunt,  Epa- 
minondas,  quamdiu  facta  est  caedes  civium,  domo  se 
tenuit;  quod  neque  defendere  malos  volebat,  neque 
5  impugnare,  ne  manus  suorum  sanguine  cruentaret. 
Namque  omnem  civilem  victoriam  funestam  putabaf. 
Idem,  postquam  apud  Cadmeam  cum  Lacedaemoniis 
pugna  coepit  in  primis  stetit.  Hujus  de  virtutibus  vita- 
que  satis  erit  dictum,  si  hoc  unum  adjunxero,  quod 
10  nemo  it  infitias,  Thebas  et  ante  Epaminondam  natum, 
et  post  ejusdem  interitum,  perpetuo  alieno  paruisse 
imperio ;  contra  ea,  quamdiu  ille  praBfuerit  reipublicae, 
caput  fuisse  totius  GraecisB.  Ex  quo  intelligi  potest, 
unum  hominem  pluris,  quam  civitatem,  fuisse. 

3.  domo]   The  ablative  of  place ;  10.  it  infitias]    Infitiatur  would 
se  tenere  is  thus  often  followed  by  ?3e  more  classical.    Ire  infiiins  is 
an  ablative,  as  castris,  oppido,  etc.  said  not  to   occur  in  Cicero  or 

4.  mates']  i.  e.,  those  who  sym-  Caesar. 

pathized  and  acted  with  the  Spar-  11.  paruisse']    By  this  is  meant 

tans.  only  that  Thebes  generally  held  a 

6.  civilem]    ( Over  one's  fellow-  secondary  place  among  the  Gre- 
citizens.'  cian  states. 

7.  Cadmeam}     So  called  from  14.  pluris}      *0f  more   impor- 
Cadmus,  the  mythical  founder  of  tance  ; '   genitive    of  value.     H. 
Thebes.  402,  1. 


HANNIBAL. 


167 


HANNIBAL. 

I.  HANNIBAL,  Hamilcaris  films,  Garth  agini  en  sis. 
Si  verum  est,  quod  nemo  dubitat,  ut  populus  Romanus 
omnes  gentes  virtute  superarit,  non  est  infitiandum, 
Hannibalem  tanto  praestitisse  ceteros  imperatores  pru- 
dentia,  quanto  populus  Romanus  antecedat  fortitudine  5 
cunctas  nationes.  Nam  quotiescumque  cum  eo  con- 
gressus  est  in  Italia,  semper  discessit  superior.  Quod 
nisi  domi  civium  suorum  invidia  debilitatus  esset,  Ro- 
manos  videtur  superare  potuisse.  Sed  multorum  ob- 
trectatio  devicit  unius  virtutem.  Hie  autem  velut  lie- 10 
reditate  relictum  odium  paternum  erga  Romanos  sic 
conservavit,  ut  prius  animam,  quam  id,  deposuerit;  qui 
quidem,  quum  patria  pulsus  esset,  et  alienarum  opurn 


I.  Hannibal's  genius  for  com- 
mand, and  his  hatred  of  the 
Romans. 

1.  Hamilcaris]    Hamilcar  Bar- 
cas,  the  father  of  Hannibal,  was 
one  of  the  greatest  generals  that 
Carthage    ever   produced.      Cato 
said  that  in  comparison  with  him 
no  king  was  worth  mentioning. 
He  fell  in  Spain,  in  the  year  B.  C. 
229,  when  Hannibal,  according  to 
Mommsen,  was  twenty  years  old. 

2.  quod]    For  de  with  the  abla- 
tive; only  the  neuter  of  a  pro- 
noun can  thus  follow  dubito. 

ut]  Such  expressions  as  ve- 
rum est  take  more  frequently  the 
infinitive  alone,  or  the  accusative 
with  the  infinitive.  Si  verum  est 
—  ut  is  by  some  explained  as 
equivalent  here  to  si  vere  factum 
est  —  ut.  Z.  $623. 


4.  prcrstitisse  —  imperatores] 
Hannibal    himself  admitted    the 
claims  of   Alexander    the  Great 
and  Pyrrhus  to  be  ranked  as  great 
generals. 

5.  antecedat]    The   subjunctive 
is  here  used  on  account  of  the 
accusative  with  the  infinitive  pre- 
ceding.   H.  527,  3. 

6.  cum  eo]  i.  e.,  populo  Romano. 

7.  Quod  nisi]      Quod    denotes 
the    connection    of  the    thought 
here  expressed  with  the  preced- 
ing statement.    Translate :  '  Now, 
if  he  had  not  been.'    H.  453,  6. 

9.  videtur— potuisse]  'He  might, 
it  seems,  have  overcome.' 

10.  virtutem]     'Ability.' 

12.  qui  quidem]    *  Since  in  fact 
—  he.' 

13.  pulsus  esset  —  indigeret]  Ob- 
serve the  sequence  of  events  de- 


168 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


incligeret,  numquam  destiterit  animo  bellare  cum  Ro- 
manis. 

II.  Nam  ut  omittam  Philippum,  quern  absens  ho- 
stem  reddidit  Romanis ;  omnium  his  temporibus  poten- 
5tissimus  rex  Antiochus  fuit.  Hunc  tanta  cupiditate 
incendit  bellandi,  ut  usque  a  rubro  mari  arma  conatua 
sit  inferre  Italic.  Ad  quern  quum  legati  venissent  Ro- 
mani,  qui  de  ejus  voluntate  explorarent  darentque  ope- 
ram,  consiliis  clandestinis  ut  Hannibrdem  in  suspicio- 
10  nem  regi  adducerent,  tanquam  ab  ipsis  corruptum  alia, 
atque  antea,  sentire ;  neque  id  frustra  fecissent,  idque 
Hannibal  comperisset,  seque  ab  interioribus  consiliis 
segregari  vidisset :  tempore  dato  adiit  ad  regem,  eique 
quum  multa  de  fide  sua  et  odio  in  Romanos  comrnemo- 


noted  by  different  tenses,  which 
are  otherwise  in  the  same  con- 
struction. 

I.  animo]    '  In  thoughj.' 

II.  Hannibal  incites  Philip 
of  Macedonia  and  Antiochus 
of     Syria    to    take    up     arms 
against  the  Romans;  he  gives 
an  account  of  his  oath  of  ever- 
lasting enmity  to  the  Romans. 

3.  Nam]     This    causal   intro- 
duces the  proof  of  the  last  asser- 
tion.   H.  587,  V. 

ut  omittam]  *  To  leave  un- 
mentioned.'  Philip  V.,  the  son 
of  Demetrius  II.,  reigned  from 
B.C.  220  to  B.C.  179.  He  was  twice 
engaged  in  war  with  the  Romans, 
but  his  power  was  broken  by  the 
battle  of  Cynoscephalae,  in  the 
year  B.  C.  197. 

absens]  i.  e.,  while  he  was  in 
Italy. 

4.  omnium]    i.  e.,  regumy  rex 
belonging  to  potentissimus. 

5.  Antidchus]     Suruamed  the 


Great,  reigned  from  B.  C.  223  to 
B.  C.  187.  His  war  with  the 
Romans  lasted  from  B.  C.  192  to 
B.  C.  189. 

6.  rubro  mari]  The  author 
means  the  Mare  Erythrcpum,  ly- 
ing between  Arabia  and  India. 

10.  regi]    '  With  the  king : '  the 
dative  for  the  possessive  genitive. 
H.  398,  5. 

tanquam]  Limits  corruptum 
only. 

11.  sentire]      Follows   suspicio- 
nem.   Supply  eum,  i.  e.,  Hanniba- 
lem,  as  subject. 

neque]  Quum  is  to  be  repeat- 
ed here. 

12.  se   interioribus  —  segregari] 
'  Was  excluded  from  his  more  se- 
cret plans.' 

13.  tempore  dato]      *  When  an 
opportunity  presented  itself/    Cf. 
p.  144,  line  4. 

14.  quum  multa  —  commemoras- 
sef]    Translate  :  *  after  reminding 
him  of  his  many  manifestations 
of  his  good  faith,'  etc. 


HANNIBAL. 


169 


rasset,  hoc  adjunxit:  "Pater  meus,"  inquit,  "Hamilcar, 
puerulo  me,  utpote  non  araplius  novem  annos  nato,  in 
Hispaniam  imperator^proficiscens  Carthagine,  Jovi  op- 
timo  maximo  hostias  immolavit.  Qua3  divina  res  dum 
conficiebatur,  qua3sivit  a  me,  vellemne  secum  in  castra  5 
proficisci?  Id  quum  libenter  accepissem,  atque  ab  eo 
petere  coepissem,ne  dubitaret  ducere;  turn  ille,  "faciam," 
inquit,  "  si  mihi  fidem,  quam  postulo,  dederis."  Simul 
me  ad  aram  adduxit,  apud  qnam  sacrificare  instituerat, 
eamque,  ceteris  remotis,  tenentem  jurare  jussit,  num-10 
quam  me  in  amicitia  cum  Romanis  fore.  Id  ego  jusju- 
randum  patri  datum  usque  ad  hanc  aetatem  ita  conser- 
vavi,  ut  nemini  dubium  esse  debeat,  quin  reliquo  tern- 
pore  eadem  mente  sim  futurus.  Quare,  si  quid  amice 
de  Romanis  cogitabis,  non  imprudenter  feceris,  si  me  15 
celaris;  quum  quidem  bellum  parabis,  te  ipsum  frustra- 
beris,  si  non  me  in  eo  principem  posueris." 


2.  puerulo  me]     The  ablative 
absolute    of  time,   belonging   to 
proficiscens.    H.  431,  2. 

3.  Jovi]     The  Greek  and  Ro- 
man authors  called  foreign  divin- 
ities by  the  names  of  the  Greek 
and   Roman   gods,  according   to 
their    assumed    similarity.      The 
Phoenician  Baal  is  here  meant. 

optima  maximo~\  Without  a 
conjunction,  when  used  in  con- 
nection with  prayers  and  sacri- 
fices. 

4.  divina  res]     '  Religious  rite/ 
i.  e.,  the  sacrifice. 

5.  a  me]     Queer  o,  peto,  and  pos- 
tulo never  take  two  accusatives, 
but  always  have  the  ablative  of 
the  person  with  a  preposition. 

6.  libenter    accepissem]      i.  e., 
with  the  ear  or  mind ;  *  had  heard 
with  pleasure.' 

10.  tenentem]  Sc.  me ;  this  added 


solemnity  to  the  oath.  Oaths 
were  confirmed,  also,  by  the  im- 
.ages  of  the  gods,  as  now  by  the 
Bible  or  the  crucifix. 

\\.jusjurandum~]  A  spurious 
compound ;  i.  e.,  one  which  con- 
sists of  two  unaltered  words  in 
the  nominative,  and  which  may 
again  be  resolved  into  its  constit- 
uent parts.  Cf.  respublica. 

14.  sim  futurus]    The  subjunc- 
tive with  quin,  after  non  dubium, 
implied  in  nemini  dubium.      H. 
498,  3. 

15.  feceris]    The  use  of  the  fu- 
ture perfect  for  the  future  in  the 
consecutive  clause  here  denotes 
the  act  as  simultaneous  with  that 
expressed  by  celaris  in   the  fol- 
lowing   conditional    clause,    and 
both  these  clauses  form  the  con- 
clusion to  the  condition,  si  quid  — 
coyitabis.     H.  473,  1. 


170 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


III.  Hac  igitur,  qua  diximus,  aetate  cum  pat  re  in 
Hispaniam  profectus  est ;  cujus  post  obitum,  Hasdrubale 
imperatore  suffecto,  equitatui  omni  praefuit.  Hoc  quo- 
que  interfecto,  exercitus  summam  imperil  ad  eum  de- 
5tulit.  Id  Carthaginem  delatum  publice  comprobatum 
est.  Sic  Hannibal,  minor  qninque  et  viginti  annis  natus 
imperator  factus,  proximo  trieimio  omnes  gentes  Hispa- 
niae  bello  subegit;  Saguntum,  foederatam  civitatem,  vi 
expugnavit;  tres  exercitus  maximos  comparavit.  Ex 
10  his  unum  in  Africam  misit,  alterum  cum  Hasdrubfile 
fratre  in  Hispania  reliquit,  tertium  in  Italiam  secum 
duxit.  Saltum  Pyrenaeum  transiit.  Quacumque  iter 
fecit,  cum  omnibus  incolis  conflixit;  nemiDem,  nisi  vtc- 
tum,  dimisit.  Ad  Alpes  posteaqtiam  venit,  qutB  Italiam 


HI.  After  Hasdrubal's  death 
Hannibal  is  elected  Command- 
er-in-chief ;  he  captures  Sa- 
guntum, B.  C.  219,  and  cross- 
ing the  Pyrenees  and  the  Alps, 
invades  Italy,  B.  C.  218. 

1.  qua  diximus]  Sc.  eum  patre 
profectumesse.  Cf.  Epaminondas, 
p.  154,  line  16. 

3.  imperatore]  Belongs  to  the 
predicate,  and  agrees  with  Has- 
drub&le  in  case.  This  construc- 
tion is,  with  passive  participles, 
confined  mainly  to  the  nomina- 
tive and  accusative. 

5.  Id]  i.  e.,  the  act  of  conferring 
on  him  the  supreme  command. 

6.  annis]      The  ablative  after 
minor  (major),  with  natus  added 
as  a  complement,  is  uncommon. 
Hannibal  was  older  than  the  au- 
thor represents  him,  as  he  became 
general  in  the  year  B.  C.  221. 

8.  Saguntum]  The  capture  of 
this  place  cost  Hannibal  a  siege 
of  nearly  eight  months,  and  was 
the  cause  of  the  second  Punic 


war.  The  modem  name,  Murvie- 
dro,  is  a  corruption  of  muri  -ceteres. 

fcederatam]  i.  e.,  cum  Roma- 
nis,  which  would  readily  be  un- 
derstood by  a  Roman  reader. 

10.  Hasdrubale']  He  was  worthy 
of  his  father  and  brother.  After 
many  years  of  efficient  service  as 
a  general,  he  was  defeated  and 
slain  in  the  battle  on  the  Metau- 
rus,  in  the  year  B.  C.  207. 

12.  Pyrenceum]     This  range  of 
mountains  extends  from  the  At- 
lantic to  the  Mediterranean,  about 
two  hundred  and  seventy  miles, 
separating  France  from  Spain. 

13.  incolis']     Some  Gallic  tribes 
allowed  Hannibal  to  pass  without 
resistance. 

14.  Alpes']      These  mountains, 
from  their  situation  and  difficulty 
of  passage,  have  been  a  prominent 
feature  in  the  military  history  of 
Europe  from  the  earliest  times  to 
the  present  century.    The  Gauls 
had  crossed  the  Alps  before  the 
Carthaginians.    What  pass  Han- 


HANNIB4L. 


171 


ab  Gallia  sejungunt,  quas  nemo  umquam  cum  exercitu 
ante  eum,  prseter  Herculem  Grajum,  transierat,  quo 
facto  is  hodie  saltus  Grajus  appellatur:  Alpicos,  conan- 
tes  prohibere  transitu,  concidit,  loca  patefecit,  itinera 
muniit,  effecit,  ut  ea  elephantus  ornatus  ire  posset,  qua  5 
antea  unus  homo  inermis  vix  poterat  repere.  Hac  co- 
pias  traduxit,  in  Italiamque  pervenit. 

IV.     Conflixerat  apud  Rhodanum  cum  P.  Cornelio 
Scipione  consule  eumque  pepulerat.     Cum  hoc  eodem 


nibal  chose  is  uncertain  —  some 
say  that  of  Mont  Genevre ;  Momm- 
sen  and  many  others,  that  of  the 
Little  St.  Bernard. 

2.  IJerculem   Grajuni]     Hercu- 
les is  here  so  called  in  distinction 
from  the  Cretan,  Phoenician,  and 
Celtic  Hercules.    The  whole  story 
is,  of  course,  a  myth. 

3.  Grajus]    «  Graian ; '  the  term 
is  of  native  origin. 

Alpicos]  These  were  the  wild 
and  hardy  mountaineers. 

5.  ornatus']  'With  its  equip- 
ments.' 

elephantus,  etc.]  Observe  in  this 
and  the  following  clause  the  an- 
titheses. 

• 

IV.  Hannibal's  victories  in 
Italy  in  the  years  B.C.  217  and 
216. 

8.  Rhodanum]  This  river  rises 
in  the  Alps,  and,  flowing  through 
Lake  Geneva,  enters  France 
through  the  Jura  Mountains,  and 
empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Lyons, 
in  the  Mediterranean.  As  the 
successive  peoples  of  the  Aryan 
race  migrated  to  the  west,  they 
gave  each  its  own  name,  signify- 
ing "water"  or  "river,"  to  the 
streams.  Not  knowing  that  the 


name  which  the  stream  bore  on 
their  arrival  at  it  already  meant 
"water"  or  "river,"  the  new 
tribe,  in  many  cases,  added  its 
own  word  to  the  name  already 
given.  Thus  the  roots  rhe,  dan, 
is,  tery  —  all  of  which  mean  "  wa- 
ter,"—  appear  once,  and  some- 
times two  or  three  times,  in  the 
names  of  very  many  of  the  rivers 
of  Europe.  For  instance,  we  have 
Rho-dan-us,  Rhc-n-us,  E-r(h)i- 
dan-us,  Is-ter,  Dan-uv-ius,  Tyr-as, 
Dan-as-ter  (Dn-ies-ter). 

P.  —  Scipione]  Was  the  father 
of  Scipio  Afrkanus ;  he  fell  in 
Spain,  in  the  year  B.  C.  211.  For 
a  Roman  who  claimed  to  belong 
to  an  ancient  family,  three  names 
were  thought  indispensable  —  a 
prcenomen  (Publius),  a  nomen 
.  (Cornelius),  and  a  cognomen  (Sci- 
pio). Thepranomen  distinguished 
the  individual,  and  is  generally 
represented  by  a  letter ;  the  nomen 
marked  the  gens  or  clan  ;  and  the 
cognomen,  generally  derived  from 
mental  or  bodily  peculiarities,  or 
from  remarkable  experiences,  des- 
ignated the  family.  A  very  dis- 
tinguished person  might  have  an 
agnomen,  as  African  us,  Asiaticus, 
etc.,  given  him  to  commemorate 


172 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


Clastidi  apud  Padum  decernit  sauciumqtie  inde  ac 
fugatum  dimittit.  Tertio  idem  Scipio  cum  collega, 
Tiberio  Longo,  apud  Trebiam  adversus  eum  venit. 
Cum  his  manum  conseruit,  utrosque  profligavit.  Inde 
5  per  Ligures  Apenninum  transiit,  petens  Etruriam.  Hoc 
itinere  adeo  gravi  morbo  afficitur  oculorum,  ut  postea 
numquam  dextro  seque  bene  usus  sit.  Qua  valetudine 
quum  etiamnum  premeretur,  lecticaque  ferretur,  C.  Fla- 
minium  consulem  apud  Trasimenum  cum  exercitu 
IQinsidiis  circumventum  occidit;  neque  raulto  post  C. 
Centenium  praetorem,  cum  delecta  manu  saltus  occu- 
pantem.  Hinc  in  Apuliam  pervenit.  Ibi  obviarn  ei 


his  achievements.  These  names 
were  used  separately,  or  variously 
combined. 

1.  Clastidi]  For  Clastidii,  apud 
or  ad  Clastidium  would  be  the 
regular  construction.  The  engage- 
ment really  happened  at  the  Tici- 
nus,  and  Clastidium  was  captured 
afterwards. 

Padum]  Called  also  Erida- 
mis ;  it  rises  at  the  junction  of  the 
Maritime  and  Cottian  Alps,  and 
flows  about  three  hundred  and 
forty  miles  in  an  easterly  direction 
into  the  Adriatic. 

3.  Tiberio}    His  full  name  was 
Tiberius  Sempronius  Longus ;  the 
nomen  is  here  omitted. 

Trebiam']  A  small  river  which 
rises  in  the  Apennines,  about  ten 
miles  from  Genoa,  and  flows  into 
the  Po,  about  three  miles  west  of 
Piacenza  (Placentia). 

4.  utrosque]     The  plural  is  sel- 
dom used  for  two  individuals. 

5.  Ligures]     The  name  of  the 
people  is  often  put  for  the  name 
of  the  country.     The  Ligurians 
were  a  fierce  and  warlike  race. 

Apenninum]      Is    a    continua- 


tion of  the  Maritime  Alps,  and 
runs  through  the  middle  of  the 
entire  peninsula. 

Etruriam]  This  was  in  early 
times  a  rich  and  populous  coun- 
try, and  a  formidable  rival  to, 
Rome  ;  it  was  also  called  Tuscia, 
and  extended  from  Liguria  to  La- 
tium,  being  bounded  on  the  east 
and  south  by  the  Tiber. 

7.  dextro}    He  lost  it  entirely, 
according  to  all  the  other  author- 
ities.   The  whole  army  also  suf- 
fered greatly  on  this  march. 

8.  C.  Flaminium]  When  censor, 
he  built  the  Circus  Flaminius  and 
the  Via  Flaminia,  in  the  year  B.  C. 
220. 

9.  cum  exercitu]    Fifteen  thou- 
snnd  Romans  are  said  to   have 
fallen  here,  and  as  many  more  to 
have  been  taken  prisoners. 

12.  Hinc]  From  this  point  to 
the  middle  of  the  next  chapter, 
Nepos  has  not  followed  the  order 
of  events. 

Apuliam]  Was  situated  on 
the  Adriatic,  east  of  Samniurn 
and  Lucania,  and  north  of  Cala- 
bria. 


HANNIBAL. 


173 


venerunt  duo  consules,  C.  Terentius  et  L.  ^E mil  ins. 
Utriusque  exercitus  uno  proelio  fugavit ;  Paulum  con- 
sulem  occidit,  et  aliquot  prseterea  consulares,  in  his  Cn. 
Servilium  Gemmum,  qui  superiore  anno  fuerat  consul. 

V.     Hac  pugna  pugnata  Romam  profectus  est,  nullo    5 
resistente.     In  propinquis  urbi  montibus  rnoratus  est. 
Quum  aliquot  ibi  dies  castra  habuisset,  et  Cnpuam  re- 
verteretur;  Q.  Fabius  Maximus,  dictator  Roman  us,  in 
agro  Falerno  ei  se  objecit. 


1.  C.  Terentius]  His  cognomen 
was  Varro.  He  was  an  incompe- 
tent and  imprudent  commander. 

L.  ^Emilius]  He  was  a  brave 
and  prudent  general;  but,  being 
forced  by  the  rashness  of  Varro 
to  fight  the  battle  of  Canna3,  he 
fell,  with  nearly  70,000  of  his 
men,  in  the  year  B.  C.  216.  He  is 
called  Paulus  in  the  next  line, 
that  having  been  his  cognomen. 

3.  consulares]  In  the  better 
days  of  the  Roman  state,  this 
word  denoted  those  who  had  been 
intrusted  with  the  consulship. 

V.  Hannibal  escapes  from 
Fabius  by  a  stratagem ;  he  de- 
feats Gracchus  in  the  year  B.  C. 
212,  and  Marcellus  in  the  year 
B.  C.  208. 

5.  pugna  pugnata]  This  con- 
struction is  explained  by  the  ac- 
tive form  pugnam  pugnare,  in 
which  pugnam  is  a  cognate  accu- 
sative. H.  371,  1,  3). 

Romam]  He  never  made  an 
attack  on  Rome,  and  did  not  even 
approach  it  till  five  years  after  the 
battle  of  Cannae.  His  failure  to 
follow  up  his  victory  led  Mahar- 
bal  to  say  to  him,  Vincere  scis, 
Hannibal ;  victoria  uti  nescis. 


Hie  clausus  locorum  angus- 

7.  Capuam]     This   large,  opu- 
lent, and  luxurious  city  revolted 
to  Hannibal  after  the  battle  of 
Cannae,  and  suffered  severely  in 
consequence  of  such  action.    The 
love  of  luxury,  the  rigor  of  the 
Roman  government,  and  the  rav- 
ages of  the  Vandals  and  Arabs, 
caused  the  destruction  of  the  an- 
cient city:  its  ruins  are  situated 
about  three  miles  from  the  mod- 
ern town. 

8.  Q.  —  Maximus]    Fabius  was 
a  general  of  eminent  talents  and 
virtue.   He  was  surnamed  "  Cunc- 
tator,"  or  the  "  Delayer,"  because 
he  successfully  withstood  Hanni- 
bal, not  by  fighting  him,  but  by 
harassing  him  with  marches  and 
countermarches. 

dictator]  An  extraordinary 
magistrate,  originally  called  ma- 
gister  populi,  who  was  invested  for 
six  months  with  absolute  power 
in  times  of  public  danger,  and 
from  whose  decision  there  was  no 
appeal.  The  consuls  did  not  re- 
sign their  office,  but  were  subject 
to  the  dictator  until  his  abdica- 
tion, or  the  expiration  of  his  term 
of  authority,  when  they  resumed 
their  power. 

9.  Hie]    Is  here  an  adverb. 


174 


CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 


tiis  noctu  sine  ullo  detrimento  exercitus  se  expeclivit, 
Fabioque,  callidissimo  imperatori,  verba  dedit.  Nam- 
que  obducta  nocte  sarmenta  in  cornibus  juvencorum 
deligata  incendit,  ejusque  generis  multitudinera  ma- 
5gnam  dispalatam  immisit.  Quo  repentino  objecto  visa 
tantum  terrorem  injecit  exercitui  Romanorum,  ut  egredi 
extra  vallum  nemo  sit  ausus.  Plane  post  rem  gestam 
non  ita  multis  diebus  M.  Minucmm  Rufum,  magistrum 
equitum,  pari  ac  dictatorem  imperio,  dolo  productum  in 
lOproelium,  fugavit.  Ti.  Semproniutn  Gracchum,  iterum 
consulem,  in  Lucanis  absens  in  insidias  inductum  sus- 


2.  rerba    dedit]       '  Deceived ; ' 
literally,  *  gave  words,'  as  opposed 
to  deeds. 

3.  obducta    nocte]        Sc.    ccelo, 
*  when  night  had  come  on.' 

7.  vallum}     Sc.  castrorum.    The 
term  properly  means  the  palisade 
which  ran  along  the  outer  edge 
of  the   rampart;    but   very    fre- 
quently it  includes  the  rampart 
also.     The  vallum,  in  the  latter 
sense,    with    the    ditch    (fossa} 
which  surrounded  the  camp  out- 
side of  the  vallum,  formed  a  com- 
plete fortification. 

sit  ausus]  Fabius  had  posted 
4000  men  to  guard  the  pass,  while 
the  main  body  lay  encamped  on  a 
neighboring  hill.  Hannibal,  by 
his  stratagem,  frightened  away 
the  guards,  and  so  extricated  his 
army. 

8.  Minuciwri]    This  officer  was 
associated    with    Fabius    in    the 
command  of  the  Roman  army, 
when  the  cautious  movements  of 
that  general  led  the  people  to  dis- 
trust his  courage.  Minucius,  how- 
ever, recognizing  the  wisdom  and 
abilities  of  Fabius,  resigned   his 
authority  as  co-dictator. 


magistrum  equitum]  No  dic- 
tator could  be  without  a  magister 
equitum,  whom  he  was  generally 
permitted  to  nominate  himself. 
The  magister  equitum  was  subject 
to  the  command  of  the  dictator ; 
but  in  the  absence  of  his  supe- 
rior, he  became  his  representative 
and  exercised  his  power.  This 
investment  of  Minucius  with  dic- 
tatorial power,  by  which  two  dic- 
tators were  virtually  created,  is 
expressly  mentioned  as  an  anom- 
aly which  had  never  occurred  be- 
fore. 

9.  ac  dictatorem]    The  accusa- 
tive by  attraction. 

10.  Gracchum]  Ti.  Sempronius 
Gracchus  was  a  brave  and  active 
general,  and  distinguished  for  his 
high  character  and  abilities. 

iterum]  Should  be  bis,  as  he 
was  not  consul  the  year  of  his 
death ;  iterum  implies  that  he 
was. 

11.  in  Lucanis]  Belongs  to  sus- 
tulit,  which  is  here  equivalent  to 
occidit.    Hannibal  did  this  though 
absent,  inasmuch  as  it  was  done 
by  Mago,  surnamed  the  Samnite, 
one  of  his  lieutenants. 


HANNIBAL. 


175 


tulit.  M.  Claudium  Marcellum,  quinquies  consulem, 
apud  Yenusiam  pari  modo  interfecit.  Longum.  est, 
omnia  enumerare  proelia.  Quare  unum  hoc  satis  erit 
dictum,  ex  quo  intelligi  possit,  quantus  ille  fuerit : 
quamdiu  in  Italia  full,  nemo  ei  in  acie  restitit,  nemo  5 
adversus  eurn  post  Cannensem  pugnam  in  campo  ca- 
stra  posuit. 

YI.     Hinc  invictus  patriam  defensum  revocatus  bel- 
lum  gessit  adversus  P.  Scipionem,  filium  ejus  Scipionis, 
quem  ipse  primo   apud  Rhodanum,  iterum  apud  Pa- 10 
dum,  tertio  apud  Trebiam  fugarat.     Cum  hoc,  exhau- 
stis  jam  patrise   facultatibus,  cupivit   impraesentiarum 
bellum  componere,  quo  valentior  postea  congrederetur. 
In  colloquium  convenit;  conditiones  non  convenerunt. 
Post  id  factum  paucis  diebus  apud  Zamam  cum  eodem  15 
conflixit :   pulsus  (incredibile  dictu)  biduo  et   duabus 


1.  Marcellum]  This  Roman  gen- 
eral was  celebrated  for  his  many 
public  and  private  virtues,  as  well 
as  for  the  ability  which  he  dis- 
played against  Hannibal. 

quinquies]  Should  be  quin- 
tumt  because  Marcellus  fell  in  his 
fifth  consulship. 

2.  Venusiam]     This  town  was 
celebrated  as  tho   birthplace   of 
the  poet  Horace. 

Longum  est]  'It  would  lead 
too  far ; '  th :  subjunctive,  though 
more  logical,  would  be  quite  un- 
idiomatic. 

VI.  Hannibal  is  vanquished 
by  Scipio,  near  Zama,  in  the 
year  B.  C.  202. 

8.  revocatus]      This   happened 
towards  the  end  of  the  year  B.  C. 
203.    He  had  been  in  Italy  about 
fifteen  years. 

9.  P.  Scipionem]     This  was  P. 


Cornelius  Scipio  AMcanus,  one 
of  the  greatest  men  of  Rome.  He 
proposed  the  invasion  of  Africa, 
to  which  the  senate  reluctantly 
acceded.  Though  his  country- 
men honored  him  with  the  name 
of  Africanus,  and  decreed  him  a 
splendid  triumph,  they  soon  for- 
got his  services,  and  tried  to  de- 
grade him  ;  whereupon  he  retired 
to  Liternum,  a  town  of  Campania, 
where  he  died,  probably  in  the 
year  B.  C.  183.  He  was  the  first 
Roman  that  was  called  the  Great. 
12.  imprcesentiarum]  A  vulgar 
adverbial  term,  formed  from  in 
preesentia  rerum,  and  equivalent 
to  in  prcesentia. 

15.  Post  — paucis  diebus]     The 
battle  occurred  the  next  day  after 
the  parley. 

16.  dictu]  A  supine  in  -u,  used 
as   an    ablative    of   specification. 
H.  570. 


176  CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 

noctibus  Hadrumetum  pervenit,  quod  abest  ab  Zama 
circiter  milia  passuum  trecenta.  In  hac  fuga  Nnmidse, 
qui  simul  cum  eo  ex  acie  excesserant,  insidiati  sunt  ei ; 
quos  non  solum  effugit,  sed  etiam  ipsos  oppressit.  Ha- 
5  drumeti  reliquos  e  fuga  collegit ;  novis  delectibus  pau- 
cis  diebus  multos  contraxit. 

VII.  Quuni  in  apparando  acerrime  esset  occupatus, 
Carthaginienses  bellura  cum  Romania  composuerunt. 
Ille  nihilo  secius  exercitui  postea  praefuit,  resque  in 

10  Africa  gessit,  itemque  Mago,  frater  ej us,  usque  ad  P. 
Sulpicium  et  C.  Aurelium  consules.  His  enim  magi- 
stratibus  legati  Carthaginienses  Romam  venerunt,  qui 
senatui  populoque  Romano  gratias  agerent,  quod  cum 
iis  pacem  fecissent,  ob  eamque  rem  corona  aurea  eos 

15  donarent,  simulque  peterent,  ut  obsides  eorum  Fregel- 
lis  essent,  captivique  redderentur.  His  ex  senatus  con- 
sulto  responsum  est :  munus  eorum  gratum  acceptum- 
que  esse  ;  obsides,  quo  loco  rogarent,  futures ;  captivos 
non  remissuros,  quod  Hannibalem,  cujus  opera  suscep- 

20  turn  bellum  foret,  inimicissimum  nomini  Romano,  etiam- 

1.  Hadrumetum]      A     seaport  11.  His  —  mngistratibus]      The 
south-east   of   Carthnge,    on   the  ablative  absolute,  '  in  their  term 
eastern  coast  of  the  Carthaginian  of  office,'  i.  e.,  in  the  year  B.  C. 
territory,  or  of  what  afterwards  200,  the  year  after  the  treaty  of 
formed  the  Roman  province  of  peace  was  concluded. 

Africa.  13.  cum  Us]  i.  e.,  Carthaginien- 

2.  milia  trecenta]      Over    two  sibus.    The  ambassadors  do  not 
hundred  and  seventy-five  miles!  speak  for  themselves,  but  for  those 
The  actual  distance  is  less  than  by  whom  they  were  sent. 

half  that  stated  here.  15.  Fregellis  essent]  '  Might  re- 
side at  Fregella3.'    Observe  that 

VII.    Hannibal  takes  refuge  essent  is  here  an  independent  verb, 

with  Antiochus,  king  of  Syria,  and  not  a  mere  copula. 

in  the  year  B.  C.  196.  17>  acceptum]     Is  a  participial 

10.  usque  ad — consules~\  'Even  adjective,  /  acceptable.' 

until  the  consulship  of.'    Between  18.  quo  'loco  rogarent,  futures] 

the  names  of  two  associates   in  Instead  of  eo  loco  futures  (esse) 

office  et  is  very  frequently  omit-  quo,  ut  essent,  rncjarent. 

ted.    Z.  783.  19.  remissuros]    Sc.  esse  se. 


HANNIBAL.  177 

mine  cum  impcrio  apucl  exercitum  haberent,  itemque 
fratrem  ejus  Magonem.  Hoc  responso  Carthaginienses 
coghito  Hannibalem  domum  et  Magonem  revocarunt. 
Hue  ut  rediit,  rex  fact  us  est,  postquam  iraperator  fue- 
rat,  anno  secunclo  et  vicesimo.  Ut  enim  Romse  con-  5 
sules,  sic  Carthagine  quotannis  annul  bini  reges  crea- 
bantur.  In  eo  magi  strata  pari  diligentia  se  Hannibal 
praebuit,  ac  fuerat  in  bello.  Namque  effecit,  ex  novis 
vectigalibus  non  solum  ut  esset  pecunia,  qua3  Romanis 
ex  foedere  penderetur,  sed  etiam  superesset,  quaB  in  1Q 
serario  reponeretur.  Deinde,  M.  Claudio,  L.  Furio 
consulibus  Roma  legati  Carthagmem  venerunt.  Hos 
Hannibal  ratus  sui  exposcendi  gratia  missos,  priusquam 
iis  sen  at  us  daretur,  navem  ascendit  clam,  atque  in  Sy- 
riam  ad  Antiochum.  profugit.  Hac  re  palam  fa  eta,  15 
Poeni  naves  duas,  quaa  eum  comprehenderent,  si  pos- 
sent  consequi,  miserunt;  bona  ejus  publicarunt;  doinurn 
a  fundamentis  disjecerunt;  ipsum  exsulem  judicarunt. 

YIII.     At  Hannibal  anno  quarto,    postquam  dorno 
profugerat,  L.  Cornelio,  Quinto  Minucio  consulibus  cum  OQ 
quinque  navibus  Africam  accessit  in  finibus  CyrenaBO- 
rum,  si  forte  Carthaginienses  ad  bellum  Antiochi  spe 

4.  rex]    The  Carthaginian  term  18.  a  fundamentis]    Is  equiva- 

was  suffet.  lent  to  funditus. 

fuerat]    See  Aristides,  ch.  III., 

ad  fin.  VIII.    Hannibal  tries  in  vain 

IQ. penderetur,  reponeretur]  Sub-  *°  arouse  the  Carthaginians  to 

junctives  of  purpose.  waT'  He  returns  to  Antiochus, 

n    raturt     Thp  nprfpot  nqi-tir-i  and  enSa«es  m  naval  warfare 

'  against  the  Rhodians,  B.C.  193 

pies  of  deponents  and  serai-depo-  to  B  C  190 
nents  correspond  to  perfect  active 

participles  in  English ;    some  of  21.  Cyren<p,oruni\    Gyrene,  the 

these  not  infrequently  may  he  best  capital  of  Cyrenalcn,  was  a  cele- 

translated  by  the  present  partici-  brated    city    near    the    coast   of 

pie.  Northern   Africa,    on    the   table- 

14.  iis  senattis  daretur]  i.  e.,  adi-  land  of  Barca.      Extensive  ruins 

tus  ad  senatum  daretur.     *  An  au-  attest  its  former  importance, 

dience  of  the  senate   was  given  22.  Antidchi\  An  objective  gen- 

them.'  itive  after  spe  jiduciaque. 

12 


178  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

fiduciaque  induci  possent;  cui  jam  persuasernt,  ut  cum 
exercitibus  in  Italiam  proficisceretur.  Hue  Magonem 
fratrem  excivit.  Id  ubi  Poem  resciverunt,  Maguneni 
eadem,  qua  fratrem,  absentem  affecerunt  poena.  Illi 
5  desperatis  rebus  quum  solvissent  naves,  ac  vela  ventis 
dedissent,  Hannibal  ad  Antioehum  pervenit.  De  Ma- 
gonis  interitu  duplex  memoria  prodita  est.  Namque 
alii  naufragio,  alii  a  servulis  ipsius  interfectum  eum, 
script  urn  reliquerunt.  Antiochus  autein,  si  tarn  in 

lOgerendo  bello  consiliis  ejus  parere  voluisset,  quam  in 
suscipiendo  instituerat,  propius  Tiberi,  quam  Thermo- 
pylis  de  summa  impeiii  dimicasset.  Quern  etsi  raulta 
stulte  conari  videbat,  tamen  nulla  deseruit  in  re.  PraB- 
fuit  paucis  navibus,  quas  ex  Syria  j  ass  us  erat  in  Asiam 

15  ducere,  iisque  adversus  Rhodiorum  classem  in  Pamphy- 
lio  mari  conflixit.  Quo  quum  niultitudine  adversario- 
rum  sui  superarentur,  ipse,  quo  cornu  rem  gessit,  fuit 
superior. 

IX.     Antiocho   fugato,  verens,  ne   dederetur,  quod 

I.  possent]    The  subjunctive  of        15.  Rhodiorum]    Rhodes  was  a 
indirect  question,  si  being  equiva-    considerable  island  south  of  Caria. 
lent  to  num.    H.  525,  1.  The  Rhodians  were  distinguished 

8.  naufragio]  For  this  word  for  their  extensive  commerce  and 

we  must  take  the  idea  of  perish-  their  naval  power.  The  Colossus, 

ing  (periisse),  from  interfectum  which  stood  at  the  entrance  of  the 

(esse) ;  a  case  of  zeugma.  harbor  of  Rhodes,  the  capital  of 

servulis]  Is  a  diminutive,  with  the  island,  was  one  of  the  seven 

the  notion  of  contempt.  H.  wonders  of  the  world.  For  more 

315»  1-  than  two  centuries,  Rhodes  be- 

10.  ejus]    Relates  to  Hannibal,  longed  to  the  Kn'ghts  of  St.  John. 

II.  Tiberi]    The  Tiber  rises  in  16.  Quo]  Supply  proelio,  implied 
the  Tuscan  Apennines,  and  flows  in  conflixit. 

in  a  south-westerly  direction,  emp- 
tying into  the  Mediterranean  about  IX.    Hannibal  flees  to  Crete, 
17  miles  below  Rome.    It  is  about  B-  c-  189- 

200  miles  long,  and  at  Rome  19.  Antiocho  fugato]  Near  Mag- 
about  350  feet  broad.  nesia,  in  Asia  Minor,  where  Anti- 
Thermopylis]  Here  Antiochus  ochus  was  defeated  by  L.  Corne- 
was  defeated  by  the  Romans  in  lius  Scipio,  in  the  year  B.C.  190; 
the  year  B.  C.  191.  fugare  ib  a  Causative  of  fugere  ; 


HANNIBAL. 


170 


sine  dubio  accidisset,  si  sui  fecisset  potestatem,  Cretmn 
ad  Gortynios  venit,  ut  ibi,  quo  se  conferret,  considera- 
ret.  Yidit  autem  vir  omnium  callidissimus,  magno  se 
fore  periculo,  nisi  quid  providisset,  propter  avaritiam 
Cretensium.  Magnam  enim  secum  pecuniam  portabat,  5 
de  qua  sciebat  exisse  famam.  Itaque  capit  tale  consi- 
lium.  Amphoras  complures  complet  plumbo ;  sunimas 
operit  auro  et  argento.  Has,  praesentibus  principibus, 
deponit  in  templo  Dianae,  simulans,  se  suas  fortimas 
illorum  fidei  credere.  His  in  errorem  inductis,  statuas  10 
ae'neas,  quas  secura  portabat,  omni  sua  pecunifi  com- 
plet, easque  in  propatulo  domi  abjicit.  Gortynii  tem- 
plum  magna  cura  custodiunt,  non  tarn  a  ceteris,  quam 
ab  Hannibale,  ne  ille,  inscientibus  iis,  tolleret  secumque 
duceret.  15 

X.     Sic  conservatis  suis  rebus,  Posnus,  illusis   Cre- 
tensibus   omnibus,  ad   Prusiam   in  Pontum  pervenit. 


so  cado,  jacio,  pendo,  from  cado, 
jaceo,  pendeo. 

ne  dederetur]  It  was  stipu- 
lated by  the  Romans,  in,  the  con- 
ditions of  peace,  that  Hannibal 
should  be  surrendered  to  them. 

1.  Cretam]     The  largest  of  the 
Greek  islands.    Its  favorable  situ- 
ation, salubrity,  and  fertility  had 
made  it  rich  and  populous  even 
in  the  time  of  Homer. 

2.  Gortynios]    Gortyna,  one  of 
the  five  most  considerable  cities 
of  Crete,    was    situated   in    the 
south-central  part  of  the  island. 

4.  nisi — providissef]  *  Unless 
he  took  some  precaution.' 

avaritiam  Cretensium]  For  the 
opinion  which  Epimenides,  a  co- 
temporary  of  Solon,  entertained 
of  the  Cretans,  see  Paul's  Epistle 
to  Titus,  ch.  i.  v.  12. 

7.    summas]       Sc.    amphoras, 


1  their  tops.'    H.  441,  6.    Z.  685. 

10.  statuas  aeneas]  *  Some  bronze 
statues;'  aeneus  is  another  form 
of  aereus,  n  and  r  being  inter- 
changeable :  #?s,  with  the  ancients, 
was  never  brass,  no  zinc  having 
been  found  in  the  metal  thus 
called. 

12.  domi]  Limits  abjicit.  H. 
117,  1. 

abjicit]  *  Throws  down,'  i.  e., 
as  if  they  were  worthless. 

X.  Hannibal  flees  to  Prusias, 
the  king  of  Bithynia,  and  stirs 
him  up  to  war  against  the  Ko- 
mans.  B.  C.  184. 

16.  Pcenus}  '  The  (wily)  Cartha- 
ginian.'     Poenus  is  intentionally 
used  here,  in  antithesis  with  Cre- 
tensibus,  who  were  also  proverbi- 
ally shrewd  and  cunning. 

17.  Pontum]  Is  here  used  loose- 


180  CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 

Apud  quern  eodem  aninio  fuit  ergaltaliam,neque  aliud 
quicquarn  egit,  quam  regem  armavit  et  exercuit  ad  ver- 
sus Romanes.  Quern  quum  videret  dornesticis  opibus 
minus  esse  robustum,  conciliabat  ceteros  reges,  adjun- 
5  gebatque  bellicosas  nationes.  Dissidebat  ab  eo  Perga- 
menus  rex,  Eumenes,  Rornanis  amicissiinus,  bellumque 
inter  eos  gerebatur  et  mail  et  terra;  quo  magis  cupie- 
bat  eum  Hannibal  opprimi.  Sed  utrobique  Eumenes 
plus  valebat  propter  Roman  or  um  societatera  ;  quem  si 

10  removisset,  faciliora  sibi  cetera  fore  arbitrabatur.  Ad 
hunc  interficiundum  talem  iniit  rationem.  Classe  pau- 
cis  diebus  erant  decreturi.  Superabatur  navium  multi- 
tudine;  dolo  erat  pugnandum,  quum  par  non  esset 
armis.  Imperavit  quam  plurimas  venenatas  serpentes 

15  vivas  colligi,  easque  in  vasa  fictilia  conjici.  Harum 
quum  effecisset  magnam  multitudinem,  die  ipso,  quo 
facturus  erat  navale  prcelium,  classiarios  convocat,  iis- 
que  praecipit,  omnes  ut  in  unam  Eumenis  regis  concur- 
rant  navem,  a  ceteris  tantum  satis  habeant  se  defen- 

20  dere.  Id  illos  facile  serpentium  multitucline  consecu- 
turos.  Rex  autem  in  qua  nave  veheretur,  ut  scirent,  se 

ly  for  Bithyniam,  as  bordering  on  the  more  common  construction, 

the  Euxine.    Pontus  was  strictly  H.  551,  II.  1  and  2. 

a  country  lying    on    the   south-  15.  vivas]  Belongs  to  the  predi- 

eastern  part  of  the  Euxine.  cate. 

6.  EumSnes]    A  king  of  Perga-  17.  classiarios]  The  termination 

mus,  in  Mysia,  who,  by  the  favor  -arius  denotes  either  the  idea  of 

of  the  Romans,  extended  his  lit-  belonging  to,  or  a  person  who  is  ' 

tie    kingdom    till    it   included  a  engaged  in  something  as  an  occu- 

great  part  of  Asia  Minor.  pation.    H.  318,  1. 

8.    utrobique]     '  On    both   ele-  18.  omnes  ut]    For  a  still  more 

ments.'  unusual  position  of  ut,  cf.  p.  168, 

11.  Classe  —  decreturi]    '  Were  line    9.      Connectives    generally 

intending  to  fight  a  naval  battle/  stand  at  the  beginning  of  a  clause, 

etc.    H.  228.  19.  tantum]    '  Merely,'  modifies 

14.  serpentes  —  colligi]  Though  se  defendere. 

the  accusative  with  the  infinitive  21.  ut  scirent,  se  facturum]  *  He 

passive  sometimes  follows  impe-  would  take  care  that  they  should 

rare,  ut  with  the  subjunctive  is  know.' 


HANNIBAL.  181 

facturum;   quem   si    aut   cepissent,   aut   interfecissent, 
mngno  iis  pollicetur  praemio  fore. 

XI.  Tali  cohortatione  militum  facta,  classis  ab  utris- 
que  in  proeliura  deducitur.  Quarum  acie  constitute, 
priusquam  signum  pugnaB  daretur,  Hannibal,  ut  palam  5 
faceret  suis,  quo  loco  Eumenes  esset,  tabellarium  in 
scaplia  cum  caduceo  mittit.  Qui  ubi  ad  naves  adver- 
sariorum  pervenit,  epistolamque  ostendens  se  regem 
profess ns  est  qua3rere,  statim  ad  Eumenem  deductus 
est,  quod  nemo  dubitabat,  aliquid  de  pace  esse  scrip- 10 
turn.  Tabellarius,  duels  nave  declarata  suis,  eodem, 
unde  erat  egressus,  se  recepit.  At  Eumenes,  solutfi 
epistola,  nihil  in  ea  repent,  nisi  qna3  nd  irridendum  eum 
pertinerent.  Cujus  esti  causam  mirabatur,  neque  repe- 
riebatur,  tamen  proelium  statim  coramittere  non  dubi- 15 
tavit.  Horum  in  con  curs  u  Bithynii  Hannibal  is  praecep- 
to  universi  navem  Eumenis  adoriuntur.  Quorum  vim 
rex  quum  sustinere  non  posset,  fugfi  salutem  petit; 
quam  consecutus  non  esset,  nisi  intra  sua  praasidia  se 
recepisset,  quae  in  proximo  litore  erant  collocata.  Reli-  20 
qua3  Pergamenaa  naves  quum  adversaries  premerent 
acrius,  repente  in  eas  vasa  fictilia,  de  quibns  supra  men- 
tionern  fecimus,  conjici  co3pta  sunt.  Quaa  jacta  initio 
risum  pugnantibus  concitarunt,  neque,  quare  id  fieret, 
poterat  intelligi.  Postquam  autem  naves  suas  comple-  25 

2.  iis]    One  of  two  datives  with  The  tablets  on  which  letters  were 

fore.    H.  390.  written  were  tied  with  a  thread  or 

string,  which   was  secured  with 

XI.      Hannibal     vanquishes  wax. 

Eumenes  by  a  stratagem.  U.  pertinerent]     Subjunctive  of 

4.  Quarum]     i.  e.,  classium,im-  result. 

plied  in  classis  ab  utrisque.  Cujus]     Sc.  epistola. 

7.  caduceo]  A  wand  or  staff  reperiebdtur]  Sc.  causa.  The 
carried  by  heralds  and  ambassa-  change  to  the  passive  implies  that 
dors,  and  corresponding  to  the  others  were  curious  as  to  the  mo- 
modern  flag  of  truce.  tive  of  the  letter. 

12.  soluta  episto/a]     Is  equiva-  19.  prccsidia]     Defences;  i.e., 

lent   to   vinctis    epistola   laxatis.  castra  nautica,  below. 


182  CORNELIUS   NEPOS. 

tas  conspexerunt  serpentibus,  nova  re  perterriti,  quum, 
quid  potissimum  vitarent,  non  viderent,  puppes  verte- 
runt,  seque  ad  sua  castra  nautica  retulerunt.  Sic  Han- 
nibal consilio  arma  Pergamenorum  siiperavit;  neque 
5- turn  solum,  sed  saepe  alias  pedestribus  copiis  pari  pru- 
dentia  pepulit  adversaries. 

XII.  Qua3  dura  in  Asia  geruntur,  accidit  casu,  ut 
legati  Prusiae  Romae  apud  T.  Quintiam  Flamininum, 
consularem,  cenarent,  atque  ibi,  de  Hannibale  mentione 

10  facta,  ex  iis  unus  diceret,  eum  in  Prusise  regno  esse. 
Id  postero  die  Flaminmus  senatui  detulit.  Patres  con- 
scripti,  qui,  Hannibale  vivo,  numquam  se  sine  insidiis 
futures  existimarent,  legatos  in  Bithyniam  miserunt,  in 
iis  Flamininum,  qui  ab^rege  peterent,  ne  iiiiinicissimum 

15  suum  secum  haberet,  sibique  dederet.  His  Prusia  ne- 
gare  ausus  non  est ;  illud  recusavit,  ne  id  a  se  fieri 
postularent,  quod  adversus  jus  hospitii  esset ;  ipsi,  si 
possent,  comprehenderent ;  locum,  ubi  esset,  facile  in- 
venturos.  Hannibal  enim  uno  loco  se  tenebat  in  castello, 

20  quod  ei  a  rege  datum  erat  muneri ;  idque  sic  aedificarat, 
ut  in  omnibus  partibus  aedificii  exitus  haberet,  scili- 
cet verens,  ne  usu  veniret,  quod  accidit.  Hue  quum 

XH.    Hannibal  commits  sui-  by  Brutus  after  the  expulsion  of 

cide  to  escape  being  delivered  Tarquin. 

up  to  the  Romans,  about  the  U.  ne  inimicissimum  —  dederef] 

'Not  to  keep  their  worst  enemy 

5.  alias]    A  case  of  alius  used  with  him,  but  to  give  him   up  to 

adverbially;  'at  other  times.'  them;'  from  ne,  ut  is  to  be  sup- 

8.  apud]    'At  the  house  of.'  plied  before  dederet.    Observe  that 

T.  —  Flamininum]    He  was  the  suum  and  sibi  relate  to  the  lead-  . 

conqueror  of  the  Philip  of  Mace-  ing  subject  (patres),  while  se  re- 

donia  mentioned   at   the   begin-  fers  to  the  subject  of  the  dcpen- 

ning  of  ch.  II.  dent  clause  in  which  it  stands. 

\\.Patresconscripti']    i.e.,  Pa-  16.  we  id,  etc.]     Appositive  to 

tres  et  Conscripti,     '  fathers    ;md  illud. 

elect,'  was  the  title  of  the  assem-  18.  comprehenderent]  The  sub- 
bled  senate;  conscripti  refers  to  junctive  in  indirect  for  the  hnper- 
the  enrolment  of  new  senators  ative  in  direct  discourse.  H.  529. 


HANNIBAL.  183 

legati  Romanorum  venissent,  ac  multitudine  dornuin 
ejus  circumdedissent,  puer  ab  janua.  prospiciens  Hanni- 
bali  dixit,  plures  praeter  consuetudinetn  armatos  appa- 
rere.  Qui  imperavit  ei,  ut  omnes  fores  aadificii  circum- 
iret,  ac  propere  sibi  renuntiaret,  num  eodem  modo  5 
undique  obsideretur.  Puer  quum  celeriter,  quid  esset, 
remmtiasset,  omnesque  exitus  occupatos  ostendisset; 
sensit,  id  non  fortuito  factum,  sed  se  peti,  neque  sibi 
diutius  vitam  esse  retinendam.  Quam  ne  alieno  arbi- 
trio  dimitteret,  memor  pristinarum  virtutum,  venenura,  10 
quod  semper  secum  habere  consuerat,  sumpsit. 

XIII.  Sic  vir  fortissimus,  multis  variisque  perfunc- 
tus  laboribus,  anno  acquievit  septuagesimo.  Quibus 
consulibus  interierit,  .non  convenit.  Namque  Atticus, 
M.  Claudio  Marcello,  Q.  Fabio  Labeone  consulibus  15 
mortuura,  in  annali  suo  scrip  turn  reliquit;  at  Polybius, 
L.  -ZEmilio  Paulo,  On.  Ikebio  Tamphilo;  Sulpicius  au- 

2.  puer]   A  slave  was  so  called,  14.  Atticus']     Titus  Pomponius 
without  regard  to  his  age.  Atticus  was  a  polished  and  wealthy 

3.  plures]  'A  considerable  num-  Roman  knight,  and  a  friend  of 
ber.'  Nepos.     His    liber  annalis   con- 

6.  obsideretur]    Sc.  adificium.  tuined  the  history  of  Rome  to  the 

8.   se  peti]     Cf.  Themistocles,  year  B.  C.  54. 

page  121,  line  13.  15.  Marcello]   Marce'llus  and  La- 

10.  virttctum]   l  Deeds  of  valor.'  beo  were  consuls  in  the  year  B.  C. 

venenum  —  sumpsit]       Suicide  183. 

(mors   voluntaria)  was   regarded  16.  Polybius]    Was  a  Pelopon- 

by  the  ancients  as  honorable  in  nesian.    After  the  fall  of  Perseus, 

such  cases  as  this.  the   king  of  Macedonia,  having 

been  taken  to  Rome  as  a  hostage, 

XIII.  Hannibal's  attachment  he  became  acquainted  with  Scipio 

to  literature.  JEmilianus  Africanus  Minor,  un- 

13.    acquievit]      «  Went  to  his  der  whom  he  joined  the  Roman 

rest; '  here  antithetic  to  laboribus ;  army,  and  was  present  at  the  cap- 

a  euphemism.  ture  of  Carthage.    He  died  about 

septuagesimo]    True,  if  he  was  the  year  B.  C.  122,  at  the  age  of 

born  in  the  year  B.  C.  249,  as  eighty-two,    leaving    a   valuable 

Mommsen  says,  and  died  in  the  historical  work,  of  which  a  part 

consulship  of  Cethegns  and  Tarn-  is  still  extant, 

philus;  i.  e.,  B.  C.  181.  11.  Paulo}     Lucius  Paulus  and 


184  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 

tern  Blitho,  P.  Cornelio  Cethego,  M.  Baebio  Tamplulo. 
Atque  hie  tantus  vir  tantisque  bellis  districtus  nonnihil 
temporis  tribuit  litteris.  Namque  aliquot  ejus  libri 
sunt,  Graeco  sermone  confecti ;  in  iis  ad  Rhodios  de  Cn. 
5  Manlii  Vulsonis  in  Asia  rebus  gestis.  Hujus  belli  gesta 
multi  memoriae  prodiderunt:  sed  ex  iis  duo,  qui  cum  eo 
in  castris  fuerunt  simulque  vixerunt,  quamdiu  fortuna 
passa  est,  Silenus,  et  Sosilus  Lacedaemonius.  Atque 
hoe  Sosilo  Hannibal  litterarum  Graecaruni  usus  est 
10  doctore. 

Sed  nos  tempus  est  hujus  libri  facere  finem,  et  Ro- 
manorum  explicare  imperatores ;  quo  facilius  collatis 
utrorumque  factis,  qui  viri  praeferendi  sint,  possit  judi- 
cari. 

Cn.  Tnmphilus  were    consuls  in  grsdd  or  Galatinns  in  Asia  Minor, 

the  year  B.  C.  182.  8.  Silenus]    His  work,  as  well 

1.    Blitho}     Is   otherwise    un-  as  that  of  Sosilus,  is  lost, 

known.  11.  hujus  libri]     i.  e.,  de  excel- 

4.  ad  Rhodios}     Sc.  liber.  lentibus  ducibus    exterarum    gen- 

5.  Vulsonis]    Vulso  was  consul  tium. 

B.  C.  189,  and,  as  such,  made  a  facere}  Subject  of  tempus  est, 
treaty  with  Antiochus,  and  con-  which  is  equivalent  to  tempesti- 
ducted  a  war  against  the  Gailo-  mini  est.  H.  549,  1,  1). 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


Numerals  with  H.  refer  to  Harkness's  Latin  Grammar. 

adj adjective. 

adv.    ......  adverb. 

cf.       confer,  compare. 

dcf. defective. 

dep deponent. 

dim diminutive. 

esp especially. 

f.         feminine. 

fig- figuratively. 

freq frequentative. 

indef. indefinite. 


int intensive. 

intr intransitive. 


irreg irregular. 

lit literally. 

m masculine. 

n neuter. 

num numeral. 

opp opposed. 

P page. 

pron pronoun. 

so scilicet,  supply. 

subs substantive. 

syn synonyme. 

tr transitive. 

v verb. 


Z.  refers  to  Zumpt's  Latin  Grammar. 


(185) 


DICTIONARY. 


A-ACCIPIO 


A. 


a,  ab,  abs,  prep,  with  abl.*  A 
only  before  consonants ;  ab  before 
vowels  and  consonants  ;  abs 
chiefly  in  compounds.  From,  by. 

Abdalonimus,  i,  m.  A  gar- 
dener, but  of  royal  descent,  made 
king  of  Sidon  by  Alexander  the 
Great. 

ab-do,  ere,  dldi,  dttum,  v.  tr. 
To  hide,  conceal,  put  out  of  the 
way. 

ab-eo,  ire,  wi  (ii),  ttum,  v.  intr. 
To  go  off  or  away. 

ab-horreo,  ere,  ui,  v.  tr.  and 
intr.  To  shrink  back  in  dread; 
to  abhor;  to  be  averse  to,  differ 
greatly. 

ab-igo,  ere,  egi,  actum,  v.  tr. 
(ago).  To  drive  off  or  away. 

ab-jicio,  $re,jeci,jectum,  y.  tr. 
(jacio).  To  throw  off  or  away; 
reject,  despise. 

ab-ripio,  $re,  rlpui,  reptum,  v. 
tr.  (rdpio).  To  take  away  by 
force. 

ab-rogo,  are,  art,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  repeal,  annul ;  to  take  from. 

abs-cedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessum,  v. 
intr.  To  depart  from,  desist. 

abs-condo,  ere,  di  and  dldi, 
dltum  and  consum,  v.  tr.  To  hide, 
conceal. 


absens,  entis,  part,  (dbsum). 
Absent,  not  here,  being  away. 

ab-solvo,  ere,  solvi,  solutum,v. 
tr.  To  free  from ;  to  free  from  a 
charge,  declare  innocent,  absolve, 
acquit. 

abstinentia,  a,  f.  (absttneo). 
A  withholding  from,  abstinence  as 
opposed  to  covetousness ;  modera- 
tion, temperance. 

abs-tlneo,  ere,  ttnui,  tentum,  v. 
tr.  and  intr.  (teneo).  To  hold 
or  keep  back  or  away ;  to  abstain. 

abstuli.    See  aufero. 

ab-sum,  esse,fui,  v.  irr.  To  be 
absent ;  to  be  wanting. 

ac,  or  atque,  conj.    And. 

accedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessum,  v. 
intr.  (ad,  cedo).  To  approach,  go 
to;  to  be  added;  to  accede;  ad 
rempublicam,  to  engage  in  the 
business  of  the  state. 

accendo,  ere,  ndi,  nsum,  v.  tr. 
(ad,  candeo,  to  shine).  To  kindle, 
set  on  fire ;  to  light. 

accessus,  us,  m.  (accedo).  Ac- 
cess, approach. 

accldo,  ere,  cldi,  v.  intr.  (ad, 
cado).  To  fall  to,  come  to,  happen. 

accio,  ire,  ivi,  Itum,  v.  tr.  (ad, 
cieo).  To  call,  summon. 

accipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptum,  v.  tr. 
(ad,  cdpio).  To  take,  get,  receive, 
accept ;  to  learn,  hear. 

187 


188 


ACCURATE  —  ADJUNGO 


accurate,  adv.  (ad,  euro).  Ac- 
cu:-Vitely,  carefully. 

accurro,  ere,  curri  (cucurri, 
rare),  cursum,  v.  intr.  (ad,  curro}. 
To  run  to  or  towards. 

accuse,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(ad,  causa).  To  call  one  to  ac- 
count ;  to  accuse  openly  of  crime, 
arraign,  impeach ;  to  blame,  cen- 
sure. 

acer,  or  acris,  acris,  acre,  adj. 
Sharp,  tart,  pungent  ;  violent, 
fierce,  savage,  vehement ;  eager ; 
passionate,  bold. 

acerbitas,  atis,  f.  (acerbus). 
Harshness  or  bitterness  of  taste  ; 
distress ;  severity,  rigor. 

acerbus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (acer}. 
Sour  or  disagreeable  to  the  taste. 

Acesines,  ce,  m.  A  river  of 
India,  which  falls  into  the  Indus. 

Acheron,  tis,  m.  The  Ache- 
ron, a  river  of  Bruttii. 

Acherusius,  a,  um,  adj.  Per- 
taining to  the  Acheron  in  Epiius. 

acies,  ei,  f.  The  edge  of  a  cut- 
ting instrument ;  order  of  battle, 
line  of  battle,  army  in  battle  ar- 
ray ;  the  eye  or  sight. 

acquiesce,  ere,  em,  etum,  v. 
intr.  (ad,  quiesco}.  To  rest  or  re- 
pose ;  to  acquiesce,  be  pleased  or 
satisfied  with ;  to  die. 

acqulro,  ere,  quisivi,  quisitum, 
v.  tr.  (ad,  qucero).  To  acquire, 
procure,  get. 

acrlter,  adv.,  comp.  acrius,  sup. 
acerrlme  (acer}.  Vehemently, 
vigorously,  sharply,  keenly  ; 
bravely,  courageously,  fiercely. 

actio,  onis,  f.  (ago).  A  doing, 
performing ;  actio  gratiarum,  the 
giving  of  thanks. 

tic  turn,  i,  n.  (ago},  plur.  acta, 
drum.  Glorious  deeds,  exploits. 

acumen,    tnis,    n.    (Ocuo,   to 


sharpen).  A  sharp  point,  edge; 
acuteness,  ingenuity,  smartness. 

ad,  prep,  with  ace.  To,  to- 
Wiirds  ;  at,  before  ;  ad  tempus, 
about  the  time. 

Adaspii,  drum,  m.  The  Adas- 
pii. 

ad-do,  $re,  Idi,  Hum,  v.  tr.  To 
add,  put  to ;  to  say  in  addition. 

ad-duco,  ere,  duxi,  ductum,  v. 
tr.  To  lead,  bring  to;  to  induce, 
persuade,  influence. 

ad-eo,  adv.  So,  so  far,  so 
much. 

ad-eo,  ire,  ivi  (ii},Uum,  v.  intr. 
To  go  to,  approach;  to  attack, 
encounter  ;  to  speak  to,  address. 

adeptus,  a,  urn,  part.  See 
adipiscor. 

ad  fee  to.     See  affecto. 

adficio.    See  afficio. 

ad-fligo,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v.  tr. 
(figo,  to  strike).  To  dash  to  the 
ground ;  to  distress,  afflict. 

ad-hlbeo,  ere,  ui,  Hum,  v.  tr. 
(habeo).  To  use,  admit,  apply. 

ad-huc,  adv.  To  this  place ; 
hitherto,  until  now,  still,  as  yet ; 
besides,  moreover. 

Adimantus,  i,  m.  An  Athe- 
nian general,  colleague  of  Alcibi- 
ades  in  the  Spartan  war. 

ad -lino,  ere,  emi,  emptum,  v.  tr. 
(emo}.  To  take  away,  deprive  of, 
remove. 

ad-ipiscor,  ci,  eptus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (apiscor,  to  reach  after).  To 
get,  obtain. 

ad  it  us,  us,  m.  (ddeo).  An  ap- 
proach ;  access,  liberty  of  ap- 
proach ;  a  passage,  entrance. 

ad-jicio,  ere,jeci,jectum,  v.  tr. 
(jdcio}.  To  add. 

ad-jungo,  ere,  nxi,  nctum,  v. 
tr.  To  join  to,  annex ;  to  attach, 
gain  over. 


ADJUVO  —  ADTINGO 


189 


ad-jfivo,  are,  uvi,  utum,  and 
avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  To  aid,  assist, 
help ;  to  favor. 

ad-ludo,  ere,  usi,  usum,  v.  tr. 
To  play  upon ;  to  impose  upon. 

Admetus, i,  m.  A  kins;  of  the 
Molossians,  at  whose  court  Thc- 
mistocles  took  refuge,  when  ban- 
ished by  his  countrymen. 

ad-ministro,  are,  avi,  atum, 
v.  tr.  To  attend  upon,  serve  ;  to 
take  in  hand,  manage;  to  exe- 
cute, perform. 

.  ad-mirabilis,  e,  adj.  (miror). 
Worthy  of  admiration,  wonderful. 

admirandus,  a  um,  adj.  (ad- 
tniror).  Wonderful,  admirable. 

admiratio,  onis,  f.  (admirer). 
Admiration. 

ad-miror,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
To  wonder  greatly,  be  astonished ; 
to  admire. 

ad  mitto,  ere,  mist,  missum,  v. 
tr.  To  allow  a  person  or  thing  to 
come ;  to  admit,  give  access  to"; 
to  commit,  perpetrate. 

ad  modum,  adv.  Very,  of  a 
truth  ;  with  numerals :  about. 

ad  m  one  o,  ere,  m,  Itum,  v.  tr. 
To  remind,  admonish,  warn. 

ad-nato.  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  intr. 
To  swim  to  or  towards. 

adolescens,  ntis,  m.  and  f. 
(addlesco,  to  grow  up).  A  young 
man  or  worn  in  from  the  age  of 
fifteen  to  thirty,  or  even  forty. 

adolescentia,<z?,  f. (adolescens). 
Youth. 

adolescentulus,  /,  m.  (dim. 
of  dddlfisce>;s).  A  little  youn. 
man,  stripling. 

adoptio,  onis,  f.  (ad,  opto,  to 
choose).  A- taking  or  receiving 
one  in  the  place  of  a  child. 

addratio,  onis,  f.  (adoro).  Ad- 
oration, worship. 


ad-orior,  iri,  ortus  sum,  v.  dcp. 
To  attack ;  to  attempt ;  to  accost. 

ad-oro,  are,  avi,  atumt  v.  tr. 
To  worship,  revere,  adore. 

ad-peto,  ere,  Im  (ii),  Hum,  v.  tr. 
To  strive  after ;  to  seek  or  grasp 
after. 

ad-quiro,  8re,  siti,  sltum,  v.  tr. 
(qucero).  To  gain,  acquire. 

Adrastia,  <e,  f.  A  region  of 
Mysia,  through  which  the  river 
Granicus  flows. 

Adrumetum,  or  Hadrume- 
tum,  i,  n.  A  town  in  Africa  Pro- 
pria. 

ad-scendo,  Sre,  ndi,  nsum,  v. 
intr.  (scando,  to  climb).  To  climb 
up,  ascend. 

ad-scribo,  8re,  psi,  ptum,  v.  tr. 
To  ascribe  to,  apply  ;  to  appoint. 

adscriptus,  a,  um,  part,  (ad- 
scrlbo).  Appointed. 

ad-sequor,  i,  secutus  sum,  v. 
dep.  To  attain  to,  get,  acquire. 

ad-sero,  ere,  ui,  turn,  v.  tr. 
(sero,  to  join).  To  affirm,  assert. 

ad-signo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(signum).  To  assign,  ascribe,  ap- 

piy- 

ad-silio,  ire,  sllui,  suHum,  v. 
intr.  (sdUo).  To  leap  to  or  upon. 

adspergo.    See  aspergo. 

adspicio.    See  asplcio. 

ad-suesco,  ere,  uevi,  uetum,  v. 
intr.  (suesco,  to  be  wont).  To  be 
accustomed  to. 

ad-sum,  essetfui,  v.  irr.  To  be 
present. 

ad-sumo,  ere,  sumpsi,  sump- 
turn,  v.  tr.  To  take  something  to 
one's  self;  to  assume. 

ad-tento,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(tSneo).  To  set  upon,  ntrack. 

ad-testor,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dcp. 
To  bear  witness  to  anything. 

ad- tin  go,  ere,  tlgi,  tactumt  v. 


190 


ADULATIO  —  ^ESTIMATIO 


tr.  (tango).  To  touch,  reach,  ar- 
rive at. 

adulatio,  onis,  f.  (adulor). 
Fawning,  flattery. 

add  I  or,  art,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
To  fawn  upon,  flatter;  (of  the  ser- 
vile reverence  paid  to  Asiatic 
kings),  to  prostrate  one's  self  in 
reverence. 

adulterium,  i,  n.  (aduUer,  an 
adulterer).  Adultery. 

ad-uiio,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(unus).  To  make  one  ;  to  unite. 

ad-vento,  are,  avi,  atum,  v. 
intr.  (freq.  of  advenio).  To  ap- 
proach, come  frequently. 

ad-veiitus,  us,  m.  (ad,  venio). 
An  arrival. 

adversarius,  a,  um,  adj.  (ad- 
versus). Contrary,  opposite  to. 
Subs.  An  adversary,  opponent, 
enemy. 

adversus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ad, 
verto).  Opposite,  fronting;  con- 
trary, hostile,  adverse. 

adversus,  or  adversuni,  adv. 
and  prep,  with  ace.  (ad,  verto). 
Against,  towards,  opposite. 

ad-voco,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  call  to  ;  to  -summon. 

ad-volo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  intr. 
To  fly  to  or  towards;  to  spring 
upon. 

^Eacides,  a,  m.  A  descendant 
of  JEacus. 

redes,  and  aedis,  is,  f.  A  tem- 
ple (prop,  one  apartment).  Plur. 
cedes,  ium,  a  house,  consisting  of 
several  apartments. 

aedificium,  i,  n.  (adlfico).  A 
building,  edifice,  house. 

aedlf  ico,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(cedes,  fdcio).  To  build,  frame. 

aes?er,  gra,  grum,  adj.  Sick, 
weak ;  distressed  in  body  or  mind ; 
anxious,  sorrowful. 


umen,  in  Greek  JEgos 
Potami,  Goat's  river,  in  the  Thra- 
cian  Chersonesus. 

aegre,  adv.  (ceger}.  With  diffi- 
culty, scarcely,  hardly. 

jE§ryptus,  t,  f.    E.nypt. 

semiilatio,  onis,  f.  (amulor). 
Emulation,  rivalry. 

aemulor,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dcp. 
(cemulus}.  To  desire  to  excel,  ri- 
val, emulate  ;  with  dat.,  to  envy. 

aemulus,  a,  um,  adj.  Vying 
with  or  emulating  another.  Subs. 
A  rival. 

aeneus,  a,  um,  adj.  (as).  Of 
brass,  brazen. 

^Eolia,  ce,  or  ^Eolis,  idos,  f.  A 
country  in  the  north-western  part 
of  Asia  Minor,  and  north  of  Ionia. 

aequalis,  e,  adj.  (ccquus).  Equal, 
constant;  of  the  same  age,  co- 
temporary. 

aeque,  adv.  (aquus).  Equally; 
with  quam  or  ac,  as. 

sequiparo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(atquus,  paro).  To  equal,  com- 
pare. 

aequltas,  atis,  f.  (cequus). 
Equality,  justice,  equity. 

aequus,  a,  um,  adj.  Plain,  level ; 
equal  ;  fair,  impartial ;  favorable, 
advantageous ;  cequo  animo,  pa- 
tiently. 

aerarium,  i,  n.  (&s).  Treasury, 
the  place  where  public  money  is 
kept,  the  exchequer. 

aes,  ceris,  n.  Any  crude  metnl, 
except  gold  and  silver,  dug  from 
the  earth,  copper,  brass ;  money. 

^Esopws,  t,  m.  ^Esop,  the  cele- 
brated fabulist. 

aestas,  atis,  f.  (cestus).  Sum- 
mer. 

aestimatio,  onis,  f.  (asttmo). 
The  estimating  a  thing  according 
to  its  value,  estimation. 


—  ALIO 


191 


aestimo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  estimate,  value,  rate,  appraise ; 
to  account. 

aestus,  us,  m.  (aestuo,  to  boil). 
Heat,  commotion ;  exertion  (of  the 
mind),  excitement ;  tide. 

aetas,  atis,  f.  (avum>  contr.  from 
cBvitas}.  Time  of  life,  age,  time ; 
season  ;  an  age  or  space  of  thirty 
years. 

^Etolus,  a,  um,  adj.  JEtolian. 
Subs.  jEtdli,-orum,  m.  The  ^Eto- 
lians. 

aevum,  i,  n.    Age,  life. 

affabilis,  e,  adj.  (ad,  for,  to 
speak).  Affable,  courteous,  ac- 
cessible. 

affecto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(frcq.  of  afflcio}.  To  strive  after, 
aspire  to. 

affero,/<?rre,  attuli,  allahim,v. 
tr.  (ad,fero).  To  carry  or  bring 
to  ;  to  report  or  bring  word. 

afficio,  ere,  fed,  fectum,  v.  tr. 
To  put  into  a  certain  state  of  mind ; 
to  affect,  influence,  move. 

affinitas,  atis,  f.  (ad,  finis}. 
Relationship  by  marriage. 

affirm o,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(ad,  firmo).  To  affirm,  declare, 
assert,  maintain. 

Africa,  ce,  f.    Africa. 

Agamemnon,  tints,  m.  King 
of  Argos  and  Mycenae,  brother 
of  Menelaus,  and  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  Greeks  in  the  Trojan 
war. 

ager,  gri,  m.  A  field,  territory, 
land. 

aggrgdior,  i,  essus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(ad,  grddior,  to  go).  To  go  to, 
approach ;  accost,  address  ;  to  set 
about,  undertake,  attempt,  begin ; 
to  attack,  assault ;  to  accuse. 

Agis,  tdis,  m.  Agis,  a  king  of 
Sparta. 


agmen,  inis,  n.  (dgo).  A  train; 
a  march  of  an  army  ;  an  army. 

agnosco,  Sre,  novi,  nltum,  v. 
tr.  (ad,  nosco).  To  know,  per- 
ceive, recognize ;  to  own. 

agnus,  i,  m.    A  lamb. 

aso.  ere,  egi,  actum,  v.  tr.  To 
drive,  act,  do,  pursue  a  course  of 
action  ;  to  treat,  transact ;  to  con- 
duct ;  to  spend,  pass.  Age  !  Come 
now !  id  agitur,  it  is  proposed  or 
intended. 

ajo,  ais,  ait,  v.  def.  To  say 
yes ;  to  say,  assert. 

alapa,  <e,  f.    A  slap,  blow. 

Alcibiades,  is,  m.  An  Athe- 
nian. 

Alcmaeon,  dnis,  m.  Son  of 
Ampliianuis  and  Eriphyle. 

ales,  Mis,  m.  and  f.  (ala,  a  wing). 
A  bird. 

Alexander,  dri,  m.  I.  The 
son  of  Philip,  king  of  Macedonia; 
died  B.  C.  323,  at  the  age  of  32. 
II.  Alexander  Lyncistas,  so  called 
from  Lyncistis,  a  district  of  Mace- 
donia. III.  King  of  Eplrus,  broth- 
er of  Olympias,  the  mother  of 
Alexander  the  Great. 

Alexandria,  #,  f.  I.  Alex- 
andria, a  city  of  Egypt.  II.  Al- 
exandria, in  the  Caucasus. 

alias,  adv.    At  other  times. 

alien  o,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(dliemis).  To  cast  off;  to  estrange, 
alienate  ;  to  transfer  the  property 
of  a  thing  to  another. 

alienus,  a,  um,  adj.  (alius}. 
Belonging  to  another,  foreign  ;  ad- 
verse ;  alienus  locus,  disadvanta- 
geous ground. 

alimentum,  t,  n.  (alo).  Nour- 
ishment. 

alio,  adv.  (alius).  To  another 
place,  thing,  or  person ;  to  another 
end,  purpose,  intent,  or  use. 


192 


ALIQUANDO  —  ANA'XARCHUS 


aliquando,  adv.  (dllquis).  At 
some  time,  at  length,  now  at  last. 

allquanto,  or  -turn,  adv.  (ali- 
us, quantus).  Somewhat,  a  little, 
considerably. 

aliquis,  qua,  quod  or  quid,  pron. 
indef.  (alius,  quis).  Some  one, 
somebody,  some. 

aliquot,  adj.  pi.  indecl.  (alius, 
quot).  Some,  several,  a  few. 

aliter,  adv.  (alius).  Otherwise, 
in  another  manner. 

alius,  a,  ud,  gen.  alius,  adj. 
Another,  other  of  many ;  alter,  of 
two;  different,  contrary.  Alii  — 
alii,  some  —  others. 

allieio,  Sre,  exi,  ectum,  v.  tr. 
(ad,  lacio,  to  draw  gently).  To 
allure. 

allisro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(ad,  llgo,  to  bind).  To  tie  up. 

alldquor,  i,  cutus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(ad,  Idquor).  To  speak  to  one ; 
to  exhort. 

alo,  ere,  ui,  itum  or  altum,  v. 
tr.  To  nourish,  feed ;  to  maintain. 

Alpes,  ium,  f.  The  Alps,  the 
highest  mountains  of  Europe. 

Alpicus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Alpcs). 
Belonging  to  the  Alps.  Subs.,  an 
inhabitant  of  the  Alps. 

alter,  era,  erum,  gen.  tus,  adj. 
Another;  the  other  of  two;  the 
second. 

altitude,  fnis,  f.  (altus). 
Height ;  depth. 

altus,  a,  um,  adj.  (alo).  High, 
tall. 

alvus,  t ,  f.    Belly  ;  bee-hive. 

Am  ad  as,  ce,  m.  Amadas,  one 
of  Alexander's  officers. 

amarus,  a,  um,  adj.  Bitter; 
sad,  unpleasant;  revolting,  calam- 
itous. 

Amazon,  dnis,  f.  An  Amazon. 
Amazdnes,  um*  a  community  of 


warlike  women,  who  dwelt  on  the 
river  Thermodon. 

Amblger,  eri,  m.    Ambiger. 

ambitio,  onis,  f.  (ambio,  to  go 
around).  A  going  around,  a  striv- 
ing for  one's  favor  or  good  will ; 
flattery. 

ambo,  ce,  o,  adj.    Both. 

Ambri,  drum,  m.    The  Ambri. 

amice,  adv.  (amicus).  In  a 
friendly  manner, cordially, kindly. 

a  mieiti  a,  ce,  f.  (amicus). 
Friendship. 

amicus,  a,  um,  adj.  (dmo). 
Friendly,  benevolent,  favorable, 
courteous. 

amicus,  i,  m.  (&mo).  A  friend. 

amissus,  us,  m.  (amitto).  Loss. 

a-mitto,  ere,  misi,  mis  sum,  v. 
tr.  To  send  away  ;  to  let  go,  dis- 
miss ;  to  lose. 

amnis,  is.  m.    A  stream,  river. 

amo,  are,  am,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
love. 

amrenitas,  atis,  f.  (dmosnus, 
pleasant).  Pleasantness,  delight- 
fulness  (as  of  a  garden,  river,  etc.). 

amor,  oris,  m.  (amo).    Love. 

a-moveo,  ere,  movi,  motum,  v. 
tr.  To  remove  from  a  place. 

amphora,  ce,  f.  A  vessel  with 
two  handles,  jar. 

am-plector,  i,  plexus  sum,  v. 
dep.  To  wind  around  a  person  or 
thing,  to  embrace. 

amplius,  adv.,  comp.  of  ample 
and  amplUer  (amplus).  More, 
more  copiously ;  besides. 

ampius,  a,  um,  adj.  Large, 
ample ;  great,  noble. 

Amyntas,  ce,  m.  Amyntns,  a 
Macedonian  officer  in  Alexander's 
army. 

an,  conj.    Whether,  or. 

Anaxarchus,  i,  m.  Anaxar- 
chus,  a  philosopher  of  Abdera. 


ANCEPS  —  APPAREO 


193 


anceps,  clpltis^  adj.  (am,caput). 
Double,  on  both  sides ;  two-edged ; 
doubtful,  undecided,  uncertain ; 
dangerous. 

anchora,  or  aiicora, #,  f.  An 
anchor  ;  fig.  support,  stay,  refuge. 

Anddcides,  is,  m.  An  Athe- 
nian orator  cotemporary  with 
Socrates. 

Andragoras,  ce,  m.  Andrag- 
oras. 

angulus,  i,  m.    Corner,  nook. 

angustia,  ce,  f.  (angustus). 
Narrowness  ;  sing,  rare  ;  plur.  an- 
gustice,  arum,  f.  a  narrow  place, 
straits,  defile ;  difficulties. 

an  gust  us,  a,  um,  adj.  (ango,  to 
choke).  Narrow,  strait ;  scanty, 
pinching,  small. 

anima,  ce,  f.  Air,  breath,  odor ; 
the  soul,  life. 

aiiimadverto,  Sre,  ti,  sum,  v. 
tr.  (animus,  ad,  verto).  To  direct 
the  thought  or  attention  to  a 
thing ;  to  consider,  observe,  at- 
tend to ;  to  punish. 

animal,  dlis,  n.  (antma).  A 
living  being,  animal. 

animdsus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (ani- 
mus}. Full  of  courage,  bold, 
spirited. 

animus,  it  m.  The  soul ;  will ; 
mind ;  passion ;  courage  ;  pi.  the 
affections. 

aunalis,  e,  adj.  (annus).  Of  a 
year ;  subs.,  a  register  of  a  year's 
transactions ;  journal,  memoir. 

a  u  11  ill  us,  i,  m.    A  ring,  espe 
cially  for  the  finger  ;  signet-ring 
annus,  i,  m.    A  year. 
animus,  a,  um,  adj.   (annus). 
Yearly,  annual,  for  a  year. 

ante,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace. 
Before  ;   ante-quam,  before  that. 
antea,  adv.  (ante,  ea).   Before 
formerly ;  before  that. 

13 


ante-cedo,  8re,  cessi,  cessum,  v. 
titr.    To  go  before,  excel,  surpass. 
ante'-fe'ro,4/em?,  tuli,  latum,\. 
tr.    To  carry  before,  prefer. 
ant6-hac,  adv.    Before  this. 
ante-pono,  Sre,  pdsui,  posttum, 
v.  tr.    To  place  or  set  before ;  to 
prefer. 

ante-sto,  or  antisto,  are,  steti, 
stltum  and  stdtum,  v.  intr.     To 
stand  before  ;  to  excel,  surpass. 
antldotum,  i,  n.   An  antidote. 
Antigen es,  is,  m.    A  general 
of  Alexander  the  Great. 

Antiochus,  i,  m.  A  king  of 
Syria. 

Antipater,  tri,  m.  One  of  the 
generals  and  successors  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great. 

antiquitas,  atis,  f.  (antiquus}. 
Antiquity. 

antiquus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ante). 
Old,  ancient. 

antistes,  stitis,  m.  and  f.  (antet 
sto).    Overseer ;  high  priest. 
aniilus,  i,  m.    See  annulus. 
anus,  us,  f.    An  old  woman. 
Apeimmus,  i,  m.    A  range  of 
mountains  in  Italy. 
aper,  pri,  m.    A  wild  boar. 
aperio,  ire,  ui,  apertum,  v.  tr. 
(ab,  pdrio).    To  open,   uncover, 
bring  to  light,  disclose  ;  to  unfold, 
explain. 

apertus,  a,  um,  adj.  (apgrio). 
Open,  plain,  manifest. 
apis,  or  -es,  is,  f.    A  bee. 
Apollo,  tnis,  m.    Son  of  Jupi- 
ter and  Latona,  brother  of  Diana. 
apparatus,  us,  m.  (apparo).  A 
getting  ready ;  magnificent  prepa- 
ration, splendor,  pomp,  magnifi- 
cence. 

appareo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  v.  intr. 
(ad,  pdreo).  To  appear,  be  visi- 
ble, be  evident. 


194 


APPARO  —  ARRIPIO 


apparo,  are,  am,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(ad,  paro).  To  prepare,  make 
ready ;  to  make  provision  for. 

appello.  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(ad,  pello).  To  call,  name ;  to  ad. 
dress,  speak  to. 

appello,  ere,puli,  pulsum,  v.  tr. 
(ad,  pello).  To  drive,  make  go; 
navem,  to  bring  a  ship  to  land. 

applico,  are,  avi,  atum,  and  ui, 
ttum,  v.  tr.  (ad,  pllco,  to  fold).  To 
join  to ;  to  bring  near,  place  near 
to ;  to  attach,  join ;  navem,  to 
bring  a  ship  to  land. 

apporto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(ad,  porto).  To  bring  or  carry  to, 
convey,  bring  on,  bring  with. 

aptus,  a,  urn,  adj.  Fit,  suita- 
ble, meet,  proper. 

apud,  prep,  with  ace.  At,  by, 
near,  among,  with. 

Apulia,  a,  f.  A  district  of 
Italy,  on  the  Adriatic  Sea. 

Apulus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Apulia]. 
Apulian.  Subs.,  Apuli,  drum,  m. 
The  Apulians. 

aqua,  ce,  f.    Water. 

aqiiila,  ce,  f.    An  eagle. 

aquilo,  onis,  m.  The  north 
wind,  any  violent  wind. 

ara,  «,  f.    An  altar. 

arbitrium,  *,  n.  (arbiter,  um- 
pire). The  judgment,  decision 
of  an  arbitrator;  will,  pleasure. 

arbitror,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(arbiter,  umpire).  To  observe, 
hear,  believe,  suppose,  think. 

arbor,  or  -os,  oris,  f.    A  tree. 

Arcadia,  ce,  f.  A  country  in 
the  centre  of  the  Peloponnesus. 

Areas,  adis  and  ados,  m.  An 
Arcadian. 

arceo,  ere,  cui,  v.  tr.  To  keep 
off. 

arcesso,  ere,  slvi,  situm,  v.  tr. 
To  call,  summon,  send  for. 


arcus,  us,  m.    A  bow. 

ardor,  oris,  m.  (ardeo,  to  burn). 
Heat,  ardor. 

argenteus,  a,  um,  adj.  (argen- 
tum).  Of  or  from  silver,  made  of 
silver ;  highly  adorned  with  silver. 

argentum,  i,  n.  Silver ;  money. 

Argivi,  drum,  m.  Citizens  of 
Argos. 

Argos,  eos,  n.  ;  plur.  Argi, 
drum,  m.  The  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Argolis,  in  the  Pelopon- 
nesus. 

argument  um,  i,  n.  (arguo). 
Argument,  proof;  fable. 

arguo,  ere,  ui,  uitum  and  utum* 
v.  tr.  To  show,  indicate;  to  ac- 
cuse, convict. 

Argyraspis,  idis,  pi.  Argyras- 
pldcs,  adj.  Having  a  silver  shield. 

Aridaeus,  i,  m.  A  natural  son 
of  Philip  of  MacMon,  brother  of 
Alexander  the  Great,  whom  he 
succeeded  in  the  government. 

aridus,  a,  um,  adj.  (areo,  to  be 
dry).  Dry,  withered. 

Aristides,  is,  m.  A  celebrated 
Athenian. 

Aristoteles,  is,  m.  Aristotle, 
a  very  learned  and  distinguished 
pupil  of  Plato,  from  Stagira  in 
Macedonia,  teacher  of  Alexander 
the  Great,  and  founder  of  the 
Peripatetic  philosophy. 

arma,  orumtn.  (from  root  AR, 
to  fit).  Arms,  armor,  weapons. 

armatus,  i,  m.  (armo).  An 
armed  man,  a  soldier. 

armo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(arma).  To  arm,  equip,  fit  out; 
veneno,  to  tip  with  poison. 

aro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
plough. 

arripio,  ere,  ui,  reptum,  v.  tr. 
(ad,  rapio).  To  seize ;  to  learn 
quickly ;  to  engage  in  eagerly. 


ARS  —  AUDIO 


195 


ars,  tis,  f.  (root  AR,  to  fit).  Art, 
skill,  ability,  invention,  method. 

Artaphernes,  is,  m.  A  Per- 
sian general. 

Artaxerxes,  is,  m.  A  king  of 
Persia,  who  succeeded  his  father, 
Xerxes. 

Artemisium,  *,  n.  A  promon- 
tory on  the  north-east  of  Eubcea. 

artus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (arceo,  to 
press).  Close,  narrow,  confined. 

arx,  cis,  f.  Fortress,  castle, 
citadel;  place  of  refuge. 

as,  assis,  m.  A  unit ;  a  small 
coin ;  a  farthing. 

ascendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  v.  intr. 
(ad,  scando,  to  climb).  To  go  up, 
mount ;  to  ascend,  climb. 

asellus,  i,  m.  (dim.  of  dsinus). 
A  little  ass. 

Asia,  ce,  f.    Asia. 

asiuus,  i,  m.    An  ass. 

asper,  era,  entm,  adj.  Rough, 
violent,  sharp ;  harcl,  difficult. 

aspergo,  ere,  si,  sum,  v.  tr. 
(ad,  spar  go).  To  besprinkle;  to 
asperse,  revile. 

asperitas,  atis,  f.  (asper}.  Un- 
evenness,  roughness. 

aspicio,  ere,  exi,  cctum,  v.  tr. 
(ad,  specio,  to  look).  To  look  at, 
see,  behold ;  to  look  up  to,  esteem. 

asporto,  are,  avi,  atu/n,  v.  tr. 
(abs,porto).  To  carry  or  convey 
to ;  to  carry  or  conduct  away. 

assentor,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(ad,  sentio).  To  assent  to  fully  ; 
to  acknowledge  one  as  right. 

assumo,  &re,  sumpsi,  sumptum, 
v.  tr.  (ad,  sumo).  To  take  some- 
thing to  one's  self;  to  take,  adopt. 

astu,  nt,  indccl.  A  city,  espe- 
cially the  city  Athens. 

astus,  us,  m.  Adroitness,  craft, 
cunning. 

at,  conj.    But. 


Athenae,  drum,  f.  Athens,  the 
capital  of  Attica. 

Atheaiensis,e,adj.  Athenian. 
S\ibs.,  Athenienses,  ium,ni.  and  f. 
The  Athenians. 

athleta,  ce,  m.  A  wrestler,  or 
any  one  who  contended  at  the 
public  games ;  champion,  athlete. 

atque,  or  ac  [in  classical  lan- 
guage ac  is  used  only  before  con- 
sonants], conj.  (ad,  que).  And 
also ;  and  besides,  and  even,  and. 

Attalus,  i,  m.  One  of  Alex- 
ander's officers. 

attendo,  ere,  di,  turn,  v.  tr. 
(ad,  tendo).  To  attend,  apply. 

Attica,  ce,  f.  A  country  of 
Greece. 

Attlcus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Attica). 
Attic,  of  Attica;  subs.,  an  inhab- 
itant of  Attica  ;  an  Athenian. 

Attlcus,  i,  m.  A  name  given 
to  Titus  Pomponius,  a  Roman 
knight,  from  his  long  residence  in 
Athens. 

auctor,  oris,  m.  (augeo).  An 
author,  founder;  adviser,  insti- 
gator; inventor,  originator. 

auctdritas,  atis,  f.  (auctor). 
Authority,  influence,  interest, 
weight. 

audacia,  a,  f.  (audax).  Bold- 
ness, audacity. 

audaciter,  or  audacter,  adv. 
(attdax).  Boldly,  with  audacity; 
impudently. 

audax,  ads,  adj.  (audeo).  Bold. 

audeo,  ere,  ausus  sum,  v.  semi- 
dep.  [participles,  audens,  ausu- 
rus,  ausus,  and  audendus  ;  ausns 
being  used  both  in  an  active  and 
passive  sense].  To  venture  to  do ; 
to  dare,  presume,  undertake. 

audio,  $re,  iri,  itum,  v.  tr.  To 
hear,  listen  ;  to  obey ;  audiens 
dido,  obedient. 


196 


AUFERO  —  BENEFICIUM 


auf  ero,  ferre,  abstiili,  ablatum 
v.  tr.  (ab,  fero).  To  take  away! 
carry  otf,  remove  ;  aufer,  away 
with. 

augeo,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v.  tr.  To 
increase,  augment. 

augur,  uris,  m.  An  augur, 
diviner,  soothsayer. 

augurium,  i,  n.  (augur).  Divi- 
nation. 

auratus,  a,  um,  adj.  (aurum). 
Ornamented  with  gold,  gilded. 

Aurelius,  2,  m.  L.  Cotta,  a 
Roman  consul. 

aureus,  a,  um,  adj.  (aurum). 
Of  gold,  golden. 

auris,  is,  f.    The  ear. 

auritulus,  i,  m.  (dim.  of  aurl- 
tus,  auris).  The  long-eared  beast, 
t.  <?.,  the  ASS. 

aurum,  i,  n.    Gold,  money. 

auspicium,  i,  n.  (auspex  ;  avis, 
spScio,  to  look).  The  observation 
of  the  birds  bred  for  auspices  ; 
auspices,  omens. 

aut,  conj.  Or  ;  aut  —  aut,  cither 
—  or. 

aut  em,  conj.  But,  on  the  other 
hand,  however;  now,  truly,  in- 
deed. 

auxilium,  f,  n.  (anged).  Help, 
aid,  assistance,  remedy;  plur. 
anxiMa,  auxiliary  troops. 

avarltia,  ce,  f.  (dvarus,  greedy). 
Avarice,  covctousness. 

a-verto,  ere,  ti,  sum,  v.  tr.  To 
turn  away,  remove,  bear  away. 

aviditas,  at  is,  f.  (dmdus). 
Greediness. 

avidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (&veo,  to 
des-rc).  Greedy,  eager. 

avis,  ist  f.     A  bird. 

a-voco,  are,  di'i,  dttim,  v.  tr. 
To  call  off,  withdraw,  divert. 


B. 

Babylonia,  «?,  f.  The  Syrian 
province,  named  after  its  capital, 
Babylon  ;  also  the  city  Babylon. 

Bactriani,  drum,  m.  The 
Bactrians,  inhabitants  of  Bactria, 
now  Balk. 

Baebius,  i,  m.  M.  Tamphilus, 
a  Roman  consul. 

Bagaeus,  i,  m.  One  of  the  as- 
sassins sent  by  Pharnabazus  to 
despatch  AlcibiSdes. 

bajulo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(bajulus,  a  porter).  To  bear,  carry. 

barbaria,  a,  f.  (bariarus).  A 
foreign  country,  in  opposition  to 
Greece  or  Rome. 

barbarus,  a,  um,  adj.  Alien, 
barbarian.  The  Romans  called 
all  nations  barbarians,  except  the 
Greeks. 

barbatus,  a,  um,  adj.  (barba, 
the  beard).  Bearded;  subs.,  the 
;oot. 

Barce,  es,  f.    Barce. 

Barslue,  es,  f.  Barsinc,  daugh- 
ter of  Artabazus,  the  satrap  of 
Bithynia,  and  wife  of  Memnon, 
the  Rhodian. 

bellicosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (bellum). 
Warlike,  fierce. 

bellicus,  a,  um,  adj.  (bellum). 
Of,  or  pertaining  to,  war.     Subs.,  . 
bellicum,  i,  n.      The    signal    for 
march,  or  for  the  beginning  of  an 
attack. 

bello,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  intr. 
(bellum).  To  wage  war,  fight. 

beHum,  i,  n.    War. 

bene,  adv. ;  comp.  melius, 
sup.  optlme.  Well,  rightly,  hap- 
pily. 

beneftcium,;,  n.  (bgn8,fdcio). 
A  benefit,  favor,  service,  kind- 
ness. 


BENEVOLENTIA  -  CALCEO 


197 


benevolentia,  a,  f.  (bene,v8lo). 
Benevolence,  kindness,  good- will. 

benigne,  adv.  (benignus,  kind). 
Kindly,  generously. 

Bessus,  it  m.  Bcssus,  a  fol- 
lower of  Darius,  who  betrayed 
and  murdered  him. 

bestia,  ce,  f.    A  beast. 

bibo,  ere,  blbi,  v.  tr.    To  drink. 

blduunt,  i,  n.  (bis,  dies}.  The 
space  of  two  days,  two  days. 

bini,  ce,  a,  distrib.  num.  adj. 
(bis).  Two  each,  two  by  two, 
two ;  twofold,  double. 

bis,  num.  adv.    Twice. 

Bisanthe,  es,  f.  A  castle  in 
Thrace. 

blandus,  a,  um,  adj.  Kind, 
courteous,  flattering. 

BIthyni,  drum,  m.  Bithyni- 
ans. 

Bceotia,  ce,  f.  A  country  of 
Greece. 

Bceotii,  drum,  m.    Boeotians. 

boiiitas,  atis,  f.  (bonus).  Good- 
ness. 

bonus,  a,  um ;  comp.  melior, 
sup.  optlmus ;  adj.  Good.  As 
subs.,  bdni,  drum,  m.  Good  men. 
Bona,  drum,  i,  n.  Goods,  prop- 
erty. 

boreas,  ce,  m.  The  north  wind. 

Borni,  drum,  m.  A  castle  in 
Chersonesus. 

Borsippa,  n.  A  town  of  Bab- 
ylonia. 

bos,  bdvis,  m.  and  f.  An  ox, 
cow. 

brevis,  e,  adj.  Short,  little, 
concise. 

bre  vitas,  atis,  f.  (brSvis).  Short- 
ness, conciseness. 

brgviter,  adv.  (brSvis).  Briefly. 

bruma,  a,  f.  (contr.  from  bre- 
vtma,  br&visslma).  Winter. 

Brundisium,    less    correctly 


Brundusium,  i,  n.  Brundisium,  a 
very  ancient  town  in  Calabria, 
with  the  most  important  harbor 
for  those  passing  to  and  from 
Greece;  now  Brindisi. 

Bruttii,  drum,  m.  The  Brut- 
tii,  inhabitants  of  the  southern 
part  of  Italy. 

Bucephale,  es,  f.  Buccphalc, 
a  town  in  India,  on  the  Hydnspes, 
founded  by  Alexander  the  Great, 
and  named  after  his  horse  Bu- 
cephalus. 

Byzantium,  i,  n.  A  city  of 
Thrace,  afterwards  called  Con- 
stantinople. 

c. 

C.,  abbrev.  for  Cajus. 

Cadmea,  «?,  f.  The  citadel  of 
Thebes.  t 

cado,  ere,  cecidi,  castim,  v.  intr. 
To  fall;  to  happen;  to  incur,  as 
cadere  in  suspicionem. 

caduceus,  i,  m.,  or  -um,  i,  n. 
The  wand  of  Mercury  ;  rod,  staff, 
with  the  figure  of  snakes"  twisted 
round  it,  carried  by  ambassadors 
who  sued  for  peace. 

caedes,  is,  f.  (ccedci).  Slaughter, 
havoc,  massacre ;  scuffle. 

csedo,  ere,  cecidi,  ccesum,  v.  tr. 
To  cut,  to  cut  down ;  to  kill. 

caelum,  i,  n.    See  ccelum. 

caeterus,  a,  um,  adj.  The  other. 
C&terum, neut.,  used  adverbially; 
for  the  rest,  but,  notwithstanding, 
on  the  other  hand. 

calamltas,  atis,  f.  (c&lamus). 
Loss,  misfortune. 

calamus,  i,  m.  A  reed,  pen, 
*quill. 

calceo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(calceus,  a  shoe).  To  furnish  with 
shoes ;  to  shoe. 


198 


CALCO  —  CAKPO 


calco,  are,  am,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(calx,  the  heel).  To  tread  under 
foot. 

callide,  adv.  (cattidus). 
Shrewdly,  cunningly. 

callidus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (calleo,  to 
be  versed  in).  Shrewd,  cunning, 
crafty. 

Calliphron,  dnis,  m.  A  teacher 
of  dancing. 

Callisthenes,  is,  m.  A  phi- 
losopher of  Olynthus,  nephew  and 
pupil  of  Aristotle,  and  a  youthful 
friend  of  Alexander  the  Great ; 
finally  put  to  death  by  him  for 
his  freedom  of  speech. 

Callistratus,  i,  m.  An  Athe- 
nian orator. 

calumnior,  art,  atus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (calumnia,  false  accusation). 
To  calumniate  ;  to  carp  at,  be 
captious^ 

calvus,  a,  um,  adj.    Bald. 

campus,  i,  m.  A  plain,  level 
field. 

canis,  is,  m.  and  f.    A  dog. 

caiiities,  ei  [only  in  nom.  ace. 
and  abl.]  f.  (canus).  A  grayish- 
white  color  ;  gray  hair  ;  oid  age. 

Cannensis,  e,  adj.   Of  Canna. 

cano,  ere,  cecini,  canttim,  v.  tr. 
To  sing;  to  foretell,  predict;  to 
sound  or  blow  a  musical  instru- 
ment. 

canto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  (freq.  of  cano).  To  sing 
or  chant;  to  play  on  a  musical 
instrument. 

cantus,  its,  m.  (cano).    Song. 

canus,  a,  um,  adj.  White, 
gray. 

capax,  ads,  adj.  (capio}.  Ca- 
pacious, large. 

capella,  a,  f.  (dim.  of  capra,  a 
goat).  A  she-goat. 

capesso,  ere,  ivit  ttum,  v.  tr. 


(desid.  of  capio).  To  take;  rcm- 
publicam,  to  engage  in  public  af- 
fairs. 

capillus,  i,  m.  (cdput).  A  hair ; 
hair  of  the  head. 

capio,  ere,  cepi,  captum,  v.  tr. 
To  take,  win,  gain,  captivate;  to 
contain ;  to  seize  ;  consilium,  to 
form  a  scheme  or  resolution. 

Cappadocia,  a,  f.  A  country 
of  Asia  Minor. 

capti vitas,  atiSj  f.  (captious). 
Captivity. 

captivus,  «,  um,  adj.  (capio'). 
Captive,  taken  in  war ;  subs,  (of 
men),  a  captive,  prisoner ;  (of 
things),  booty,  plunder. 

capto,  arc,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(freq.  of  capio).  To  catch  at ;  to 
try,  strive. 

Capua,  ce,  f.  An  ancient  town 
of  Campania,  near  Naples. 

caput,  ttis,  n.  The  head,  top, 
extremity,  end  ;  person,  li!e  ; 
safety,  liberty ;  a  capital  city ; 
accusatus  capitis^  accused  of  a 
capital  crime;  damnatus  capitis, 
condemned  to  death;  a  judicio 
capitis  discessit,  he  was  acquitted 
of  a  capital  charire. 

Car,  arts,  m.  and  f.    A  Carian. 

Caranus,  i,  m.  A  half-brother 
of  Alexander  the  Great. 

careo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  v.  intr. 
To  be  without,  want,  stand  in 
need  of,  dispense  with  ;  to  be  ex- 
cluded from. 

caritas,  atis,  f.  (earns).  Dear- 
ness,  love,  esteem,  affection, 
charity. 

carmen,  inis,  n:  (cano).  A 
song,  poem. 

caro,  carnis,  f.  Flesh,  a  piece 
of  meat. 

carpo,  ere,  psi,  ptum,  v.  tr.  To 
pluck,  tear  off;  to  gnaw  (as  it 


CARTHAGINIENSIS  —  CEHNO 


199 


were)  with  envious  tooth ;  to 
slander,  calumniate. 

Carthaginiensis,  e,  adj. 
(Carthago).  Of,  or  belonging  to, 
Carthage,  Carthaginian  ;  subs.,  a 
Carthaginian. 

Carthago,  Inis,  f.    Carthage. 

cams,  a,  um,  adj.  Dear,  pre- 
cious, valued,  esteemed,  loved ; 
valuable. 

casa,  ce,  f.    A  cottage,  hut. 

caseus,  i,  m.    Cheese. 

Cassander,  dri,  m.  A  son  of 
Antipater,  whom  he  succeeded  on 
the  throne  of  Macedonia. 

castellum,  i,  n.  (dim.  of  cas- 
trum).  A  little  fort,  castle,  redoubt. 

castigo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(castus).  To  correct,  chastise,  pun- 
ish, censure,  chide. 

castrum,i,  n.  A  fortress.  Plur. 
castra,  drum,  n.  A  camp  ;  castris 
uti,  to  live  in  camp. 

castus,  a,  urn,  adj.  Clean  ; 
pure,  chaste,  innocent. 

casus,  us,  m.  (cddo).  A  fall; 
chance,  misfortune,  calamity ; 
death. 

catena,  ce,  f.    A  chain,  fetter. 

cathedra,  ce,  f.  An  arm-chair, 
easy-chair. 

Caucasus,  i,  m.  The  rough 
Caucasian  chain  of  mountains 
inhabited  by  wild  tribes  in  Asia, 
between  the  Black  and  Caspian 
Seas. 

cauda,  ce,  f.    The  tail. 

causa,  and  caussa,  ce,  f.  A 
cause ;  causci,  for  the  sake  of. 

cautus,  a,  um,  adj.  and  part. 
(caveo).  Cautious;  on  one's  guard. 

caveo,  ere,  cdvi,  cautum,  v. 
intr.  To  be  on  one's  guard,  use 
precaution  ;  to  beware,  guard 
against ;  to  take  care. 

cavus,  a,  um,  adj.    Hollow. 


cavus,  i,  m.    A  hole. 

cedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessum,  v.  intr. 
To  give  place,  yield,  go,  depart ; 
to  resign ;  cedere  vita,  to  die. 

cedo,  imper.  of  def.  verb,  equiv- 
alent to  da  or  die.  Give ;  tell. 

celer,  en's,  e,  adj.  Swift, 
speedy,  quick. 

celeritas,  atis,  f.  (cekr).  Swift- 
ness, speed,  celerity. 

celeriter,  comp.  celerius,  sup. 
celerrime,  adv.  (celer}.  Quickly, 
speedily. 

celo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
conceal,  hide. 

celsus,  a,  um,  adj.  High,  lofty. 

cena,  or  ccena,  <e,  f.  The  prin- 
cipal meal  among  the  Romans; 
dinner,  supper. 

ceno,  or  CGGIIO,  are,  avi,  atum, 
v.  intr.  (cena).  To  sup,  be  at 
supper. 

censeo,  ere,  ui,  censum,  v.  tr. 
To  count,  reckon ;  to  estimate, 
think,  judge. 

censor,  or  is,  m.  (censeo).  A 
censor,  the  name  of  two  Roman 
magistrates,  who  presided  over 
the  rating  of  citizens,  watched 
over  their  morals,  and  performed 
other  duties ;  a  censurer,  fault- 
finder. 

Centenius,  i,  m.,  C.,  a  Roman 
prastor. 

centum,  num.  adj.,  indecl.  A 
hundred. 

cera,  ce,  f.  Wax  ;  plur.,  waxen 
cells  of  bees. 

cerebrum,  i,  n.  The  skull ; 
brains. 

cerimonia,  and  czerimpnia, 
ce,  f.  A  ceremony ;  veneration, 
sanctity  ;  splendor,  pomp. 

cerno,  ere,  crevi,  cretum,  v.  tr. 
To  sift ;  to  perceive,  see,  discern, 
distinguish. 


200 


CERTAMEN  —  CLAMOR 


certamen,  tnis,  n.  (certo,  to 
contend).  A  contest,  struggle, 
battle,  engagement ;  rivalship. 

certatim,  adv.  (certo,  to  con- 
tend). With  contest,  emulously  ; 
eagerly,  hastily. 

certe,adv.  (certus).  Certainly, 
assuredly. 

certus,  a,  um,  adj.  (cerno). 
Sure,  certain  ;  trusty  ;  resolved ; 
stated,  fixed. 

cervix,  ids,  f.    The  neck. 

cervus,  *,  m.    A  stag,  deer. 

cesso,  are,  avi,  dtum,  v.  tr.  and 
intr.  (freq.,*  from  cedo).  To  cease 
from ;  to  stop. 

ceter,  cetera,  ceterum  [the 
nom.  sing.  in.  not  in  use ;  the  sing, 
rare],  adj.  The  other,  the  rest. 

Cethegus,  i,  m.  Publius 
Cornelius,  a  Roman  consul. 

Chabrias,  ce,  m.  An  Athenian 
general. 

Chersonesus, «,  f.  A  peninsula 
of  Thrace. 

Chorasmi,  drum,  m.  The 
Chorasmi,  inhabiting  both  banks 
of  the  Oxus. 

chorda,  ce,  f.  The  string  of  a 
musical  instrument ;  cord. 

cibus,  i,  m.    Food. 

cicatrix,  lets,  f.    A  scar. 

ciconia,  ce,  f.    A  stork. 

cieo,  ere,  civi,  citum,  v.  tr.  To 
move,  raise,  utter. 

Cilicia,  ce,  f.  Cilicia,  a  province 
in  the  southern  part  of  Asia 
Minor. 

CIXROII,  onis,  m.  I.  An  Athenian 
general,  the  father  of  Miltiades.  II. 
The  son  of  Miltiades. 

c in  is,  en's,  m.,  rarely  f.   Ashes. 

circa,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace. 
About,  around,  round  about. 

circiter,  adv.  (circa).  About, 
near,  somewhere  about. 


circiilus,  i,  m.  (dim.  of  circus, 
a  ring).  Circle ;  company  of 
people  standing  or  sitting  in  a  ring. 

circum-do,  dre,  dedi,  datum, 
v.  tr.  To  put  around ;  to  encom- 
pass, surround,  environ,  invest. 

circum-duco,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v. 
tr.  To  lead  around  or  about. 

circum-eo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  ttuni, 
v.  intr.  To  go  around,  encom- 
pass, surround;  to  go  from  one 
to  another,  entreating,  admonish- 
ing, etc. 

circum-sto,  are,  ststf,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  To  stand  around. 

circum-vghor,  *,  rectus  sum, 
v.  dep.  To  ride  around. 

circum-venio,  ire,  veni,  ven- 
tum,  v.  tr.  To  come  around,  sur- 
round ;  to  overreach. 

circum-volo,  are,  avi,  atum, 
v.  intr.  To  fly  around. 

citatus,  a,  um,  part.  (clto). 
Hurried,  quick,  rapid. 

citharizo,  are,  v.  intr.  (ctth&ra, 
a  harp).  To  play  on  the  harp. 

cito,  are.  am,  atum,v.  tr.  (intens. 
from  cieo}.  To  put  into  quick 
motion. 

cito,  comp.  cltius,  sup.  cttis- 
slme,  adv.  Soon,  speedily,  quickly. 

civilis,  e,  adj.  (civis).  Of,  or 
pertaining  to,  a  citizen ;  civic, 
civil,  political. 

civis,  is,  m.  and  f.  A  citizen, 
free  man  or  woman  of  a  city,  fel- 
low-citizen. 

civltas,  atis,  [gen.  plur.  some- 
times cicitatium],  f.  (civis).  An  as- 
semblage of  citizens  ;  city,  state, 
republic. 

clam,  adv.  and  prep,  with  abl. 
Secretly  ;  without  the  knowledge 
of. 

clamor,  dm,  m.  (clamo,  to  cry 
out).  A  loud  call,  shout,  or  cry. 


CLANDESTINUS  —  COLO 


201 


clandestlnus,  a,  nm,  adj. 
(clam).  Secret,  clandestine. 

clarus,  a,  um,  adj.  Clear, 
bright ;  celebrated,  renowned,  il- 
lustrious, famous  ;  loud,  distinct. 

classiarius,  i,  m.  (classis). 
One  who  fights  in  a  fleet ;  a 
marine. 

classis,  is,  f.  A  class ;  a  num- 
ber of  ships,  a  fleet. 

Clastidium,  i,  n.  A  town  of  Li- 
guria  or  Genoa,  now  Chiasteggio. 

Claudius,  it  m.  Marcus  Clau- 
dius Marcellus. 

claudo,  ere,  clausi,  clausum,  v. 
tr.  To  shut  in,  close,  surround. 

clausus,  a,  urn,  part.  See 
claudo. 

Cicadas,  <z,  m.  Cleadas,  a 
Theban. 

Clemens,  ntis,  adj.  Mild, 
merciful. 

dementia,  ce,  f.  (clemens). 
Gentleness,  mercy. 

CHiieas,  ce,  m.  An  Athenian, 
father  of  Alcibiades. 

clipeus,  i,  m.  Around  brazen 
shield. 

clitellae,  arum,  f.  Pack-saddle ; 
a  pair  of  panniers. 

Clitus,  *,  m.  I.  A  friend  of 
AJexander,  killed  by  him  in  a  fit 
of  drunkenness.  II.  One  of  the 
generals  remanded  to  Macedonia. 

Cn.    Abbreviation  for  Cnceus. 

coactus,  a,  um,  part.  See  cogo. 

coarguo,  ere,  ui,  utum,  v.  tr. 
(con,  arguo).  To  convict  ;  to 
prove  incontestably. 

coelum,  or  caelum,  i,  n. ;  plur. 
cccli,  drum,  m.  Heaven  ;  heavens. 

coe n a,  coeno.     S§e  cena;  ceno. 

ccepi,  cccpisse,  v.  def.  To  begin, 
undertake. 

cogitatio,  onis,  f.  (cog  f  to). 
Thought,  meditation. 


cdgito,  are,  am,  atum,  v.  tr. 
con,  agtto).  To  think,  reflect 
upon,  consider,  meditate ;  to  de- 
vise, intend,  design. 

cognatio,  onis,  f.  (cognoAus). 
Blood  relationship,  kindred. 

cognatus,  i,  m.  (con,  nascor). 
A  biood  relation,  kinsman. 

cognitus,  a,  um,  part.  See 
cognosce. 

cognomen,  fnis,  n.  (con,  wo- 
men). A  surname. 

cognosco,  ere,  gnovi,  gnttum, 
v.  tr.  (con,  nosco).  To  find  out, 
know,  learn,  recognize ;  in  perf. 
tenses,  to  examine. 

cogo,  ere,  coegi,  coactum,  v.  tr. 
(con,  ago).  To  compel ;  to  gather 
together,  assemble,  collect. 

cohors,  rtis,  f.  A  company 
of  soldiers,  a  cohort. 

cohortatio,  onis,  f.  (con, 
hortor).  An  encouraging;  ex- 
hortation. 

collabef  10,  fieri,  factus  sum, 
v.  pass,  (con,  labn,  fio).  To  be 
ruined,  supplanted,  overthrown. 

collega,  CB,  m.  (con,  lego).  A 
colleague,  partner  in  office. 

colligo,  ere,  legi,  lectum,  v.  tr. 
(con,  lego).  To  gather  together, 
collect. 

colllsio,  onis,  f.  (con,  Icedo).  A 
concussion. 

colloco,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(con,  Idco).  To  place  together ; 
to  settle  in  a  place;  to  settle  in 
marriage. 

colloquium,  i,  n.  (colldquor). 
Conversation,  conference. 

colldquor,  i,  cutus  or  quutus 
sum,  v.  dep.  (con,  Itiquor).  To 
speak  with  one,  speak  together, 
have  a  conference. 

collum,  it  n.    The  neck. 
colo,  ere,  ui,  cuUum,  v*  tr.    To 


202 


COLONIA  —  COMPESCO 


till,  cultivate ;  to  esteem,  worship, 
honor. 

colonia,  ce,  f.  (colonus).  A 
farm,  colony. 

colon  us,  i,  m.  (co7o).  A  hus- 
bandman, colonist. 

color,  dm,  m.  Color,  com- 
plexion. 

colubra,  a,  f.    A  snake,  viper. 

columba, a,  f.   A  dove,  pigeon. 

comedo,  ere  or  esse,  edi,  esum 

or  estum,  v.  tr.  (con,  edo).    To  eat 

up,  devour. 

comes,  ttis,  m.  and  f.  (con,  eo). 
A  companion,  associate. 

comissatio,  onis,  f.  (comis- 
sor,  to  revel).  A  Bacchanalian 
revel,  revelling. 

comitas,  atis,  f.  (comis,  kind). 
Courteousness,  affability,  gentle- 
ness, mildness. 

commeatus,  us,  m.  (con,  meo, 
to  go).  A  going  to  and  fro  ;  con- 
course of  people ;  provisions,  sup- 
plies. 

comme'moro,  are,  avi,  atum, 
v.  tr.  (con,  memoro).  To  call  to 
mind ;  to  recount,  relate,  mention. 
commendatio,  onis,  f.  (con, 
mando).  Commendation,  recom- 
mendation. 

commercium,  2,  n.(con,  merx), 
Trade,  traffic ;  communication, 
interchange. 

commiSItium,  i,  n.  (con,  mili- 
tia). Companionship  in  war. 

comminatio,  onis,  f.  (con, 
minor}.  A  threatening. 

commlniscor,  i,  mentus  sum, 
v.  dep.  To  design,  imagine,  in 
vent,  contrive,  devise. 

commissum,  t,  n.  (committo). 
A  secret ;  fault,  crime. 

committo,  ere,  mm,  missum, 
v.  tr.  (con,  mitto).  To  connect, 
join ;  to  arrange  a  battle  or  con- 


test ;  to  begin  ;  to  commit,  intrust ; 
to  commit  a  trespass ;  prcelium,  to 
join  battle. 

commode,  comp.  -ius,  sap. 
-isslme,  adv.  (con,  modus).  Fi  ly, 
conveniently ;  well  ;  advanta- 
geously. 

commodum,  t,  n.  (con,  modus). 
Advantage,  profit. 

commotus,  a,  um,  part.  See 
'ommoveo. 

commoveo,  ere,  mdvi,  mdtum, 
v.  tr.  (co?i,  mo  ceo}.  To  move  to- 
gether ;  to  alarm,  disquiet. 

commuiiio,  ire,  ivi,  Uum,  v.tr. 
(con,  munio).  To  fortify,  strength- 
en, secure. 

communis,  e,  adj.  (con,  mu- 
nus).  Common,  general ;  belong- 
ing to  one  as  well  as  another. 

communitas,  atis,  f.  (commu- 
nis). A  community,  fellowship, 
society;  affability. 

commiitatio,  onis,  f.  (commu- 
to}.  A  change. 

commit  to,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(con,  muto}.  To  exchange. 

comosus,  a,  um,  adj.  {coma, 
hair).  Hairy. 

comparo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(con,  paro}.  To  put  together, 
unite ;  to  prepare,  purchase ;  to 
compare ;  to  levy. 

compello,  are,  avi,  atum, v.tr. 
(con,  pello).  To  address,  speak 
to;  to  accuse. 

compello,  $re,  pull,  pulsum,  v. 
tr.  (con,  pello}.  To  drive  together, 
collect,  drive,  compel,  force. 

compe'rio,  ire,  peri,  pertum,  v. 
tr.  (con,  pdrio}.  To  find  out,  as- 
certain by  inquiry,  learn,  detect. 

compes,  Sdis,  f.  (con,  pes).  A 
fetter. 

compesco,  &re,  ui,  v.  tr.  (com- 
pes}. To  hold  in  check,  restrain. 


COMPILO  —  CONDO 


203 


compilo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(con,  pllo,  to  rob).  To  rob,  steal, 
plunder. 

complector,  i,  xus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (con,  plecto).  To  encompass, 
surround,  embrace,  clasp ;  to  com- 
prehend. 

complep,  ere,  em,  etum,  v.  tr. 
To  fill  up ;  to  complete,  finish. 

comploratio,  onis,  f.  (complo- 
ro,  to  bewail).  Loud,  violent  com- 
plaint ;  lamentation. 

complures,  a  and  ia,  adj.  (con, 
plus}.  Several,  good  many. 

com pon o,  ere,  pdsui,  posttum, 
v.  tr  (con,  pono).  To  place  to- 
gether, or  in  order ;  to  settle ;  bel- 
lum,  to  finish  a  war  by  treaty. 

comprehendo,  ere,  di,  sum, 
v.  tr.  (con,  prehendo).  To  lay 
hold  of,  apprehend ;  seize,  arrest ; 
to  comprehend. 

comprimo,  ere,  pressi,  pres- 
sum,  v.  tr.  (con,  premo).  To  press 
together,  to  squeeze  up. 

comprobo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(con,prdbo).  To  approve,  sanction. 

compulsus,  a,  um,  part.  See 
compello. 

com  pun  go,  ere,  nxi,  nctum,  v. 
tr.  (con,  pungo,  to  sting).  To 
prick,  puncture,  sting. 

con-cedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessum,  v. 
tr.  and  intr.  To  go,  betake  one's 
self  somewhere,  depart ;  to  yield, 
give  place,  withdraw ;  to  grant, 
allow ;  to  agree,  give  up. 

con-cido,  ere,  cidi,  cisum,  v.  tr. 
(c&do).  To  cut  in  pieces,,  slay,  kill. 

con-cido,  ere,  cldi,  v.  intr. 
(ccldo).  To  fall  down ;  to  be 
slain ;  to  be  ruined. 

concilio,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(concilium).  To  call  together, 
unite  ;  to  gain  over,  make  friend- 
ly ;  to  attach  one  to  another,  pro- 


cure the  favor  of,  win,  gain ;  to 
procure ;  to  reconcile. 

concilium,  ?',  n.  (concieo,  to 
collect).  A  council,  assembly; 
place  of  meeting. 

concinnus,  a,  um,  adj.  Con- 
cise, neat,  elegant. 

concio,  or  -tio,  onis,  f.  (con- 
ventio,  a  meeting).  An  assembly ; 
assembly  of  the  people;  a  dis- 
course before  the  same,  or  before 
an  army. 

con-cipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptum, 
v.  tr.  (capio}.  To  take  hold  of, 
receive ;  to  conceive,  become  preg- 
nant. 

con-cito,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  move  greatly  ;  to  stir  up,  ex- 
cite, provoke,  spur  on. 

con-cludo,  ere,  si,  sum,  v.  tr. 
(claudo).  To  shut  up,  confine  ;  to 
contain ;  to  conclude. 

con-ciipisco,  ere,  ivi,  Hum,  v. 
tr.  incept,  (cupio).  To  desire 
earnestly,  covet ;  to  aspire  to. 

con-curro,  ere,  curri  and  cii- 
curri,  cursum,  v.  intr.  To  run  or 
meet  together ;  to  engage  in  bat- 
tle. 

concursus,  us,  m.  (concurro). 
A  running,  meeting,  or  flocking 
together;  concourse;  onset. 

con-cutio,  ere,  cussi,  cussum, 
v.  tr.  (qudtio,  to  shake).  To  shake 
violently  ;  to  alarm. 

condisclpulatus,  us,  m.  (con- 
disctpulus).  Companionship  in 
school. 

con-discipulus,  t,  m.  (disco). 
A  school-fellow. 

conditio,  or  -cio,  onis,  f. 
(condo).  A  state,  condition,  situa- 
tion ;  fortune ;  offer,  proposal, 
privilege  ;  terms  of  peace. 

con-do,  ere,  dldi,  dUum,  v.  tr. 
To  bring  together ;  to  found, 


204 


CONDUCO  —  CONSECRO 


establish  ;  to  hide,  bury,  conceal ; 
to  sheathe. 

con-duco,  ere,  duxi,  ductum, 
v.  tr.  To  bring  together ;  to  hire. 

confectus,  a,  urn,  part.  See 
conflcio. 

con-f  ero,  ferre,  tuli,  colldtum, 
v.  tr.  To  bring  together,  collect ; 
to  compare ;  to  contribute  ;  set  to 
go  ;  to  convey ;  arma,  to  fight. 

coiif'ertus,  a,  um,  adj.  (con- 
fcrdo,  to  press  together).  Close 
together,  crowded. 

confestim,  adv.  (confero).  Im- 
mediately, speedily,  without  de- 
lay, forthwith. 

con-ficio,  ere,  fed,  fectum, 
v.  tr.  (facio).  To  finish,  com- 
plete, accomplish  ;  to  make  ;  to 
weaken,  reduce,  exhaust ;  to  sub- 
due, kill ;  orationes,  to  write. 

con-fido,  ere,  flsus  sum,  v. 
semi-dep.  To  trust,  confide;  to 
be  assured. 

con-figo,  &retfici,Jixum,v.  tr. 
(flgo,  to  fix).  To  join,  fasten  to- 
gether, pierce  through,  transfix. 

coii-firmo,  are,  avi,  atitm,  v. 
tr.  (firmo,  to  strengthen).  To 
strengthen,  confirm ;  to  affirm, 
declare  solemnly. 

con-f  iteor,  eri,  fessus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (fateor).  To  confess,  ac- 
knowledge. 

con-fligo,  ere,flixi,  flictum,  v. 
tr.  (flgo,  to  strike).  To  strike 
together ;  to  contend,  fight,  strive. 

eon-fluo,  Zre,  xi,  v.  intr.  (fluo, 
to  flow).  To  flow  together;  to 
flock  together,  assemble. 

con-f  odio,  ere,  fudi,  fossum, 
v.  tr.  (fddio,  to  dig).  To  dig 
thoroughly ;  to  pierce,  transfix. 

con-f  u^io,  ere,  fugi,  fugitum, 
v.  intr.  To  flee  for  refuge  or 
succor. 


con-gero,  ere,  ess?,  fstum,  v.  tr. 
To  bring  together,  coLcct,  beat 
up;  to  fill  up. 

coii-gredior,  i,  gressus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (gradior,  to  step).  To  meet 
with  one,  go  together ;  to  accost ; 
to  fight,  contend,  en  gage  in  battle. 

congress io,  onis,  f.  (congredi- 
or).  A  coming  together,  a  hostile 
meeting,  attack,  contest. 

con-jicio,  ere,  jeci,  Jectum,  v. 
tr.  (jdcio).  To  throw  together; 
to  aim,  cast ;  to  conjecture. 

con  HI  ratio,  onis,  f.  (con,  juro, 
to  swear).  A  conspiracy,  combi- 
nation. 

coiijux,  ugis,  m.  and  f.  (con, 
jungo).  Husband ;  wife. 

connubium,  t,  n.  \con,  nubo, 
to  veil).  Marriage. 

conor,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
To  endeavor,  try,  attempt. 

con-quiesco,  ere,  quievi,  quie- 
tum,  v.  intr.  To  rest;  to  be 
calmed. 

con-saluto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v. 
tr.  To  greet,  salute. 

con-scendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  (scando,  to  climb).  To 
climb,  mount;  navem,  to  go  on 
board  a  ship,  embark. 

con-scisco,  ere,  id,  itum,  v.  tr.  • 
(scio).    To  vote  together  by  com-  ' 
mon  consent,  agree  ;  to  determine, 
resolve,  decree. 

conscius,  a,  um,  adj.  (con,scio}. 
Knowing  or  conscious  of  some- 
thing with  another ;  privy  to, 
witness  to ;  conscious.  Subs,  an 
accessory,  confidant,  accomplice. 

conscript!,  drum,  sc.  patres, 
m.  (con,  scribo).  Conscript  fa- 
thers, the  title  by  which  the  Ro- 
man senators  were  addressed. 

con-secro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(sacer).  To  consecrate,  dedicate. 


CONSECTOR  -  CONSUMO 


205 


con-sector,  art,  atus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (freq.  of  consequor).  To  fol- 
low after  diligently,  pursue,  over- 
take ;  to  obtain. 

consensio,  onis,  f.  (con,sentio). 
Agreement,  consent ;  combina- 
tion. 

con-sequor,  *,  cutus  and  quutus 
sum,  v.  dep.  To  follow,  pursue, 
overtake  ;  to  get,  obtain. 

con-sero,  ere,  ui,  turn,  v.  tr. 
(sero,  to  knit).  To  join,  knit  to- 
gether ;  manum,  to  fight  in  close 
combat. 

con-servo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  hold  together ;  to  keep  close, 
contain  ;  to  restrain. 

coii-sidero",  are,  avi,  atum,  v. 
tr.  (sidus).  To  look  at  carefully  ; 
to  consider,  observe. 

coiisilium,  i,  n.  (consulo). 
Deliberation,  advice,  counsel ;  de- 
sign, wisdom,  talent,  scheme,  pur- 
pose ;  council ;  consilio,  purposely, 
designedly. 

con-sisto,  ere,  sttti,  stttum,  v. 
intr.  To  stand  still,  halt,  make  a 
stand. 

con-sobrinus,  i,  m.  (sdbrinus, 
a  cousin).  A  cousin-german. 

con-socio,  are,  avi,  atum,\.  tr. 
(sdcius).  To  associate  with. 

con -sol  or,  art,  atus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (solor,  to  comfort).  To  con- 
sole. 

conspectus,  a,  um,  adj.  (con- 
spicio).  Conspicuous,  remarkable. 

conspectus,  tis,  m.  (consplcio). 
Look,  sight,  view. 

con-spicio,  ere,  spexi,  spectum, 
v.  tr.  (specio,  to  look).  To  behold 
with  attention;  to  look  at,  ob- 
serve, see,  behold ;  pass,  to  attract 
notice  ;  to  be  the  object  of  atten- 
tion ;  to  be  conspicuous  or  re- 
markable. 


conspicuus,  a,  um,  adj.  (corc- 
splcio).  In  sight,  manifest,  plain, 
distinct. 

coii-spiro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v. 
intr.  To  breathe  together;  to 
conspire. 

constans,  ntis,  adj.  (consto). 
Standing  firm,  firm,  steady. 

constanter,  adv.  (constans). 
Firmly,  steadily. 

constantia,  ce,  f.  (constans*). 
Steadiness,  firmness. 

con-stituo,  ere,  ui,  utum,  v.  tr. 
(stdtuo).  To  place,  erect,  make, 
build;  to  establish;  to  appoint, 
create ;  to  determine,  resolve. 

con-sto,  are,  sttti,  statum,  v. 
intr.  To  stand  together,  be  steady ; 
to  stand  still,  be  established,  be 
settled;  to  consist;  to  cost;  to 
be  evident. 

con-suesco,  ere,  suevi,suetum, 
v.  tr.  and  intr.  (suesco,  to  be  wont). 
To  accustom  ;  to  accustom  one's 
self,  be  accustomed. 

consiietudo,  Inis,  f.  (consues- 
co).  Custom,  habit,  use;  acquaint- 
ance, familiarity. 

consul,  ulisy  m.  (consulo).  A 
consul. 

consularis,  e,  adj.  (consul). 
Of,  or  belonging  to,  a  consul,  con- 
sular. 

consulo,  Sre,  ui,  turn,  v.  tr.  To 
consult,  deliberate;  consulo  te,  I 
ask  your  advice ;  consulo  tibi,  I 
provide  for  your  welfare. 

consultum,  i,  n.  (consulo).  A 
decree. 

con-summo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v. 
tr.  (summa).  To  complete,  finish, 
perfect. 

con-sumo,  Sre,  sumpsi,  sump- 
tum,  v.  tr.  To  waste,  consume, 
spend ;  to  Destroy,  annihilate, 
kill. 


2C6 


CONSURGO  —  COPIA 


con-surgo,  ere,  surrexi,  surrec- 
tum,  y.  intr.  To  rise  up  together ; 
to  rise. 

con-tSgo,  ere,  exi,  ctum,  v.  tr. 
To  cover  all  over,  hide,  conceal. 

con-temno,  ere,  mpsi,  mptum, 
v.  tr.  (temno,  to  scorn).  To  con- 
sider of  small  importance  ;  to 
despise,  contemn. 

con-templor,  art,  atus  sum,v. 
dep.  (templum).  To  consider,  con- 
template. 

contemptus,  us,  m.  (con- 
temno).  A.  despising,  contemning, 
contempt. 

con-tendo,  ere,  di,  turn,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  To  stretch,  strain ;  to 
act  with  great  effort ;  to  go,  hasten 
to  a  place ;  to  contend  against, 
fight,  strive,  dispute,  vie  with ;  to 
maintain. 

contentio,  onis,  f.  (contendo). 
A  strong  exertion,  earnest  en- 
deavor; contest,  dispute. 

contentus,  a,  um,  adj.  (con- 
tlneo).  Content,  satisfied. 

con-terreo,  ere,  id,  ttum,  v.  tr. 
To  frighten  greatly,  scare,  terrify. 

eon  tineas,  ntis,  adj.  and  part. 
(contlneo).  Moderate,  temperate ; 
hanging  together ;  adjoining,  suc- 
cessive, uninterrupted ;  terra,  the 
continent,  main  land. 

coii-tmeo,  ere,  tlnui,  tentum, 
v.  tr.  (teneo).  To  hold  together ; 
to  contain  ;  to  restrain. 

con-tingo,  ere,  tigi,  tactum, 
v.  tr.  (tango}.  To  touch  ;  to  hap- 
pen to  one,  to  fall  to  one's  lot ;  to 
take  hold  of. 

con  tin  uo,  adv.  (conttnuus). 
Presently. 

contlnuus,  a,  um,  adj.  (con- 
tlneo). Uninterrupted. 

contio.    See  concio. 

contra,  adv.  and   prep,  with 


ace.  On  the  other  hand ;  against, 
opposite  to ;  contrary  to. 

coiitractus,  a,  um,  part,  (con- 
trako).  Shrivelled. 

con-traho,  ere,  traxi,  tractum, 
v.  tr.  To  draw  together,  assemble. 

contrarius,  a,  um,  adj.  (con- 
tra). Contrary,  opposed,  oppo- 
site. 

con-tribuo,  Sre,  ui,  utum,  v.  tr. 
To  allot,  assign,  join. 

contuniax,  acis,  adj.  (con,  root 
TEM,  whence  tcmno,  to  despise). 
Unyielding,  obstinate,  hard. 

contumelia,  &,  f.  (contemno). 
An  affront,  abuse ;  bad  usage. 

conubium.    See  connubium. 

con-venio,  ire,  veni,  ventum, 
v.  intr.  To  come  together,  meet 
with  ;  to  fit  with,  in,  or  to  some- 
thing, to  fit,  agree,  suit,  be  ap- 
propriate ;  to  become ;  to  be 
agreed  upon  ;  imp.,  it  is  agreed. 

coiiventus,  us,  m.  (comenio). 
A  meeting,  assembly ;  agreement. 

con-verto,  ere,  ti,  sum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  To  turn  round,  change, 
turn,  appty,  convert. 

coiivicium,  i,  n.  (con,  vox).  A 
violent,  loud  noise ;  insult,  re- 
proach, abuse. 

convictus,  us,  m.  (con,  vivo). 
An  intimacy ;  banquet. 

con -viva,  a,  m.  and  f.  (vivo). 
A  table  companion ;  guest. 

con-vivium,  i,  n.  (vivo).  A 
feast,  banquet. 

con-voco,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  call  together,  summon,  as- 
semble. 

coorior,  iri,  ortus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(con,  drior).  To  arise  with  vio- 
lence ;  burst  forth. 

copia,  ce,  f.  (con,  ops).  Plenty, 
abundance.  Plur.  copice,  arum. 
Forces,  troops,  men. 


COPIOSUS  —  CUMULUS 


207 


copiosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (copia). 
Abundant,  well  supplied,  well 
stored. 

coram,  adv.  and  prep,  with  abl. 
(con,  os,  oris).  Before,  in  the 
presence  of;  openly. 

corcodilus.     See  crdcodilus. 

Corcyra,  ce,  f.  An  island  in 
the  Ionian  Sea,  opposite  Eplrus, 
now  Corfu. 

Corcyraeus,  a,  um,  adj.  Of 
Corcyra. 

Corinthus,  i,  f.  Corinth,  a 
city  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
Peloponnesus,  destroyed  by  Mum- 
mius  B.  C.  146. 

comix,  ids,  f.    A  crow. 

cornu,  us,  n.  A  horn;  wing 
of  an  army. 

corona,  cc,  f.    A  crown. 

corpus,  oris,  n.    A  body. 

corripio,  ere,  rtpui,  reptum,  v. 
tr.  (con,  rapio).  To  seize  upon 
violently,  snatch  or  seize  hastily. 

corrodo,  ere,  si,  sum,  v.  tr. 
(con,  rodo,  to  gnaw).  To  gnaw  to 
pieces ;  to  devour. 

corrumpo,  ere,  rupi,  ruptum,  v. 
tr.  To  destroy ;  to  corrupt,  bribe. 

corvus,  i,  m.    A  raven. 

Crate'rus,  i,  m.  One  of  the 
most  distinguished  of  the  generals 
of  Alexander  the  Great. 

creber,  bra,  brum,  adj.  Fre- 
quent, thick,  close. 

creditor,  oris,  m.  (credo).  A 
creditor. 

credo,  2re,  dtdi,  dltum,  v.  tr. 
To  trust,  believe  ;  to  think. 

credulitas,  dtis,  f.  (credo). 
Credulity,  easiness  of  belief. 

ere  mo,  are,  am,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  burn. 

creo,  are,  am,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
create,  make  ;  to  beget ;  to  choose, 
elect. 


crepusculum,  f,  n.  (crSpcr, 
dark).  Twilight,  evening. 

cresco,  ere,  crevi,  cretum,  v. 
intr.  (creo).  To  grow,  increase; 
to  arise,  grow  up. 

Creta,  a,  f.  Candia,  an  island 
in  the  Mediterranean. 

Cretenses,  ium,  m.  (Creta). 
The  inhabitants  of  Crete. 

crlmen,  inis,  n.  (contr.  from 
cerntmen,  cerno).  A  charge,  ac- 
cusation, impeachment ;  crime, 
offence. 

criminatio,  onis,  f.  (criminor). 
A  complaint,  accusation,  calumny. 

crimmor,  ari,  atus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (crimcii).  To  accuse. 

Critias,  <z,  m.  The  chief  of 
the  thirty  tyrants  of  Athens.  He 
fell  in  a  battle  with  Thrasybulus, 
the  assertor  of  his  country's  free- 
dom, B  C.  403. 

crocodilus,  i,  m.    A  crocodile. 

crucio,  are,  am,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(crux).  To  crucify,  torture,  tor- 
ment. 

crudelis,  e,  adj.  (crudus, 
bloody).  Cruel. 

crudelitas,  atis,  f.  (crudelis). 
Severity,  cruelty,  inhumanity. 

crudellter,  adv.  (crudelis).  In 
a  cruel  manner. 

cruento,  are,  am,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(cruor).  To  stain  with  blood.  » 

cruor,  oris,  m.    Blood. 

crus,  uris,  n.    The  leg,  shin. 

crux,  ucis,  f.    A  cross. 

culmeii,  tnis,  n.    The  top. 

culpa,  a,  f.  Crime,  fault,  blame, 
guilt ;  involuntary  offence. 

cultus,  us,  m.  (ctito).  Culture, 
manner  of  life;  splendid  dress, 
splendor;  respect;  worship. 

cum,  prep,  with  abl.    With. 

cfimuius,  t,  m.  (akin  to  culmeii). 
A  heap,  pile. 


208 


CUNCTUS  -  DEBEO 


cunctas,  a,  u??i,  adj.  (contr.  from 
conjunctus).  All  united  in  one 
whole,  all  together,  all,  the  whole. 

Cuphites,  urn,  m.  The  Cu- 
phites. 

ciipide,  comp.  -ius,  sup.  -isst- 
me,  adv.  (cupldus).  Eagerly. 

cuplditas,  atis,  f.  (cupidus). 
Desire,  eagerness  ;  covetousness, 
ambition. 

cupido,  £m"s,  f.  (ctipio).  Desire, 
wish,  longing. 

cupidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (cupio). 
Desirous,  covetous,  fond. 

cupio,  ere,  ivi  (ii),  Uum,  v.  tr. 
To  desire,  wish,  covet. 

cur,  adv.  (contr.  from  guare). 
Why,  wherefore ;  because. 

cura,  ce,  f.  (qucerd).  Care, 
solicitude,  concern ;  charge. 

curatio,  onis,  f.  (euro).  A  car- 
ing, care  for  something ;  healing, 
cure. 

euro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(cura).  To  take  care  for  ;  to  take 
care  of;  to  take  care ;  to  cause. 

curro,  ere,  cucurri,  cursum,  v. 
intr.  To  run,  pass  away  speedily. 

currus,  us,  m.  (curro).  A 
chariot,  car. 

cursor,  oris,  m.  (curro).  A 
runner,  courier. 

cursus,  us,  m.  (curro).  A  run- 
ning, race,  course ;  voyage. 

custodia,  ce,  f.  (custns).  A 
keeping,  imprisonment,  custody; 
prison. 

custodio,  ire,  ivi,  Uum,  v.  tr. 
(custodia).  To  guard,  watch,  keep. 

custos,  odis,  m.  and  f.  A 
guardian,  guard,  keeper ;  watch. 

cutis,  is,  f.    The  skin,  hide. 

Cybebe,  es,  f.  A  goddess 
of  Crete  and  Phrygia,  later  wor- 
shipped in  Rome  as  Magna  Mater ; 
her  priests  were  called  Galli. 


Cyclades,  um,  f.  Islands  in 
the  ^Egean  Sea,  lying  in  a  circular 
form  around  Delos. 

Cydnus,  t,  m.  A  river  of  Ciii- 
cia* 

Cyme,  es,  f.  A  city  of  -^Eolia, 
in  Asia  Minor. 

Cyrensei,  drum,  m.  Inhabit- 
ants of  Cyrene,  a  city  in  Africa. 

Cyrus,  i,  m.  I.  Cyrus,  the 
founder  of  the  Persian  empire. 
II.  Cyrus  Minor,  brother  of  Ar- 
taxerxes  ;  was  slain  at  the  battle 
of  Cunaxa,  B.  C.  401. 

Cyzicenus,  a,  um,  adj.  Of 
Cyzicus,  a  city  of  Mysia. 


Dahae,  arum,  m.  A  Scythian 
tribe  beyond  the  Caspian  Sea. 

damnatio,  onis,  f.  (damno). 
Condemnation. 

dam  no,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(damnum).  To  condemn. 

damn  urn,  f,  n.  Loss,  injury, 
damage. 

Damon,  onis,  m.  A  poet  and 
musician  of  Athens. 

Dardani,  drum,  m.  A  people 
in  upper  Mcesia,  modern  Servia. 

Darius,  i,  m.  I.  The  son  of 
Hystaspes,  and  father  of  Xerxes. 

II.  Darius  Nothus,  father  of  Ar- 
taxerxes  and  Cyrus  the  Younger. 

III.  Darius    Codomannus,    with 
whose  death  the  Persian  empire 
ended  B.  C.  333. 

Datis,  is,  m.  One  of  the  gen- 
erals of  Darius,  son  of  Hystaspes. 

de,  prep,  with  the  abl.  From, 
of,  concerning,  about,  out  of. 

dea,  (e,  f.    A  goddess. 

debeo,  ere,  ui,  Uum,  v.'  tr.  (de, 
habeo).  To  owe,  be  indebted;  to 
be  obliged.  With  the  iufin.  it  is 


DEBILIS  —  DELECTUS 


209 


translated,  ought.  Impers.  debet, 
it  behooves,  ought. 

debllis,  e,  adj.  (de,  habilis, 
active).  Feeble,  weak. 

debllito,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(debilis).  To  weaken,  discourage. 

debitor,  oris,  m.  (debeo).  A 
debtor. 

de-cedo,  8re,  cessi,  cessum,  v. 
intr.  To  go  away,  depart;  to 
yield ;  to  decease,  die. 

Decelia,  ce,  f.  A  village  of 
Attica. 

decem,  num.  adj.  indecl.  Ten. 

decem-plex,  plids,  adj.  (pltco, 
to  fold).  Tenfold. 

deceptus,  a,  urn,  part.  Sec 
decfpio. 

de-cerno,  ere,  crevi,  cretum,  v. 
tr.  To  decree,  determine,  resolve ; 
to  fight. 

de-cido,  8re,  tidier,  intr.  (cado). 
To  fall  down ;  to  fall  off;  to  fall. 

decimus,  a,  urn,  num.  adj. 
(decem).  Tenth. 

de-cipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptum,v.  tr. 
(cdpio).  To  catch,  insnare,  de- 
ceive ;  to  make  to  forget. 

de-claro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(clarus).  To  show,  make  evident, 
declare. 

de-el  in  o,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  To  turn  aside  ;  to  avoid. 

de-curro,  8re,  cucurri,  more 
commonly  curri,  cur  sum,  v.  intr. 
To  run  off  or  away ;  to  run  down ; 
to  pass,  spend. 

dec  us,  dris,  n.  (dScet,  it  is 
proper).  Grace,  worth  ;  orna- 
ment, honor,  dignity,  splendor. 

deditio,  onis,  f.  (dedo).  A  sur- 
render. 

de-do,  Sre,  didi,  dltum,  v.  tr. 
To  surrCnderf  give  up,  submit. 

de-duco,  Ire,  duxi,  ductum,  v. 
tr.  To  lead  away ;  to  bring,  bring 

14 


down ;  to  lead  out,  lead,  con- 
duct. 

defectio,  onis,  f.  (deftcio).  De- 
sertion, revolt. 

de-fen  do,  ere,  di,  sum,  v.  tr. 
(root  FEND,  to  strike).  To  keep 
off ;  to  defend. 

defensio,  onis,  f.  (defcndo).  A 
defence. 

defensor,  oris,  m.  (defcndo). 
One  who  defends  or  wards  off;  a 
defender,  protector. 

de-fero,  ferre,  ttdi,  latum,  v. 
irr.  To  bear  or  bring  away  ;  to 
bring,  carry,  report,  tell ;  to  defer ; 
navem,  to  drive  a  ship  to  a  place. 

de-f icio,  ere,  fed,  fectum,  v. 
tr.  and  intr.  (facio).  To  desert, 
rebel,  revolt  ;  to  bo  wanting ;  to 
fail. 

de-fungor,  i,  nctus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(fungor,  to  perform).  To  have 
done  with ;  to  finish ;  to  depart ; 
to  die  ;  hence  defunctus,  de- 
ceased. 

de-genero,  are,  ari,  atum,  v. 
intr.  (genus).  To  depart  from  its 
race  or  kind ;  to  degenerate. 

dego,  ere,  degi,  v.  tr.  (de,  ago). 
To  spend,  pass,  lead. 

de-hinc,  adv.    After  that. 

deiii,  adv.  (de,  inde).  After- 
wards, and  then,  furthermore. 

deiiiceps,  adv.  (dcin,  cdpio). 
One  after  the  other,  successively. 

de-iiide,  adv.  Thereafter,  af- 
terwards, after  that,  then. 

de-jicio,  Sre,  jeci,jectum,  v.  tr. 
(jacio).  To  throw  down,  cast 
down ;  to  dispossess. 

de-lecto,  are,  avi.  atum,  v.  tr. 
(lacto,  to  gladden).  To  delight  in. 

delectus,  a,  um,  part.  See 
dellgo. 

delectus,  its,  m.  (detigo).  A 
choosing,  levy  of  soldiers. 


210 


DELEO  —  DEPUGNO 


deleo,  ere,  em,  etum,  v.  tr.  To 
blot  out,  efface ;  to  destroy  ut- 
terly, kill ;  to  raze. 

de-libero,  arc,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(libra,  pair  of  scales).  To  weigh 
well  in  one's  mind  ;  to  deliberate, 
consult,  consider. 

de-libo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(libo,  to  take  a  little  from  any- 
thing). To  take  off  a  little  from 
something ;  to  taste. 

delicium,  i,  n.  (de,  LAC,  root  of 
lacio,to  draw  gently).  Delight; 
darling,  pet. 

delictum,  t,  n.  (delinquo). 
Fault,  crime,  offence,  oversight. 

de-ligo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  bind  up,  tic,  fasten. 

de-Hgo,  ere,  egi,  cctum,  v.  tr. 
(lego}.  To  choose,  pick  out,  se- 
lect. 

de-linquo,  2re,  Uqui,  lictum, 
v.  tr.  and  intr.  To  commit  a  fault. 

de-lirus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (lira,  a 
furrow).  Crazy,  mad,  foolish. 

Delos,  i,  f.  The  central  island 
of  the  Cyclades ;  the  birthplace 
of  Apollo  and  Diana. 

Delphi,  drum,  m.  The  chief 
town  of  Phocis,  a  country  in 
Greece. 

Delphicus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Del- 
phi). Delphic,  of,  or  belonging 
to,  Delphi. 

de-ludo,  ere,  si,  sum,  v.  tr.  To 
delude,  deceive,  disappoint. 

de-mens,  ntis,  adj.  Mad,  de- 
mented. 

dementia,  ce,  f.  (d'emens).  The 
being  out  of  one's  mind,  insanity, 
madness. 

Demetrius,  i,  m.  Phalereus, 
an  Athenian. 

demi^ratio,  onis,  f.  (demtyro). 
An  emigration. 

de-mlgro,   are,  avi,  atum,  v. 


intr.  (mtgro,  to  remove).    To  re- 
move ;  to  move  off  or  away. 

de-mitto,  ere,  misi,  missum,  v. 
tr.  To  let  fall  from. 

demo,  ere,  dcmpsi  and  dcmsi, 
demptum  and  demtum,  v.  tr.  (de, 
emo).  To  take  away. 

Demosthenes,  is,  *m.  The 
most  celebrated  of  the  Grecian 
orators  ;  he  committed  suicide  by 
taking  poison  B.  C.  322. 

deiiium,  adv.  At  length,  at 
last. 

deni,  a,  a,  num.  adj.  distrib. 
(decem}.'  Ten  each,  ten  at  a  tune, 
by  tens. 

denique,  adv.  (dein,  que). 
Thereupon,  at  last,  finally. 

dens,  tis,  m.    A  tooth. 

denuo,  adv.  (de,  ndvus).  Anew, 
afresh,  again. 

de-pello,  Sre,  puli,  pttlsum,  v. 
tr.  To  drive  away,  repel,  keep 
off. 

de-perditus,  a,  um,  part.  See 
deperdo. 

de-perdo,  ere,  dtdi,  dltum,  v. 
tr.  To  ruin,  destroy. 

de-pingo,  ere,  nxi,  pictum,  v. 
tr.  To  paint,  describe.  • 

de-pono,  ere,  posui,  ptisUum, 
v.  tr.  To  lay  down;  to  deposit; 
to  lay  aside,  resign. 

de-porto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  carry  away,  convey,  banish. 

de-posco,  ere,  poposci,  v.  tr. 
To  demand,  request  earnestly. 

de-precor,  ari,  atus  sum,  v. 
dep.  To  avert,  ward  off  from 
one's  self  or  others  by  praying; 
to  deprecate ;  to  pray  for  some- 
thing which  is  in  danger. 

de-pugno,  are,  an,  atum,  v. 
tr.  and  intr.  To  fight  eagerly ; 
to  strive,  contend ;  to  fight  out, 
come  off  as  victor. 


DERIDEO  —  DEXTER 


211 


de-rideo,  ere,  risi,  r£swm,v.  tr. 

To  deride,  laugh  at. 

derisor,  dm,  m.  (derldeo).  A 
mocker,  scoffer. 

derisus,  us,  m.  (derldeo}. 
Mockery,  scorn,  derision. 

de-seen  do,  ere,  di,  sum,  v.  intr. 
(scando,  to  climb).  To  go  down, 
come  down,  descend,  dismount ; 
to  condescend. 

de-scisco,  ere,  scivi  («*),  itum, 
v.  intr.  (scio).  To  revolt,  rebel. 

de-scribo,  ere,  scripsi,  scrip- 
turn,  v.  tr.  To  write  out ;  to  de- 
scribe. 

de-sero,  ere,  ui,  turn,  v.  tr. 
(sero,  to  join).  To  sever  one's 
connection;  to  leave,  forsake, 
abandon,  desert. 

de-sidero,  are,  am,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(sidus).  To  desire  or  regret  a 
thing  lost ;  to  long  for,  desire,  ex- 
pect. 

de-sllio,  ire,  silui,  sultum,  v. 
intr.  (salio).  To  leap  down. 

de-smo,  ere,  ivi  (ii),  ttum,  v. 
tr.  and  intr.  (slno,  to  let).  To 
leave  off,  give  over;  to  terminate. 

de-si sto,  err,  stiti,  stUwn,  v. 
intr.  To  desist  from,  discontinue, 
cease. 

desperatio,  onis,  f.  (despero). 
Hopelessness,  despair. 

de-spero,  are,  ad,  atum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  To  despair,  to  be  with- 
out hope. 

de-spicio,  ere,  exi,  ectnm,  v.  tr. 
(specio,  to  look).  To  look  down 
upon ;  to  despise. 

de-stlno,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(akin  to  sto}.  To  make  fast;  to 
establish  ;  to  intend;  to  appoint. 

de-stituo,  8re,  ui,  utum,  v.  tr. 
(statuo).  To  leave  alone,  forsake, 
abandon,  desert;  to  disappoint, 
break  a  promise. 


de-struo,  ere,  struxi,  structum, 
v.  tr.  (struo,  to  pile  up).  To  pull 
down,  destroy. 

de-sum,  esse,  fui,  v.  irr.  To 
be  absent,  be  wanting ;  to  fail ;  to 
be  wanting  in  one's  duty. 

de-tero,  ere,  triri,  tritum,  v.  tr. 
(tero,  to  rub).  To  wear  away ;  to 
wear  bare. 

de-terreo,  ere,  ui,  Mum,  v.  tr. 
To  frighten  from,  deter;  to  dis- 
suade, discourage. 

de-testor,  dri,  atus  sum,  v. 
dep.  To  curse  while  calling  a 
deity  to  witness ;  to  execrate,  de- 
test. 

de-traho,  ere,  traxi,  tractum, 
v.  tr.  To  draw  or  take  off. 

detrimentum,  i,  n.  (detero). 
Loss,  damage,  detriment. 

detritus,  a,  um,  part.  See  de- 
ter o. 

deus,  i,  m.  A  god,  deity,  di- 
vinity. 

de-veho,  Ire,  vexi,  vectitm,  v.  tr. 
To  carry  away.  Detehor,  i,  vcctus 
sum,  v.  pass,  with  reflect,  signif., 
to  go  down,  descend. 

de-venio,  ire,  vent,  ventum,  v. 
intr.  To  come  down. 

de-vincio,  ire,  nxi,  nctum,  v.  tr. 
To  bind  fast ;  to  oblige  ;  to  attach, 
gain  the  affections  of. 

de-vinco,  8re,  vici,  mctum,  v. 
tr.  To  conquer  completely;  to 
overcome,  subdue,  vanquish. 

de-voco,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  call  away ;  to  lure,  entice. 

de-voro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(voro,  to  swallow  up).  To  devour. 

devotio,  onis  (devdveo).  A  de- 
voting or  giving  up ;  curse. 

de-voveo,  ere,  roi'i,  rotum,  v. 
tr.*  (vdveo,  to  vow).  To  vow,  de- 
vote, curse. 

dexter,  tSra,  tgrum,  and  tra, 


212 


DEXTERA  —  DISCURRO 


trum,  adj.  Right,  on  the  right 
hand;  prosperous,  lucky. 

dextera,  and  dextra,  a,  sc. 
manus,  f.  (dexter).  The  right  hand. 

diatlema,  atis,  n.  A  royal 
head  -dress,  a  diadem. 

Diana,  &,  f.  The  daughter  of 
Jupiter  and  Latona,  and  twin  sis- 
ter of  Apollo. 

dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictum,  v.  tr. 
To  say,  tell,  mention,  speak;  to 
n.une,  appoint ;  to  plead. 

dictator,  oris,  m.  (dicto,  to  or- 
der, dictate).  A  dictator,  a  Ro- 
man magistrate,  created  in  times 
of  extraordinary  difficulty,  with 
absolute  power. 

dictum,  i,  n.  (dico).  A  saying, 
word ;  wise  saying,  proverb. 

dictus,  a,  um,  part.  (dico}.  Said, 
appointed. 

Dido,  us  and  onis,  f.  Dido,  the 
queen  of  Carthage. 

dies,  ei,  m.  and  f. ;  phtr.  m.  A 
day ;  time,  season. 

differ o,  ferre,  distuli,  dilatum, 
v.  irr.  (dis,  fero).  To  carry  dif- 
ferent ways ;.  to  defer,  put  off. 

difficilis,  e,  adj.  (dis,  facllis). 
Hard,  difficult;  morose,  peevish. 

diffido,  ere,fisus  sum,v.  semi- 
dcp.  (dis,  fido).  To  distrust,  de- 
spair of. 

digltns,  i,  m.  (root  DIG,  to 
point  out).  A  finger. 

dignitas,  atis,  f.  (dignus).  Dig- 
nity ;  authority ;  greatness,  gran- 
deur 

dignus,  a,  urn,  adj.  Worthy, 
deserving  of. 

dilatio,  onis,  f.  (differo).  A 
putting  off,  delaying. 

diligens,  ntis,  adj.  (diligo). 
Careful,  attentive  ;  fond.  * 

diligenter,  adv.  (diligens).  Dil- 
igently, carefully. 


dlligentia,  #,  f.  (ditigens).  Dil- 
igence, attention. 

dl-ligo,  ere,  exi,  ectum,  v.  tr. 
(lego}.  To  love,  esteem  highly. 

di-mico,  are,  avi  and  cui,  atum, 
v.  intr.  (mlco,  to  quiver).  To  fight, 
contend. 

di-mitto,  ere,  misi,  missum,  v. 
tr.  To  send  away,  dismiss,  dis- 
band ;  to  let  go  or  let  slip ;  to  dis- 
card; to  arrange  or  draw  up  an 
army ;  uxorem,  to  put  away,  di- 
vorce. 

Diomedes,  is,  m.  Diomedes, 
son  of  Tydeus,  king  of  JEtolia. 

Didmedon,  ontis,m.  A  native 
of  Cyzlcus. 

Dion  y  si  us,  i,  m.  A  musician 
of  Thebes. 

dl-rigo,  ere,  exi,  ectum,  v.  tr. 
(rego).  To  direct,  guide. 

di-ripio,  ere,  ui,  reptum,  v.  tr. 
(r&pio).  To  take  away  by  vio- 
lence, plunder,  steal  away. 

di-ruo,  ere,  ui,  ilium,  v.  tr.  To 
overthrow,  destroy. 

dis-cedov  ere,  cessi,  cession, 
v.  intr.  To  go  in  another  direc- 
tion ;  to  go  away,  depart ;  to  die. 

dis-cerno,  ere,  crevi,  cretum, 
v.  tr.  To  distinguish ;  to  mark. 

discessus,  us,  m.  (discedo).  A 
going  asunder,  a  going  away,  de- 
parture. 

disciplina,  a,  f.  (disco).  Teach- 
ing, instruction,  learning,  knowl- 
edge ;  discipline,  skill. 

disco,  Sre,  dldici,  v.  tr.  To 
learn ;  to  become  acquainted  with. 

discordia,  ce,  f.  (dis,  cor).  Dis- 
union, variance,  disagreement, 
discord. 

dis-curro,  8re,  curri  and  cU- 
curri,  cursitm,  v.  intr.  To  run 
different  ways;  to  run  to  and 
fro. 


DISERTE  —  DOLOR 


213 


diserte,  adv.  (disertus).  Clear- 
ly, eloquently. 

dlsertus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (dissero, 
to  discuss).  Clear  and  copious  in 
expression ;  fluent,  eloquent. 

dis-jicio,  ere,jeci,jectum,  v.  tr. 
(jdcio).  To  disperse,  scatter;  to 
cast  down,  overthrow. 

dis-palor,  art,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(palor,  to  wander).  To  wander 
here  and  there,  straggle. 

di-spergo,  ere,  si,  sum,  v.  tr. 
(spar go).  To  disperse,  scatter. 

dis-pliceo,  ere,  ui,  ttum,  v.  tr. 
(pldceo).  To  displease. 

dis-puto,  are,  avi,  alum,  v.  tr. 
To  reason  or  discourse  of,  discuss, 
dispute. 

dis-semino,  are,  ari,  atum, 
v.  tr.  (semen,  seed).  To  spread 
abroad,  disseminate. 

disseiisio,  onis,  f.  (dis,  sentio). 
Disagreement,  discussion,  dis- 
cord. 

dis-sideo,  ere,  edi,  essum,  v. 
intr.  (sedco).  To  be  at  variance, 
differ,  quarrel. 

dissimilitude,  fnis,  f.  (dis, 
stmilis).  Unlikcness,  difference, 
diversity. 

dissolutus,  a,  um,  adj.  (dis- 
soho).  Loose,  careless,  profligate, 
unrestrained,  dissolute,  licentious. 

dis-solvo,  ere,  solvi,  solutum, 
v.  tr.  To  loosen,  dissolve,  loose ; 
to  destroy. 

dis-trlbuo,  8re,  ui,  utum,  v.  tr. 
To  divide,  distribute. 

di-stringo,  Sre,  nxi,  ctum,  v.  tr. 
To  draw  asunder.  Pass,  to  be 
much  engaged. 

dill,  comp.  diutius,  sup.  diutis- 
slme,  adv.  (dies).  A  long  time, 
long,  long  since. 

diiltinus,  a,  um,  adj.  (diu). 
Long,  lasting,  continual. 


diuturnus,  a,  um,  adj.  (diu). 
Long,  lasting. 

di versus,  a,  um,  adj.  (di,  verto). 
Turned  aside  or  out  of  the  way, 
different. 

dl-verto,  ere,  ti,  sum,  v.  intr. 
To  turn  aside. 

dives,  Uis,  adj.   Rich,  wealthy. 

di-vido,  ere,  visi,  vlsum,  v.  tr. 
(VID,  bereft,  whence  vulua).  To 
part  asunder,  divide,  separate. 

divinitas,  atis,  f.  (o'ivvius). 
Divinity,  divine  nature. 

divinus,  a,  um,  adj.  (dicus). 
Divine,  godlike.  ' 

divisio,  onis,  f.  (divtdo).  A 
division,  separation. 

divitiae,  arum,  f.  (dives).  Rich- 
es, wealth. 

dl-vulgo,  are,  av.i,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(vulgus).  To  spread  among  the 
people ;  to  make  common,  publish. 

divus,  i,  m.    A  god. 

do,  are,  dedi,  datum,  v.  tr.  To 
give,  grant,  allow. 

doceo,  ere,  cut,  ctum,  v.  tr.  To 
teach  ;  to  inform,  tell. 

doctor,  cm,  m.  (doceo).  A 
teacher,  instructor. 

doctrina,  ce,  f.  (doceo).  Learn- 
ing, instruction,  doctrine. 

doctus,  a,  um,  adj.  (doceo). 
Learned,  experienced. 

docihnentum,  i,  n.  (doceo). 
"Warning,  example. 

Dodouaeus,  a,  um,  adj.  Do- 
doncan;  of  Dodona,  a  city  in 
Epirus,  famed  for  its  oracle  situ- 
ated in  an  oak  grove. 

ddleo,  ere,  ui,  ttum,  v.  tr.  and 
intr.  To  feel  pain,  to  grieve  for, 
lament. 

dolon ,  onis,  m.  A  sword-stick, 
rapier;  dagger. 

dolor,  oris  (ddleo).  Pain,  dis- 
tress, sorrow,  grief. 


214 


DOLOSUS  —  EDUCO 


ddJosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (dolus). 
Crafty,  cunning,  deceitful. 

dolus,  i,  m.  Deceit,  treachery, 
wile,  trick,  stratagem. 

domesticus,  a,  um,  adj.  (dd- 
mus). •  Of,  or  belonging  to,  the 
house  or  family,  domestic,  house- 
hold. 

domicilium,  i,  n.  (ddmus).  A 
place  of  abode,  lodging,  dwelling- 
place,  residence. 

ddmmatio,  dnis,  f.  (domlnus}. 
Lordship,  power,  sway,  sover- 
eignty. 

dominus,  i,  m.  (ddmus}.  A 
master  of  slaves,  owner ;  master, 
lord. 

ddmo,  are,  ui  and  avi,  ttum,  v. 
tr.  To  tame  ;  to  conquer,  subdue. 

ddmus,  us  and  i,  f.  A  house  ; 
gen.  domi,  at  home ;  domo  and  a 
domo,  from  home. 

donee,  conj.  (contr.  from  dont- 
cum,  ante  and  post-class).  So 
long  as,  until. 

dono,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  (do- 
num.,  a  gift).  .  To  give  as  a  pres- 
ent; to  grant,  bestow,  give  freely, 
present. 

dorsum,  *,  n.    The  back. 

dos,  dot  is,  f.  (do).  A  dowry, 
marringe  portion;  gift,  endow- 
ment of  body  or  mind. 

Drancae,  arum,  f.  The  Dran- 
cae. 

dubito,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  (duo).  To  doubt,  hesi- 
tate. 

diibium,  i,  n.  (dubius).  Doubt, 
hesitancy. 

dubius,  a,  um,  adj.  (duo). 
Doubtful,  dangerous,  uncertain; 
dubia  res,  a  matter  of  doubt. 

ducenti,  «?,  a,  num.  adj.  (duo, 
centum).  Two  hundred. 

duco,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v.  tr.    To 


lead,  conduct,  bring,  take ;  to 
think,  reckon,  esteem ;  to  pro- 
long. 

dud  urn,  adv.  (diu,  dum).  A 
short  time  ago,  formerly. 

dulcedo, inis,f.(dutcis).  Sweet- 
ness, deiightfulness,  charm. 

dulcis,  e,  adj.    Sweet. 

dum,  conj.  While,  until ;  pro- 
vided that. 

dum-modo,  conj.  Provided 
that. 

duo,  #,  o,  num.  adj.    Two. 

duodecim,  num.  adj.  indecl. 
Twelve. 

duplex,  Ids,  adj.  (duo,  phco,  to 
fold).  Twofold,  double  ;  crafty. 

dure,  adv.  (durus).  Hardly, 
harshly,  unfavorably. 

duritia,  ce,  f.  (durus).  Hard- 
ness, austerity,  frugality;  cru- 
elty. 

durus,  a,  um,  adj.    Hard. 

dux,  ducts,  in.  and  f.  (duco). 
A  guide,  leader,  general. 

E. 

e,  ex,  prep,  with  abl.  Out  of, 
from,  of. 

ea,  adv.    There,  that  way. 

eadem,  adv.  (idem).  By  the 
same  way. 

ebrietas,  atls,  f.  (ebrius). 
Drunkenness,  ebriety. 

ebrius,  a,  um,  adj.  (e,  btbo). 
Intoxicated,  drunk,  drunken. 

Ecbatana,  orwm,  n.  The  prin- 
cipal city  of  Media. 

ecce,  inter] .    Lo! 

editus,  a,  um,  adj.  (edo).  High, 
lofty. 

e-do,  ere,  dldi,  itum,  v.  tr.  To 
put  forth,  lead  forth  ;  to  utter. 

e-dilco,  are,  avi,  dtum,  v.  tr. 
To  bring  up ;  to  educate. 


EDUCO  — EO 


215 


e-diico,  ere,  xi,  ctitm,  v.  tr.  To 
lead  forth  or  out ;  to  draw  out. 

effectus,  us,  m.  (efficio).  Ef- 
fect, the  execution  of  one's 
plans. 

effero,  farre,  extiili,  elatum,  v. 
irr.  (ex,  fero).  To  carry  out ;  to 
carry  out  for  burial ;  to  bury ;  to 
extol,  elate,  puff  up. 

efflcio,  ere,  feci,fectum,  v.  tr. 
(ex,  fdcio).  To  finish,  accom- 
plish, make,  effect,  cause,  bring 
about. 

effigies,  ei,  f.  (ex,  jingo).  An 
image. 

effugio,  8re,fugi,fugttum  (ex, 
ftigio).  To  flee  from,  escape,  elude, 
avoid, 

effugium,  i,  n.  (effugio).  An 
escape,  means  of  escaping,  a  place 
to  which  to  escape. 

effundo,  ere,  -fudi,  fusum,  v. 
tr.  (ex,  fundo).  To  pour  out ;  to 
give  one's  self  up  to ;  to  give  loose 
to,  yield  to. 

effusus,  a,  um,  part,  (effundo'). 
Lavished ;  extravagant. 

ego,  mei,  pers.  pron.    I. 

e-gredior,  i,  gressus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (grddior,  to  go).  To  go  out. 

e-gregius,  a,  um,  adj.  (grex). 
Distinguished,  surpassing,  illustri- 
ous, eminent. 

e-jicio,  ere,  jeci,  jectum,  v.  tr. 
(jatio).  To  cast  out,  discard ;  to 
banish. 

e-jiiro,  are,  act,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(juro,  to  swear).  To  refuse  or  re- 
ject by  an  oath ;  to  abjure. 

e-labor,  t,  lapsus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(labor,  to  fall).  To  glide  away; 
to  escape. 

e-laboro,  are,  am,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  make  or  finish  with  labor ;  to 
labor  greatly  or  diligently. 

elatus,  a,  um,  part.  See  effero. 


elegantia,  #,  f.  (e,  ttgd).  Ele- 
gance, nicety. 

elephantus,  *,  m.  An  ele- 
phant. 

e-levo,  are,  art,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  lighten ;  to  make  insignificant ; 
to  disparage,  undervalue. 

e-ligo,  ere,  legi,  lectum,  v.  tr. 
(lego}.  To  pick  out,  select,  choose. 

Elis,  Idis,  f.  A  district  of  the 
Peloponnesus. 

eldqueutia,  «,  f.  (e,  loguor). 
Eloquence. 

e-luceo,  ere,  xi,  v.  intr.  (lux). 
To  shine  forth,  be  conspicuous. 

e-ludo,  ere,  si,  sum,  v.  tr.  To 
elude,  baffle. 

e-mendo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(mendum,  a  fault).  To  free  from 
fault ;  to  correct,  amend,  improve. 

e-mereo,  ere,  ui,  ttum,  v.  tr., 
and*  emereor,  eri,  itus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (mereo,  to  deserve).  To 
serve  out ;  to  completa  one's  term 
of  service. 

e-metior,  tiri,  mensus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (metior,  to  measure).  To 
measure  out. 

e-mineo,  ere,  ui,  v.  intr.  (mineo, 
to  project).  To  project  out;  to 
be  conspicuous. 

e-mmus,  adv.  (mdmis).  At  a 
distance. 

e-mitto,  $re,  misi,  missum,  v. 
tr.  To  send  out,  send  forth ;  to 
let  escape  from ;  animam,  to  ex- 
pire, die. 

enio,  &re,  emi,  emptum,  v.  tr. 
To  take ;  to  buy. 

eiiiin,  conj.  (8  intcns.,  nam). 
For. 

e-num6ro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  reckon  up';  to  recount. 

eo,  ire,  ivi,  Uum,  v.  irr.    To  go. 

eo,  adv.  Thither,  to  that  place, 
so  far ;  therefore. 


216 


EODEM  —  EVENIO 


eodem,  adv.  To  the  same 
place. 

Epaminoudas,  a,  m.  A  na- 
tive of  Thebes  in  Breotia. 

ephebus,  i,  m.  A  youth  from 
sixteen  to  twenty  years  of  age. 

Ephesus,  i,  f.  A  city  of  Ionia, 
in  Asia  Minor. 

ephorus,  i,  m.  One  of  the 
ephors,  or  magistrates  of  Sparta. 

Epigoni,  drum,  m.  The  After- 
born. 

epilogus,  i,  m.    An  epilogue. 

Epirus,  if  f.    Epirus. 

epistola,  a,  f.   A  letter,  epistle. 

e-poto,  are,  am,  potum,  v.  tr. 
To  drink  out  or  up. 

epotus,  a,  um,  part.   See  epoto. 

epulum,  i,  n-. ;  plur.  epiilce, 
arum,  f.  A  banquet,  feast. 

eques,  Mis,  m.  and  f.  in  sense, 
but  m.  only  in  gram,  construction, 
(equus).  A  horseman. 

equester,  or  -tris,  tris,  tre, 
adj.  (equ-s).  Belonging  to  horse- 
men, equestrian. 

equldem,  adv.  (S  intens.,  qui- 
dem).  Indeed  [used  generally 
with  the  first  person]. 

equltatus,  us,  m.  (eques}.  Cav- 
alry. 

equus,  i,  m.    A  horse. 

Eretria,  «?,  f.  A  city  of  Eu- 
boea,  on  the  Euripus. 

erga,  prep,  with  ace.  Towards, 
against. 

ergo,  conj.    Therefore,  then. 

e-rlgo,  ere,  rexi,  rectum,  v.  tr. 
(rego).  To  raise  up,  set  up;  to 
erect,  build;  to  arouse,  encour- 
age. 

e-ripio,  ere,  ui,  reptum.  v.  tr. 
(rdpio).  To  take  or  snatch  by 
force,  take  away,  wrest  from. 

error,  dm,  m.(erro,  to  wander). 
A  wandering ;  mistake,  offence. 


e-rudio,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  Uum,  v. 
tr.  (rudis).  To  teach,  educate,  in- 
struct. 

eriiditus,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj. 
(erudio).  Learned,  skilful. 

esca,  #,  f.  (edo).    Food. 

e-scendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  v.  intr. 
(scando,  to  climb).  To  disembark ; 
to  ascend,  mount  up. 

e-surio,  ire,  — ,  ittim,  v.  intr. 
(desid.  of  edo).  To  be  hungry. 

et,  conj.  And ;  et  —  et,  not  only 
—  but  also ;  both  —  and. 

etiam,  conj.  (et,  jam).  And 
also,  likewise,  and  even ;  etiam  at- 
que  etiam,  again  and  again  ;  etiam- 
num,  still,  yet,  till  now ;  etiamnunc, 
even  now ;  etiamtum,  even  then, 
still. 

Stiam-si,  conj.  Even  if,  though, 
although. 

Etruria,  a,  f."  Tuscany,  a  dis- 
trict of  Italy. 

et-si,  conj.    Though,  although. 

Eubcea,  a,  f.  A  large  island 
of  Greece,  now  Negropont. 

Eumenes,  is,  m.  A  king  of 
Pergamus. 

Eumolpidae,  arum,  m.  The 
descendants  of  Eumolpus,  son  of 
Neptune. 

Euphrates,  is,  m.  A  river  of 
Syria. 

Europa,  «,  f.    Europe. 

Eurybiades,  is,  m.  A  king  of 
Sparta. 

Eurylochus,  i,  m.  Eurylo- 
chus. 

e-vado,  ere,  si,  sum,  v.  intr. 
To  escape,  get  away. 

e-vello,  ere,  'velli  (vulsi),  vul- 
sum,  v.  tr.  (vello,  to  pluck).  To 
pluck  out. 

e-venio,  ire,  rent,  ventutn  v. 
intr.  To  come  out;  to  fall  out, 
happen,  come  to  pass. 


EVENTUS  —  EXIMO 


217 


eventus,  its,  m.  (ecenio).  An 
occurrence,  event,  issue,  result. 

e-vlto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
shun,  avoid. 

e-voco,  are,  a>:i,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  call  out;  to  summon  to  ap- 
pear. 

ex,  prep,  with  abl.  Out,  out  of, 
from. 

exactio,  onis,  f.  (exlgo}.  A 
driving  out ;  a  demanding. 

ex-adversum,or-us,adv.  Op- 
posite to ;  over  against. 

ex-aglto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(dtjo).  To  drive  oat;  to  harass. 

ex-animo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v. 
tr.  (animus}.  To  kill.  Pass,  to 
die. 

ex-ardesco,  ere,  am',  arsum, 
v.  intr.  (ardeo,  to  burn).  To  be 
inflamed ;  to  break  out. 

ex-auctoro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v. 
tr.  (anctor}.  To  discharge  from 
service ;  to  dismiss. 

ex-cedo,  ere,  cessi,  ccssum,  v. 
intr.  To  go  out  or  away,  depart, 
retire. 

excellens,  ntis,  part,  and  adj. 
(excello).  Excelling,  excellent, 
eminent. 

ex-cello,  ere,  ui,  sum,  v.  tr.  and 
intr.  To  excel,  surpass;  to  be 
eminent. 

exeelsus,  a,  um,  adj.  (excello}. 
Lofty,  high. 

excidium,  i,  n.  (for  exscidium, 
from  exscindo,  to  destroy).  Over- 
throw, destruction. 

ex-cio,  ire,  and  -cieo,  iere,  ivi, 
ttum,  v.  tr.  To  excite ;  to  call  or 
send  for. 

ex-cipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptum,  v.  tr. 
(capio).  To  take  out ;  to  receive, 
take ;  to  catch. 

ex-cito,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(freq.  ofexcio).  To  call  forth,  wake 


up,  stir  up ;  to  excite,  arouse,  in- 
stigate. 

ex-cludo,  ere,  clusi,  clusum,  v. 
tr.  (claudo).  To  shut  out. 

ex-cogito,  are,  dci,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  think  ;  to  devise. 

ex-colo,  ere,  ui,  cultum,  v.  tr. 
To  worship. 

ex-crucio,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  torment  excessively. 

excursio,  onis,  f.  (ex,  curro). 
A  sally  ;  inroad,  invasion. 

exemplum,  i,  n.  (erfmo).  An 
example,  copy ;  illustration,  fa- 
ble. 

ex-eo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  Uum,  v.  irr. 
To  go  out. 

ex-erceo,  ere,  cui,  citum,  v. 
tr.  (arceo,  to  shut  up).  To  exer- 
cise, train  ;  to  practise,  use. 

exercitatus,  a,  um,  part,  and 
adj.  (exercito,  to  practise).  Prac- 
tised, experienced,  disciplined. 

exercltus,  us,  m.  (exerceo}.  An 
army. 

ex-haurio,  ire,  hausi,  haus- 
tum,  v.  tr.  (kaurio,  to  draw).  To 
draw  or  drink  out ;  to  empty  by 
drawing  ;  to  exhaust,  consume. 

ex-heredo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v. 
tr.  (heres).  To  disinherit. 

ex-hibeo,  ere,  id,  Hum,  v.  tr. 
(Jtabeo}.  To  hold  forth,  show,  ex- 
hibit ;  to  support,  sustain. 

ex-Igo,  ere,  egi,  actum,  v.  tr.' 
(ago').  To  drive  out ;  to  enforce, 
exact ;  to  spend  or  pass  time ;  to 
end. 

exiguus,  a,  um,  adj.  (exlgo). 
Small,  scanty. 

exilium,  or  exsllium,  i,  n. 
(exul,  or  exsul).  Banishment. 

eximius,  a,  um,  adj.  (exlmo}. 
Uncommon,  extraordinary,  dis- 
tinguished. 

ex-imo,  ere,  emi,  emptum,  v.  tr. 


218 


EXINDE  —  EXSPIRO 


(emo).  To  fake  out  or  away,  re- 
move, take  off. 

ex-inde,  adv.   A  fter  that,  then. 

ex-istlmo,  are,  dvi,  dtum,  v. 
tr.  (cesttmo).  To  judge,  think, 
suppose,  consider:  to  esteem. 

ex-isto,  or  -sisto,  ere,  stlti,  sti- 
tum,  v.  intr.  To  come  forth;  to 
become;  to  be,  exist;  to  appear. 

exitium,  i,  n.  (cxeo).  Destruc- 
ti  m,  ruin. 

exitus,  us,  m.  (exeo).  A  going 
out,  issue,  end,  termination  ;  way 
of  escape. 

ex-orno,  are,  act,  dtum,  v.  tr. 
To  fit  out,  equip,  furnish ;  to  adorn. 

ex-6ro,  are,  dvi,  dtum,  v.  tr. 
To  move,  prevail  upon  by  en- 
treaty. 

expectatio,  or  exspectatio, 
onis,  f.  (expecto).  Expectation, 
desire. 

expecto,  or  exspecto,  are,  dvi, 
dtiun,  v.  tr.  (ex,  specto).  To  look 
or  wait  for ;  to  hope  or  wish  for ; 
to  fear ;  to  expect. 

ex-p6dio,  ire,  ivi,  itum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  (pes).  To  disentangle, 
extricate,  free;  to  explain.  Im- 
pers.  expedit,  it  is  expedient  or 
profitable. 

expedltio,  onis,  f.  (cxpedio). 
An  expedition. 

ex-pello,  ere,  ptili,  pulsum,  v. 
tr.  To  drive  out,  expel. 

ex-pendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  v.  tr. 
To  weigh  out ;  to  weigh  out  money 
in  payment ;  to  pay  out. 

experimentum,  i,  n.  (expSri- 
or).  A  proof,  trial,  experiment. 

ex-perior,  Iri,  pertus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (perior,  whence  pSritus).  To 
try,  prove,  put  to  the  test ;  to  find 
or  know  by  experience. 

ex-pers,  tis,  adj.  (pars}.  Des- 
titute, void  of. 


ex-peto,  8re,  in  (?0,  itum,  v. 
tr.  and  intr.  To  long  for,  desire, 
seek  after. 

ex-plico,  are,  dvi  or  ui,  dfum 
or  cUum,  v.  tr.  (pllco,  to  fold). 
To  unfold ;  to  draw  out  in  battle 
array ;  to  explain. 

ex-piodo,  ere,  si,  sum,  v.  tr. 
(plando,  to  clap).  To  drive  out 
or  .off  by  clapping ;  to  reject. 

ex-ploro,  are,  dci,  dtum,  v.  tr. 
(ploro,  to  cry  out).  To  search  out, 
examine  carefully,  exp'ore. 

ex-pono,  ere,posui,  posltum,  v. 
tr.  To  lay  or  put  out ;  to  disem- 
bark ;  to  explain. 

ex-porto,  are,  dvi,  dtum,  v.  tr. 
To  convey  out,  carry  away. 

ex-posco,  ere,  poposci,  v.  tr. 
To  asly  earnestly,  demand  urgent- 
ly. 

ex-primo,  ere,  prcssi,  pressum, . 
v.  tr.  (premo}.  To  press  or  squeeze 
out ;  to  extort ;  to  express ;  to  re- 
semble. 

ex-probro,  are,  dri,  dtum,  v. 
tr.  (probrum,  a  shameful  aci).  To 
upbraid,  reproach. 

expugiiatio,  onis,  f.  (expugno). 
The  taking,  carrying,  storming. 

ex-pugno,  are,  dci,  dtum,  v.  tr. 
To  take  by  assault ;  to  storm ;  to 
attack  with  success ;  to  vanquish, 
capture. 

exsequiae,  drum,  f.  (ex,  sequor}. 
The  following  out  of  a  corpse  ;  a 
funeral  procession,  obsequies. 

ex-sisto.     See  existo. 

exspectatio,  onis,  f.  (exspecto). 
An  awaiting,  expecting,  expecta- 
tion. 

ex-specto,  are,  dvi,  dtum,  v. 
tr.  (specio,  to  look).  To  look  out, 
be  on  the  lookout ;  to  watch  or 
wait  for. 

ex-spiro,  are,  dvi,  dtum,  v.  tr. 


EXSTINGUO  —  FAMILIA 


219 


and    intr.     To   breathe  out;    to 
breathe  one's  last. 

ex-stinguo,  ere,  nxi,  nctum,  v. 
tr.  (stinguo,  to  quench).  To  put 
out,  extinguish ;  to  kill,  destroy ; 
to  put  an  end  to,  suppress. 

ex-sul.  iilis,  m.  and  f.  (ex,  so- 
luni).  A  banished  person,  an  ex- 
iie. 

ex-sulto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  intr. 
(salio).  To  jump  up  ;  to  exult ;  to 
revel. 

ex-struo,  8re,  ^lx^,  uctum,  v.  tr. 
(struo,  to  pile  up).  To  pile  up, 
raise;  to  build,  erect. 

exta,  orum,  n.  The  nobler  in- 
ternal organs  of  the  body,  such  as 
the  heart,  lungs,  liver  ;  vitals. 

ex-ten  do,  ere,  tendi,  tentum 
and  tensum,  v.  tr.  To  stretch  out ; 
to  extend,  increase. 

externus,  a,  um,  adj.  (exter, 
outward).  Outward,  foreign,  alien. 

extinguo.     See  exstinguo. 

extollo,  ere  [properly  no  per- 
fect or  supine  ;  but  extuli,  elatum, 
from  effero,  having  the  same  mean- 
ing, may  supply  their  place],  v.  tr. 
To  raise  up,  exalt ;  to  praise. 

extra,  prep,  with  ace.  Without, 
opposed  to  within;  beyond,  be- 
sides, except. 

ex-traho,  ere,  traxi,  tractum, 
v.  tr.  To  draw  out ;  to  disengage. 

extremus,  or  extimus,  a,  um 
[sup.  of  exter,  outward],  adj.  Out- 
ermost, last;  utmost. 

ex-trico,  are,  avi,  dtum,  v.  tr. 
(trlcce,  trifles).  To  bring  to  pass  ; 
to  produce. 

extuli.    See  efftro. 

exul,  or  exsul,  illis,  m.  and  f. 
(ex,  solum}.  A  banished  person, 
an  exile. 

ex-uro,  ere,  ussi,  ustum,  v.  tr. 
(uroj  to  burn).  To  burn  up. 


F. 

fabella/«?,  f.  (dim.  offabiila). 
A  short  story,  a  little  fable. 

faber,  bri,  m.  A  workman, 
smith. 

Fabius,  i,  m.  The  name  of  a 
patrician  family  in  Rome. 

fabula,  a  (for,  to  say).  A 
narration,  story,  tale,  fable. 

fades,  ei,  f.  Form,  figure ; 
face,  visage. 

facile,  adv.  (fdcilis}.  Easily, 
readily. 

facilis,  e,  adj.  (facio).    Easy. 

f  acinus,  oris,  n.  (facio).  A 
deed,  action,  exploit,  either  good 
or  bad ;  a  wicked  deed ;  villany. 

facio,  ere,  fed,  factum,  v.  tr. 
To  do,  make,  cause,  effect,  per- 
form. 

factio,  onis,  f.  (facio}.  Fac- 
tion, party. 

factum,  i,  n.  (facio}.  A  deed; 
an  act. 

facultas,  atis,  f.  (facio}:  Abil- 
ity, power,  opportunity ;  wealth, 
riches. 

faex,  feeds,  f.  Grounds,  sedi- 
ment/dregs. 

Falernus,  a,  um,  adj.  Falrr- 
nian ;  subs.,  sc.  ager.  A  district 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Massicus,  in 
Campania,  celebrated  for  its  wine. 

fallacia,  <*>,  f.  (fallo).    Deceit. 

fallo,  Sre,fefclk,fal.st(.m,  v.  tr. 
To  deceive  ;  to  disappoint. 

false,  adv.  (falsus}.  Falsely, 
vainly. 

falsus,  a,  ttm,  adj.  (fallo). 
False,  deceptive. 

f funa,  &,  f.  Report,  rumor ; 
fame,  reputation,  good  name. 

fames,  is,  f.    Hunger. 

familia,  ce,  f.  (famulus,  a  ser- 
vant). The  slaves  of  one  master ; 


220 


FAMILIARIS  —  FINIO 


household,  family ;  retinue  of  ser- 
vants. 

famlliaris,  e,  adj'.  (famttia}. 
Of  the  family,  intimate;  subs.,  a 
familiar  acquaintance,  Mend;  res 
familiaris,  property. 

familiarltas,  atis,  f.  (famlli- 
ai'is).  Intimacy. 

farina,  ce,  f.  (far,  grain). 
Ground  corn,  meal,  flour. 

fas,  n.  indecl.  Divine  law, 
right. 

fascis,  isy  m.  A  bundle,  pack- 
et, parcel. 

fastidio,  Ire,  ivi  (it),  Itum,  v. 
tr.  and  intr.  (fastidium,  a  loath- 
ing). To  feel  disgust;  to  despise, 
lo  ithe,  dislike,  disdain. 

fastlgium,  /,  n.  The  top, 
height ;  exalted  rank  or  dignity. 

fatalis,  e,  adj.  (fatum).  Of, 
or  belonging  to,  fate;  destined, 
fated,  fatal. 

fatigo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
( fatis,  sufficiently,  ago).  To  weary, 
,  fatigue,  tire. 

fatum,  i,  n.  (/or,  to  say).  Lit., 
that  which  is  said  or  spoken ;  the 
will  or  command  of  the  gods, 
fate,  destiny. 

fautor,  oris,  m.  (faveo,  to  fa- 
vor). A  favorer,  supporter,  parti- 
san. 

faux,  in  the  sing,  only  in  the 
abl.,  fame;  plur.  fauces,  ium,  f. 
Throat,  gullet ;  appetite. 

favor,  oris,  m.  (faveo,  to  fa- 
vor). Favor,  good  will. 

f  avus,  *",  m.    Honey-comb. 

fax,  fads  [wants  gen.  pL],  f. 
A  torch. 

f  elicitas,  atis,  f.  (felix,  hap- 
py). Happiness,  good  fortune. 

f eliciter,  adv.  (fetix,  happy). 
Auspiciously,  happily. 

femina,a,  f.  (stem  FE,  whence 


fecundus,feliz,  etc.).    A  female, 
a  woman. 

fenestra,  «,  f.    A  window. 

fera,  «,  f.  (ferus).  A  wild 
beast. 

fere,  adv.  Almost ;  almost  al- 
ways, generally. 

ferme,  adv.  (fere}.  Almost, 
nearly. 

fero,  fcrre,  tuli,  latum,  v.  in*. 
To  bear,  carry  ;  to  endure  ;  to  tell, 
report  Pass.farturt  it  is  said. 

ferox,  ocis,  adj.  (akin  to  ferus}. 
Fierce,  warlike. 

ferrum,  t,  n.    Iron  ;  a  sword. 

ferum,  i,  n.  (ferus).  A  wild 
animal. 

ferus,  o,  tim,  adj.  Wild,  cruel, 
fierce,  savage. 

fessus,  a,  um,  adj.  Wearied, 
tired,  fatigued;  worn  out;  ex- 
hausted. 

festinatio,  onis,  f.  (festino}. 
A  hastening,  haste,  speed. 

festino,  are,  dvi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  (festinus,  hasty).  To 
hasten,  make  haste. 

fictllis,  e,  adj.  (Jingo).  Earth- 
en. 

fictus,   a,  um,   part,   and  adj. 
(fincjo}.    Feigned,  fictitious. 
*  f  Idelis,  e,  adj.  (fides}.    Faith- 
ful, trusty. 

fides,  ei,  f.  Trust  in  a  person 
or  thing;  faith,  confidence  ;  credit ; 
protection ;  a  promise. 

flducia,  fp,  f.  (fido,  to  trust). 
Trust,  conlidence. 

filia,  CP,  f.    A  daughter. 

fiiius,  i,  voc.fili,  m.    A  son. 

finsro,  ere,  nxi,  fictum,  v.  tr.  To 
shape,  form,  frame,  fashion,  ar- 
range ;  to  make,  devise,  contrive  ; 
to  feign. 

f Inio,  Ire,  im,  itum,  v.  tr.  (fi- 
nis}. To  limit,  bound,  end. 


FINIS  —  FRAUS 


finis,  is,  m.  and  f.  A  limit, 
boundary,  end.  Plur.  m.  Boun- 
daries, territories,  land. 

f  mitimiis,  a,  um,  adj.  (finis}. 
Bordering  upon,  neighboring ; 
Bnbs.,  flfittt&i,  drum,  in.  Neigh- 
bors. 

f  10,  fieri,  factus  sum,  pass,  of 
fdcio.  To  be  made,  bo  done ;  to 
happen,  become. 

firmitas,  atis,  f.  (firmiis,  firm). 
Firmness,  strength,  constancy. 

fiscus,  i,  m.    A  money-basket. 

flagellum,i,n.  A  whip,  scourge. 

flagito,  are,  avi,  dtum,  v.  tr. 
'(root  FLAG,  whence  JJagro).  To 
demand  violently,  fiercely,  or 
earnestly. 

flagro,  are,  avi,  dtum,  v.  intr. 
To  burn,  be  inflamed  with  desire. 

fiamma,  #,  f.    A  flame. 

Fiamlnliius,  i,  m.  T.  Quin- 
tius,  a  Roman  consul. 

Flammius,  i,  m.  Cains,  a 
Rom:m  consul. 

flatus,  us,  m.  (fo,  to  blow).  A 
blowing,  blast,  gale. 

fleo,  ere,  fieri,  fietum,  v.  tr.  and 
intr.  To  weep,  lament;  to  be- 
wail. 

fletus,  us,  m.  (fieo}.  A  weep- 
ing, wailing. 

floreo,  ere,  ui,  v.  intr.  (flos). 
To  bloom,  blossom;  to  flourish; 
to  be  conspicuous  or  eminent. 

flos,  floris,  m.  A  flower ;  the 
best  part  of  anything. 

f  lumen,  fnis,  n.  (/wo,  to  flow). 
A  river,  stream. 

fluxus,  us,  m.  (flno,  to  flow). 
A  flowing,  flow. 

fcedSratus,  a,  um,  part,  nnd 
adj.  (fcedus).  Allied,  confeder- 
ate. 

feed  us,  erist  n.  A  league,  treaty, 
compact. 


foedus,  a,  urn,  adj.  Foul,  filthy, 
ugly,  detestable,  abominable. 

foils,  fontis,  m.  A  spring,  foun- 
tain. 

tore  and  forem,  equivalent 
to  futurus  esse  and  essem,  v.  def. 
To  be. 

f  orensis,  e,  adj.  (/drum).  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  forum,  or  a 
court  of  law. 

f oris,  is,  more  freq.  in  plur. 
fdres,  um,  m.  A  door. 

forma,  «?,  f.  Form,  stature, 
size  ;  beauty. 

formica,  ce,  f.     An  ant. 

formo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(forma).  To  shape,  fashion,  form. 

formosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (for /no). 
Handsome,  beautiful. 

for  sail,  adv.  (ellip.  for  fors, 
sit,  an}.  It  may  be,  perhaps. 

forte,  adv.  (fors,  chance).  By 
chance  ;  perhaps. 

fortis,  e,  adj.  (fero}.  Brave, 
valiant,  strong,  powerful;  stout, 
vigorous,  manly. 

fortiter,  adv.  (fortis).  Bravely, 
manfully ;  strongly. 

fortltiido,  inis,  f.  (fortis). 
Bravery,  fortitude. 

fortuito,  adv.  (forte).  By 
chance,  accidentally. 

fortuna,  ce,  f.  (fors,  chance). 
Fortune,  chance,  luck ;  the  god- 
dess of  fortune. 

forum ,  i,  n.  A  market-place  ; 
court  of  justice. 

f  oveo,  ere,  fovi,  fotum,  v.  tr. 
To  warm,  keep  warm  :  to  ch  ivsh. 

franco,  ere,  fre  ;i,  fractnm,  v. 
tr.  To  break ;  to  impair,  weak- 
en ;  to  subdue,  vanquish  ;  to  dis- 
couragc- 

frater,  tris,  m.     A  brother. 

fraus,/rawdw,  f.  Cheating,  de- 
ceit, fraud. 


222 


FREGELL^E  —  GARRULUS 


Fregellse,  arum,  f.  A  city  of 
the  Yolsci,  in  Latium. 

fremo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  v.  tr.  and 
intr.  To  murmur,  rage. 

frenum,  i  [pliir.freni  and  f  re- 
no],  n.  A  bridle,  curb,  bit. 

frequens,  ntis,  adj.  Thronged, 
crowded ;  frequent. 

frequenter,  adv.  (frequens). 
Oft  n,  frequently. 

frequento,  are,  avit  atum,  v. 
tr.  (frequens).  To  frequent,  visit 
often. 

fretus,  a,  urn,  adj.  Trusting  to, 
relying  on. 

frigid  us,  a,  um,  adj.  (frigeo, 
to  be  cold).  Cold,  cool. 

frlgus,  oris,  n.    Cold,  winter. 

frivolus,  a,  um,  adj.  Frivolous, 
useless,  trivial,  vain. 

frons,  ntis,  f.  The  brow ;  ap- 
pearance, ghnce,  look. 

fructus,  us,  m.  (fruor).  Fruit; 
gain,  profit,  benefit. 

frugalitas,  atis,  f.  (frugalis, 
frugal).  Frugality ;  moderation. 

fruor,  i,  itus  and  fructus  sum, 
v.  dep.  To  enjoy. 

frustra,  adv.  (/raws).  In  vain, 
to  no  purpose. 

frustror,  an',  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(frustra).  To  disappoint,  deceive. 

frustum,  i,  n.    A  bit,  morsel. 

frutex,  £m,m.  A  shrub,  thicket. 

f  ucus,  i,  m.    A  drone  bee. 

fuga,  a,  f.    A  fleeing,  flight. 

fu^ax,  ads,  adj.  (fugio).  Apt. 
to  flee,  flying  swiftly. 

fugio,  ere,  fugi,  filgUum,  v. 
intr.  To  flee,  or  fly ;  to  take  to 
flight ;  to  shun,  avoid. 

f  u?ito,  are,  am,  atum,  v.  tr.  and 
intr.  (freq.  offugio).  To  flee  hur- 
riedly, or  in  confusion. 

f  figo,  are,  art,  atum,  v.  tr.  (fu- 
ffio).  To  put  to  flight ;  to  rout. 


fulgeo,  ere,  fulsi,  \.  intr.  To 
flash,  glitter,  shine. 

fund  amentum,  i,  n.  (fundo, 
to  found).  A  foundation,  ground- 
work, basis. 

funditus,  adv.  (fundus,  bot- 
tom). From  the  very  bottom  ;  by 
the  roots ;  utterly. 

fuiiclo,  are,  ari,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(fundus,  bottom).  To  f  ,11111 1, 
build. 

fundo,  ere,  fusi,  fusum,  v.  tr. 
To  pour  out,  shed ;  to  overthrow, 
beat,  defeat,  vanquish,  rout. 

funestus,  a,  um,  adj.  (fumis). 
Fatal ;  doleful,  lamentable ;  ca-* 
lamitous. 

fungor,  i,  nctus  sum,  v.  dep. 
To  discharge,  perform,  execute. 

funus,  ens,  n.  A  procession; 
funeral  procession ;  funeral  rites. 

fur,  furix,  m.    A  thief. 

Furius,  i,  m.  L.  Purpureo,  a 
Roman  consul. 

furor,  oris,  m.  (furo,  to  rage). 
Raging,  rage,  madness,  fury. 

furtim,  adv.  (fur).  Secretly, 
by  stealth, 

furtivus,  a,  um,  adj.  (fartum). 
Secret,  stealthy. 

furtum,  i,  n.  (fur).    Theft. 

fusus,  a,  um,  part.    See  fundo. 

f utilis,  e,  adj.  (fundo).  Vain, 
worthless ;  babbling. 

futurus,  a,  um,  part.  See  sum. 

G. 

Galli,  drum,  m.  Priests  of  Cy- 
bele. 

Gallia,  a,  f.    Gaul. 

gallinaceus,  a,  um,  ndj.  (Cal- 
lus, a  cock).  Pertaining  to  poul- 
try ;  pulltts,  a  poultry-cock. 

^arrulus,  i,  m.  (garrio,  to  chat- 
ter). A  prattler. 


GAUDEO  -  GKAV1TEK 


gaudeo,  ere,  garisus  sum  [par- 
ticiples, gaudens,  gacisus,  gavisa- 
rus],  v.  serai-dep.  To  rejoice  in- 
wardly. 

gaudium,  i,  n.  (gaudeo).  Joy, 
gladness. 

gelu,  us,  m.  Icy  coldness,  frost, 
cold. 

geminus,  a,  urn,  adj.  Twin- 
born  ;  double,  twofold. 

Geminus,  i,  m.  Cneius  Servil- 
ius,  a  Roman  consul. 

gemitus,  us,  m.  (gemo,  to 
groan).  Shriek,  groan,  cry. 

gemmeus,  n,  um,  adj.  (gemma, 
a  gem).  Sparkling  like  gems. 

ge^ner,  en,  m.     A  son-in-law. 

generosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (genus}. 
Of  no!)le  b'rth,  eminent. 

genitor,  om,  in.  (gigno).  Fa- 
ther, sire. 

genitus,  <7,  tm,  part.  Sec  gig- 
no. 

gens,  geniis,  f.  (root  GEN, 
whence  gigno}.  That  which  be- 
longs together  by  birth,  or  de- 
scent ;  a  clan,  race,  nation. 

geiiu,  us,  n.     The  knee. 

genus,  erisy  n.  Birth,  descent, 
race,  origin ;  noble  birth ;  man- 
ner, style,  kind,  class. 

gero,  ere,  gessi,  gcstum,  v.  tr. 
To  bear,  carry,  wear,  have;  to 
conduct,  manage,  carry  on,  trans- 
act, wage  ;  rcm  bene,  to  be  success- 
ful ;  rem  male,  to  be  unsuccess- 
ful. 

gigno,  ere,  gSnui,  genltum,  v. 
tr.  To  beget,  bear,  bring  forth, 
produce. 

gladius,  i,  m.    A  sword. 

glisco,  ere,  v.  intr.  To  grow 
up,  rise  up. 

gloria,  a,  f,  Glory,  renown, 
honor,  fame. 

glorior,  an,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 


!  (gloria).  To  glory,  boast,  vaunt, 
pride  one's  self  on  anything. 

gloriosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (yld/ia}. 
Glorious,  famous,  renowned. 

gnarus,  a,  um.  adj.  (akin  to 
nosco).  Knowing,  acquainted  with. 

Gordium,  i,  n.  A  city  of  Great 
Phrygia. 

Gordius,  i,  m.  A  king  of  Gor- 
diuin. 

Gorgias,  «?,  m.  One  of  Alex- 
ander's <  fficers. 

Gortynii,  drum,  m.  The  in- 
habitants of  Gortyna,  a  city  of 
Crete. 

Gracchus,  i,  m.  Ti.  Sempro- 
nius,  a  Pwoman  consul,  slain  by 
Hannibal. 

gracuSus,  i,  m.    A  jackdaw. 

gradus,  us,  m.  (gradior,  to  go). 
A  stop ;  position,  rank. 

Gracci,  orum,  m.    The  Greeks. 

Graecia,  a,  f.    Greece. 

Graecus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Grains). 
Belonging  to  Greece,  Greek. 

Grajus,  a,  um,  cidj.  Grecian, 
of  or  pertaining  to  Greece. 

granum,  i,  n.  A  grain;  small 
seed,  kernel. 

grate,  adv.  (gratus).  With 
pleasure,  willingly,  thankfully. 

gratia,  ce,  f.  (grains).  Favor, 
esteem,  influence,  thinks,  grati- 
tude, return;  gratia,  abl.,  for  the 
sake  of, 

gratis,  adv.  (gratia).    Freely. 

gratulatio,  onis,  f.  (grcitiilor, 
to  congratulate).  Congratulation. 

grat'is,  a,  um,  adj.  Grateful, 
thankful ;  beloved,  dear,  accepta- 
ble, p'casing. 

gravis,  e,  adj.  Heavy,  griev- 
pus,  great,  pajnful,  severe,  impor- 
tant. 

graviter,  adv.  (graris).  Heavi- 
ly, severely,  vehemently. 


224 


GBAVO  —  HISTER 


gravo,  are,  an,  alum,  v.  tr. 
(gr^vis).  To  load  heavily;  to 
burden. 

grex,  grZgis,  m.    A  herd,  flock. 

Gr  y  oiuin,  i ,  n.  A  fort  in  Phry- 
gin. 

grus,  or  gruis,  z's,  f.    A  crane. 

gubernator,  on's,  m.  (yilberno, 
to  steer).  A  pilot,  steersman. 

gula,  «>,  f.     The  gullet,  throat. 

gusto,  are,  dvi,  a^m,  v.  tr.  (^W5- 
ft«,  a  tasting).  To  taste. 

H. 

habeo,  ere,  ui,  itum,  v.  tr.  To 
have,  possess ;  to  suppose ;  to  con- 
sider, regard,  esteem. 

habtto,  are,  an,  dtum,  v.  tr.  and 
intr.  (freq.  of  habeo).  To  dwell ; 
to  inhabit. 

habitus,  iis,  m.  (habeo).  Habit, 
dress,  attire;  position,  condition. 

hac,  adv.  (abl.  of  hict  sc.  via). 
By  this  way. 

Hadrumetum.  See  Adrume- 
tum. 

haereo,  ere,  hcpsi,  hcesum,  v. 
intr.  To  stick  fist. 

Halicariiasius,  a,  um,  adj.  Of 
Halicnrnassus. 

Hamilcar,  arts,  m.  A  Car- 
thaginian general,  father  of  Han- 
nibal. 

Hannibal,  alls,  m.  Hannibal. 

Hamilton,  or  Ammon,  dnis, 
m.  An  appellation  of  Jupiter, 
worshipped  in  Africa  under  the 
form  rf  a  ram. 

Hasdrubal,or  Astir  fiba!,«#s, 
m.  A  C:irtliagini.m  general. 

hastlle,  is,  n.  (hasta,  a  spear). 
The  shaft  of  a  spear;  spear,  rod. 

haud,  adv,    Not  at  all,  not. 

haustus,  us,  m.  (haurio,  to 
draw).  A  drawing;  draught. 


Hellespontus,  i,  m.  The  Hel- 
lespont, i.  e.,  the  Sea  of  Helle, 
now  the  Dardanelles. 

hedera,  ce,  f.     Ivy. 

hemerodrdmus,  i,  m.  A  post, 
day-courier. 

Hephaestion,  dnis,  m.  A  fa- 
vorite general  of  Alexander  the 
Great. 

herba,  #,  f.    Grass,  herbage. 

Hercule,  interj.  By  Hercules ! 

Hercules,  is,  m.  I.  Heicules, 
son  of  Jupiter  and  Alcmene.  II. 
Son  of  Alexander  and  Barsme. 

hereditas,  atis,  f.  (heres).  An 
inheritance. 

heres,  edis,  m.  and  f.  An  heir, 
heiress. 

Hernia,  and  Hermes,  a,  m. 
A  statue  of  Mercury. 

heros,  ois,  m.  A  demi-god, 
hero. 

heu,  interj.    0!  ah!  alas! 

heus,  interj.  Ho !  ho  there ! 
holloa ! 

Hiacensanae,  drum,  m.  The 
Hiacensanaa. 

hie,  haec,  hoc,  dem.  pron. 
This,  he,  she,  it. 

hie,  adv.  (hie).  Here,  here- 
upon. 

hiems,  emis,  f.    Winter. 

hiiaritas,  atis,  f.  (htfariS) 
cheerful).  Cheerfulness,  mirth, 
merriment. 

hinc,  adv.  (hie).  From  this 
place,  hence  ;  from  this  cause. 

Hipponicus,  i,  m.  An  Athe- 
nian. 

hircus,  i,  m.  A  he-goat/ 

His pania,  ce,  f.  Spain  ;  Citeri- 
or,  on  this  side  of  the  Ebro ;  Ulte- 
rior, on  the  farther  side ;  hence, 
frequently  in  the  plural,  as  con- 
sisting of  two  parts. 

Hister.    See  Istc-r. 


HISTI^US  —  ILLUDO 


225 


Histiaeiis,  *',  m.  A  native  of 
Miletus. 

his  tori  a,  <z,  f.    History  ;  story. 

historlcus,  i,  m.  An  historian. 

hodie,  adv.  (hoc,  die).  To-day. 

hoed  us,  i,  m.   .A  kid. 

homo,  ttiis,  m.  and  f.  in  sense, 
but  m.  only  in  construction  (per- 
haps from  humus,  earth).  A  man 
or  woman,  a  human  being. 

honestus,  a,  um,  adj.  (hdnor). 
Honorable,  respectable. 

honor,  or  -os,  oris,  m.  Honor, 
respect,  esteem ;  public  office. 

horde  um,  i,  n.    Barley. 

horreiidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (horreo, 
to  bristle).  Dreadful,  frightful. 

hortor,  an,  dtus  sum,  v.  dep. 
To  encourage,  cheer,  exhort;  to 
advise. 

hortus,  i,  m.    A  garden. 

hospes,  itis,  m.  and  f.  A  host; 
guest ;  stranger,  foreigner. 

hospitium,  i,  n.  (hospes). 
Friendship  arising  from  mutual 
hospitality ;  an  inn,  place  of  lodg- 
ing. 

host ia,  ce,  f.  (hostio,  to  strike). 
A  victim,  sacrifice ;  an  animal  sac- 
rificed. 

hostilis,  e,  adj.  (hostis).  Of 
or  belonging  to  an  enemy,  hos- 
tile. 

hostis,  is,  m.  and  f.  An  enemy ; 
originally,  a  stranger. 

hue,  adv.  (hie).  Hither,  to  this, 
to  this  place. 

humaiutas,  at  is,  f.  (humanus). 
Human  nature,  humanity,  polite- 
ness ;'  learning. 

human  us,  a,  um,  adj.  (homo). 
Of  or  belonging  to  man,  human. 

hiimilis,  e,  adj.  (humus,  earth). 
Low,  humble ;  mean,  poor. 

hiimo,  are,  dvi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(humus,  earth).  To  bury,  inter. 

15 


hydrus,  i,  m.    A  water-snake. 

Hyrcania,  a,  f.  Hyrcania,  a 
country  bordering  on  the  Caspian 
sea. 

I. 

ibi,  adv.  (is).  There,  in  that 
place ;  then,  thereupon. 

Ico,  &re,  id,  ictum,  v.  tr.  To 
strike;  focdus,  to  make  or  con- 
clude a  treaty. 

Idem,  eadem,  idem,  dcm. 
pron.  (is,  dem).  The  same. 

identidem,  adv.  (Idem — idem). 
Repeatedly,  several  times  over. 

id-eo,  adv.  (is,  lit.  this  for 
this).  For  this  reason,  therefore. 

Id  one  us,  a,  um,  adj.  Fit,  prop- 
er, suitable. 

igitur,  conj.  Therefore,  then, 
accordingly. 

ignarus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in,  gna- 
rus).  Ignorant  of  a  thing,  not 
knowing  it. 

ignis,  is,  m.     Fire,  lightning. 

ignoro,  are,  dti,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(igndrus).  Not  to  know,  be  igno- 
rant of. 

ignosco,  8re,  novi,  notum,  v.  tr. 
(in,  nosco).  To  pardon,  over- 
look. 

ignotus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in,  nosco). 
Unknown ;  not  knowing,  ignorant ; 
strange. 

Ilium,  i,  n.  A  poetical  name 
for  Troja,  Troy. 

illacrimo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr., 
jind  illacrlmor,  ari,  dtus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (in,  Idcrtmo).  To  bewail,  la- 
ment. 

ille,  ilia,  illud,  dcm.  pron. 
That ;  he,  she,  it. 

illicio,  8re,  lexi,  lectum,  v.  tr. 
(in,  Idcio,  to  draw  gently).  To 
entice,  allure. 

illudo,  Sre,  si,  sum,  v.  tr.  and 


226 


ILLUSTRIS  —  IMPERO 


intr.  (/>?,  ludo).    To  make  sport 
of;  to  mock. 

illustris,  e,  adj.  (in,  lustro). 
Lighted  up ;  distinguished,  fa- 
mous, illustrious,  conspicuous. 

ilhistro,  are,  art,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(iffustris).  To  make  light ;  to 
render  famous,  renowned,  illustri- 
ous ;  to  make  clear  or  evident,  il- 
lustrate. 

Illyricus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Ilhjrii). 
Of,  or  belonging  to,  the  Illyrians, 
Illyrian. 

Illyrii,  drum,  m.  A  people  on 
the  Adriatic,  in  the  modern  Dal- 
m.;tia  and  Albania. 

imago,  tnis,  f.  (root  IM,  whence 
Imltor).  An  image,  picture,  like- 
ness, representation. 

imbellis.  e,  adj.  (in,  'helium). 
Unwarlikc,  unfit  for  war. 

imber,  bris,  m.  Rain,  pelting 
or  pouring  rain. 

Imitor,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dcp. 
(root  IM,  whence  imago}.  To  im- 
itate. 

immanis,  c,  adj.  (in,  MA, 
whence  magnus).  Huge,  immense, 
great ;  loud. 

immemor,  6ris,  adj.  (in,  me- 
mor).  Unmindful,  not  thinking. 

immereiis,  ntis,  adj.  (in, 
mereo,  to  deserve).  Undeserv- 
ing ;  unworthy  of  punishment. 

immisceo,  ere,  scui,  xtum  or 
stum,  v.  tr.  (in,  misceo).  To  min- 
gle? with. 

immitto,  8re,  misi,  missum  v. 
tr.  (in,  mitto).  To  send,  let,  or 
drive  in,  throw  in  ;  to  cnst  at;  se 
immittere,  to  let  one's  self  down 
in ;  to  rush. 

immodgratus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in, 
mddSro,   to  moderate).    Without  ; 
bounds  or  moderation,  excessive,  j 

immdtlestia,  ce,  f.  (in,  modes-  \ 


tia).  Want  of  modesty  or  moder- 
ation ;  insubordination. 

immolo,  are,  am,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(in,  mnla,  a  sacrificial  cake).  To 
sprinkle  a  victim  with  the  salted 
cake ;  to  offer  in  sacrifice  ;  to  sac- 
rifice. 

immortalis,  e,  adj.  (in,  morta- 
Its}.  Deathless,  undying,  immor- 
tal. 

immunitas,  atis,  f.  (immunis, 
exempt).  Freedom  or  exemption 
from  public  burdens,  services,  or 
charges  ;  immunity. 

immutabilis,  e,  adj.  (mutabllis, 
changeable).  Unchangeable,  im- 
mutable. 

impatienter,  adv.  (impdtiens, 
impatient).  Impatiently,  unwill- 
ingly. 

impedio,  ire,  ivi,  itum,  v.  tr. 
(in,  pes).  To  entangle,  encumber, 
hinder. 

impello,  ere, pull,  pulsum,  v.  tr. 
(in,  pello}.  To  drive  or  push  for- 
ward, impel ;  to  incite. 

impeiuleo,  ere,  v.  intr.  (in,pen- 
deo).  To  hang  over,  impend. 

impensa,  ce,  f.  (in,  pendo). 
Outlay,  cost,  expense. 

impense,  adv.  (in,  pendo).  At 
great  cost. 

imperator,  oris,  m.  (impero). 
A  coinmander-in-chief,  general- 
issimo. 

imperatum,  i,  n.  (impero).  The 
command  of  a  general ;  peremp- 
tory command. 

imperitus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in, 
peri'in,  skilled).  Unskilful,  inex- 
perienced. 

imperium,  i,  n.  (impero).  Com- 
mand, order,  authority,  sovereign- 
ty, empire;  military  command, 
sway,  dominion. 

impero,  are,   aui,  atum,  v.  tr. 


IMPETRO  —  INCOMMODUM 


227 


(in,  pdro).    To  command,  order, 
rule  over. 

impetro,  arc,  avi,  dtum,  v.  tr. 
(in,  pdtro,  to  bring  to  pass).  To 
obtain,  accomplish;  to  procure, 
get  granted. 

impetus,  us,  m.  (in,  peto).  An 
attack,  assault ;  vehemence. 

impingo,  ere,  pegi,  pactum,  v. 
tr.  (in,  pango,  to  fasten).  To  dash 
against;  to  throw,  cast. 

impleo,  ere,  evi,  etum,  v.  tr. 
(in,  pleo,  obs.,  to  fill).  To  fill  up, 
fill  full. 

impdno,  ere,  posui,  pdsttum,  v. 
tr.  (in,  pdiw).  To  place  or  put 
up  m. 

imprimis,  adv.  (in,  primus). 
In  the  first  place,  chiefly,  espe- 
cially. 

.  improbitas,  dtis,  f.  (imprdbus). 
Dishonesty,  knavery. 

imprdbus,  a,  urn-,  adj.  (in, 
probus,  upright).  Wicked,  base; 
furi  ms,  ravenous,  violent. 

impiuilens,  ntis,  adj.  (in,  pru- 
dens).  Imprudent,  inconsiderate. 

imprudenter,  adv.  (Impru- 
dens).  Heedlessly,  ignorantly. 

imprudeutia.  ce£.(imprudens). 
Want  of  knowledge  or  foresight; 
imprudence,  unskil fulness. 

iin  pud  ens,  ntis,  adj.  (in,pudet). 
Shameless,  impudent. 

impudentia,  ce,  f.  (impudent). 
Sh.imelessness,  impudence. 

impugn o,  are,  avi,  dtum,  v.  tr. 
(in,  pug  no).  To  fight  against ;  to 
attack. 

impulsus,  a,  um,  part.  See 
imp  Mo. 

impiine,adv.  (in,pcena).  With- 
out punishment,  with  impunity. 

imus,  a,  um,  adj.     See  itiferus. 

In,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl. 
When  joined  w.tli  the  ace.  it 


means,  into ;  with  the  abl.,  in  or 
among. 

inanis,  e,  adj.  Empty,  ground- 
less, vain;  fruitless;  frivolous,  in- 
tign:6cant. 

isicassuni,  adv.  (in,  cassus,  kin. 
with  cdvus).  In  vain,  vainly. 

in-cautus,  a,  um,  adj.  (caveo). 
Off  one's  guard,  unwary. 

ineendium,  i,  n.  (incendo). 
Fire,  conflagration. 

in-ceado,  ere,  di,  sum,  v.  tr. 
(ca-ndeo,  to  light).  To  set  on  fire, 
kindle,  burn  ;  to  inflame. 

inceptum,  i,  n.  (incipio}.  A 
beginning,  undertaking. 

in-certus,  a,  um,  adj.  Uncer- 
tain. 

inchoo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  To  begin,  commence. 

in-cldo,  ere,  cldi,  casum,  v.  intr. 
(cddo).  To  f.dl  into  or  upon ;  to 
fall  in  with ;  to  meet ;  to  happen, 
occur. 

in-cldo,  ere,  cldi,  cisum,  v.  tr. 
(cccdo).  To  cut,  carve,  engrave. 

in-cipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptum,  v. 
tr.  (cdpio).  To  begin,  attempt. 

in-cito,  are,  aci,  dtum,  v.  tr. 
To  set  in  rapid  motion ;  to  rouse, 
excite,  spur  on. 

inclltus,  and  -ytus,  a,  um,  adj. 
Celebrated,  renowned,  famous,  il- 
lustrious. 

in-cognitus,  a,  um,  adj.  (cog- 
nosco).  Unknown,  unheard  of. 

incola,  <e,  m.  (incdlo).  An  in- 
habitant. 

in -col  o,  8re,  cdlui,  v.  tr.  To  in- 
habit. 

in-columis,  e,  adj.  (obs.  adj. 
cdlamis,  cddo,  whence  cd/dmlt-is). 
Unimpaired,  safe,  sound,  entire, 
uninjured. 

in-commodum,  i,  n.  Disad- 
vantage, loss,  inconvenience. 


228 


INCONVENIENS  -  INFERUS 


in-conveniens,  -ientis,  adj. 
(convenio).  Not  accordant,  un- 
suitable, dissimilar. 

in-credibilis,  e,  adj.  (credo). 
Incredible,  not  to  be  believed,  ex- 
traordinary. 

in-crepo,  are,  avi,  dtum,  and 
ui,  Uiim,  v.  tr.  (crepo,  to  rattle). 
To  chide,  rebuke,  blame. 

in-cresco,  ere,  crevi,  v.  intr. 
To  grow,  increase. 

in-cunabula,  drum,  n.  (ounce, 
a  cradle).  Birth-place,  cradle. 

inde,  adv.  (?.<?).  From  that 
place,  thence  ;  then,  thereupon. 

in-decorus,  a,  um,  adj.  (decor, 
comeliness).  Unbecoming,  un- 
seemly, shameful. 

India,  <z>,  f.  India,  a  country 
extending  from  the  Indus  to  Chi- 
na. 

indicium,  i,  n.  (index,  the 
pointer).  Information,  discovery, 
disclosure,  sign,  mark. 

indico,  are,  di°i,  dtum,  v.  tr. 
(index,  the  pointer).  To  show, 
point  out. 

in-dieo,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v.  tr.  To 
declare,  proclaim  ;  to  denounce. 

indidem,  adv.  (inde,  idem). 
From  the  same  place. 

indlgeo,  ere,  ui,  v.  intr.  (in, 
ecjeo,  to  be  in  want).  To  want, 
stand  in  need  of. 

indignatio,  onis,  f.  (indignor). 
Displeasure,  indignation. 

indigne,  adv.  (indignus).  With 
displeasure. 

in-dignor,  an,  dtus  sum,  v. 
dcp.  (indignus).  To  be  angry  or 
displeased  at. 

in-tlivrmis,  a,  um,  adj.  Un- 
worthy, undeserving. 

iii-dolesco,  ere,  ddlui,  no  su- 
pine, v.  intr.  (incep.  of  doleo).  To 
begin  to  feel  pain ;  to  ache. 


in-dubitatus,  a,  um,  adj.  (du- 
btto).  Undoubted,  certain. 

in-duco,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v.  tr. 
To  bring  in  or  to  a  place;  to 
spread  over,  overlay ;  to  per- 
suade. 

indulgentia,  a,  f.  (indulgens, 
indulgent).  Indulgence,  gentle- 
ness. 

in-duro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(durus).  To  make  hard,  harden. 

Indus,  i,  m.    The  river  Indus. 

Indus,  a,  um,  adj.  (India).  Of, 
or  belonging  to,  India,  Indian ; 
subs.,  Indi,  drum,  m.  The  inhab- 
itants of  India,  Indians. 

industria,  ce,  f.  Diligence,  as- 
siduity, industry. 

inedia,  «,  f.  (in,  edo).  A  not 
eating,  abstaining  from  food,  fast- 
ing, hunger. 

in-eo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itum,  v.  intr. 
To  go  into,  enter  upon,  begin  ; 
consilium,  to  form  a  scheme  or 
resolution ;  gratiam,  to  obtain  fa- 
vor. 

inermis,  e,  and  -mus,  a,  um, 
adj.  (in,  arma).  Unarmed,  with- 
out weapons,  defenceless. 

iners,  rtis,  adj.  (in,  ars).  Pow- 
erless, feeble,  helpless;  idle,  lazy. 

infamia,  ce,  f.  (infdmis).  Ill 
report,  ill  fame,  disgrace,  infamy, 
dishonor. 

inf  amis,  e,  adj.  (in,fdma).  In- 
famous, disgraceful. 

infamo,  are,  avi,  dtum,  v.  tr. 
(infdmis).  To  defame,  slander. 

ill-fans,  ntis,  m.  and  f.  (for, 
to  speak).  That  which  cannot 
speak,  an  infant. 

iiifectus,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj. 
(in,fdcio).  Not  done,  unfinished. 

in-felix,  ids,  adj.  (fe'ix,  hap- 
py). Unhappy,  wretched. 

inf  erus,  a,  um ;  comp.  inferior, 


INFERIOR  —  INQUINO 


229 


sup.  infimus  or  Imus  ;  adj.  What 
is  below,  the  lower  ;  subs.,  infen 
(sc.  dii).  The  gods  below. 

inferior,  ius,  gen.  or  is,  adj. 
comp.  of  inferus.  Lower. 

in-fero,  ferre,  tuli,  illdtum,  v. 
irr.  To  carry  in,  bring  to  a  place  , 
to  bring;  to  bury  ;  inferre  bellum, 
to  make  war  upon. 

infestus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in,fendo, 
to  ward  off ).  Hostile,  inimical. 

in-fldus,  a,  um,  adj.  Not  to 
be  trusted,  faithless,  treacherous- 

infimus,  a,  um.    See  inferus. 

iiifirmltas,  dtis,  f.  (infirmus). 
Want  of  strength,  weakness. 

in-flrmus,  a,  um,  adj.  (firmus, 
firm).  Weak,  feeble  ;  fickle. 

infitias,  f.  used  only  in  the 
ace.  plur.  and  always  joined  with 
ire  (in,  fateof).  A  denial ;  ire  in- 
fitias,  to  deny. 

infitior,  dri,  dtus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(infitias}.  To  deny. 

in-flo,  are,  act,  dtum,  v.  tr.  To 
blow  into  or  upon;  to  blow  up, 
inflate. 

in-flno,  ere,  xi,  xum,  v.  intr. 
(fl.uo,  to  flow).  To  flow  or  run  into. 

infuSa,  a,  f.    A  band,  fiilet. 

in -fun  do,  2re,  fudi,  fusum,  v. 
tr.  To  pour  in,  into,  or  upon. 

in-fusco,  are,  aci,  dtum,  v.  tr. 
(ftiscus,  d-irk).  To  darken,  ob- 
scure, sully,  stain,  tarnish. 

in-gemo,  ere,  ui,  v.  tr.  and  intr. 
(gemo,  to  groan).  To  groan  at ;  to 
xnnan  over,  lament,  bewail. 

inueiiium,  i,  n.  (in,  gigno). 
Innate  or  natural  quality  ;  talents, 
ability,  genius,  capacity. 

ingens,  ntis,  sup.  wanting,  adj. 
(in,  not,  and  root  GEN).  Huge, 
vast,  great,  monstrous. 

in-gero,  ere,  gessi,  gestum,  v. 
tr.  To  carry  into;  se  ingerere, 


to  betake  one's  self,  or  rush,  to  a 
place. 

ingratiis,  abl.  as  adv.  (in,  gra- 
tia).  In  spite  of;  against  one's 
will. 

in-gratus,  a,  tim,  adj.  Un- 
grateful. 

in-gredior,  i,  essus  sum,  v.dep. 
(gradior,  to  go).  To  go  into;  to 
enter. 

In-imicus,  it  m.  (dmicus).  An 
enemy. 

in-imlcus,  a,  um,  adj.  (amicus). 
Unfriendly,  hostile. 

initio,  are,  dvi,  dtum,  v.  tr. 
(inttium).  To  begin;  to  initiate, 
consecrate. 

Initiuni,  *,  n.  (ineo).  A  begin- 
ning. 

in-jicio,  e"re,jeci,  jectum.  v.  tr. 
(jacio).  To  throw  in  ;  to  inspire, 
infuse. 

injuria,  ee,  f.  (in,  jus).  Injury, 
wrong ;  damage. 

in  juste,  adv.  (injustus).  Un- 
justly, wrongfully. 

iii-justus,  a,  um,  adj.  Unjust; 
cruel. 

in-iiocens,  ntis,  adj.  Innocent, 
harmless. 

innocentia,  ce,  f.  (inndcens). 
Innocence,  integrity. 

in-notesco,  ere,  ui,\.  intr.  (in- 
cep.  of  nosco).  To  become  known 
or  noted. 

in-noxius,  a,  um,  adj.  (noxivs, 
harmful).  Harmless,  innocent. 

inopia,  ce,  f.  (Inops).  Want, 
indigence,  poverty. 

in-ops,  opis,  adj.  Helpless; 
needy,  poor. 

inprimis.     See  imprimis. 

i  n  q  n  am,  or  inquio,  is,  it,  v. 
def.  To  say. 

itiquino,  are,  avi,  dtwn,  v.  tr. 
To  befoul,  defile. 


230 


INSCIENS  —  INTERCLUDO 


in-sciens,  ntis,  adj.  (scio).  Not 
knowing,  ignorant. 

inscientia,  &,  f.  (insciens).  Ig- 
norance, unskil  fulness. 

in-scius,  a,  urn,  adj.  {scio).  Not 
knowing,  ignorant;  unawares. 

in-scribo,  ere,  psi,  ptum,  v.  tr. 
To  inscribe,  mark. 

in-sequor,  i,  cutus  sum,  v.  dep. 
To  follow  after. 

in-sero,  ere,  ui,  turn,  v.  tr. 
(sero,  to  join).  To  put,  bring,  or 
introduce  into ;  to  insert. 

in-servio,  ire,  iri,  itum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  To  serve,  attend  to. 

iiisidise,  arum,  f.  (in,  sedeo). 
An  ambush,  ambuscade  ;  sn  ires. 

insidior,  dri,  atns  sum,  v.  dcp. 
(insldice).  To  lie  in  wait. 

insignis,  e,  adj.  (in,  signuni). 
Distinguished  by  a  mark,  remark- 
able, prominent,  distinguished. 

in-sllio,  ire,  ui  or  ii,  su'tum,  v. 
intr.  (scilio).  To  leap  upon. 

in-sdlens,  ntis,  adj.  (sdleo).  In- 
solent, proud,  conceited. 

insolentia,  <z,  f.  (insdlens).  A 
not  being  accustomed  to  a  thing ; 
insolence,  haughtiness,  disdain. 

in -sol  it  us,  a,  um,  adj.  (soleo). 
Unaccustomed,  unusual,  strange. 

iii-splcio,  ere,  exi,  ectum,  v.  tr. 
(spec.io,  to  look).  To  look  into. 

instauro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  renew,  celebrate  anew. 

in-* tin 2:110,  ere,  nxi,  nctum,  v. 
tr.  (stinguo,  to  quench).  To  in- 
stigate, incite. 

in-stitao,  ere,  ui,  utum,  v.  tr. 
(stcituo).  To  place  into ;  to  begin, 
institute ;  to  appoint,  ordain ;  to 
resolve. 

institutum,  it  n.  (instltuo).  A 
purpose,  mode  of  life,  manners, 
instirution. 

iti-hto,    are,  stlti,   stltum   and 


statum,  v.  intr.  To  press  on, 
urge  ;  to  be  at  hand,  impend. 

instriimentum,  ?,  n.  (fnstnin). 
An  implement  of  any  kind;  in- 
strument. 

in-struo,  ere,  uxi,  ctum,  \.  tr. 
(struo,  to  pile  up).  To  furnish 
with  necessaries ;  to  prepare ;  to 
draw  up  ;  to  equip,  build. 

in-suetus,  a,  um,  adj.  (sucsco, 
to  be  wont).  Unaccustomed,  un- 
wonted, unusual. 

in  siil a,  ce,  f.    An  island. 

iii-suni,  esse,  fid,  V.  in*.  To 
be  in  or  within. 

integer,  (jra,  grum,  adj.  (in, 
tungo).  Untouched,  unhurt,  fresh; 
ex  inteyro,  anew,  airesh. 

iiiteliigo,  ere,  lexi,  lectum,  v. 
tr.  (inter,  lego}.  To  understand, 
be  sensible  of;  to  know. 

in-temperans,  -ntis,  adj.  (tern- 
|  pero).  Intemperate,  violent. 

intemperanter,  adv.  (intem- 
perans).  Immoderately. 

iiitemperautia,  ce,  f.  (intern- 
perans).  Intemperance,  violence. 

in-temperies,  ei,  f.  (tempero). 
Intemperateness,  intemperance. 

in-tempestive,  adv.  (tempus). 
Unseasonably,  in  an  untimely 
manner. 

in-tendo,  ere,  di,  turn  and  sum, 
v.  tr.  To  direct ;  to  turn ;  to 
stretch,  strain. 

in-tento,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(tendo}.  To  ihreaten. 

inter,  prep,  usually  with  two 
sing,  accusatives  or  a  plural  ace. 
Between,  among,  at. 

inter-cldo,  ere,  cidi,  cisum,  v. 
tr.  (ccedo}.  To  cut  asunder;  to 
cut  down. 

inter-cliido,  ere,  clusi,  clusum, 
v.  tr.  (claudo).  To  cut  off;  to 
stop,  hinder. 


INTEKDICO  —  INVICTUS 


231 


iuter-dico,  ere,  dixi,  dictum, 
v.  tr.  To  forbid. 

interdictum,  i,  n.  (interdico). 
Prohibition. 

inter-diu,  adv.  In  the  day 
time. 

inter-dum,  adv.  Sometimes, 
in  the  mean  time. 

inter-ea,  adv.  (is).  Meanwhile, 
in  the  mean  time. 

inter-eo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  ttum,  v. 
irr.  To  perish,  die,  be  lost. 

interfector,  oris,  m.  (inter- 
flow). A  slayer,  murderer. 

inter-f Icio,  ere,  fed,  fcctum, 
v.  tr.  (facio).  To  slay,  kill,  mur- 
der, destroy. 

inter-im,  adv.  (-z'm,  for  eum). 
Meanwhile,  in  the  mean  time: 

iiiter-imo,  ere,  eini,  emptmn,  v. 
tr.  (emo).  To  take  away  ;  to  kill. 

interior,  ius,  gen.  dm;  sup. 
intlmus,  adj.  (inter).  Inner,  inte- 
rior. 

interltus,  us,  m.  (intereo).  De- 
struction, ruin,  death. 
•  inter-jieio,   ere,  jeci,  jectum, 
v.  tr.  (jddo).    To  throw  between. 

inter-mitto,  ere,  mist,  missum, 
v.  tr.  and  intr.  To  leave  off;  to 
discontinue. 

inter-necivus,  a,  urn,  adj. 
(nex).  Deadly,  murderous,  de- 
structive. 

inter-nuntius,  i,  m.  A  mes- 
senger th.it  goes  between  two  par- 
ties ;  a  go-between. 

inter-pono,  ere,  pdsui,  p6st- 
tum,  v.  tr.  To  put  in  or  between  ; 
to  interpose,  allege. 

interro-fitio,  onis,  f.  (interrd- 
go).  A  questioning,  interrogation. 

inter-rogo,  arc,  art,  atum,  v. 
tr.  To  ask,  inquire. 

in-tgro,  ere,  trivi,  tritum,  v.  tr. 
(tSro,  to  rub).  To  bruise,  mince. 


inter-sero,  ere,  ui,  rtum,  v.  tr. 
(sero,  to  join).  To  insert;  to  al- 
lege. 

inter-sum,  esse,  fui,  v.  irr.  To 
be  present;  to  engage,  take  part 
in ;  to  differ. 

inter- vesiio,  ire,  reni,  xcntum, 
v.  intr.  To  come  between,  inter- 
pose ;  to  hinder,  prevent. 

interventus,  us,  in.  (intcrre- 
nio).  A  coming  between,  inter- 
vention. 

ijitimus,  a,  urn,  sup.  of  inferior, 
adj.  Innermost,  inmost,  fimilnr. 

intra,  prep,  with  ncc.  (inter a, 
sc.  parto).  In  the  middle,  within. 

intritus,  a,  um,  part.  See  in- 
ter o.  ' 

intro,  arc,  ari,  atum,  v.  tr.  (in- 
tra). To  go  or  walk  into,  enter. 

intro-eo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  Uum,  v. 
irr.  (intro,  within).  To  go  in  or 
into ;  to  enter. 

iiitroitus,  us,  m.  (introeo).  An 
entrance. 

in-tueor,  eri,  tuttus  or  utus 
sum,  v.  dep.  To  look  into,  exam- 
ine; to  consider,  reg.ird;  to  see, 
behold. 

In-iitllis,  e,  adj.  Useless,  un- 
serviceable1, unprofitable,  hurtful. 

in-vado,  ere,  si,  sum,  v.  intr. 
To  come  into;  to  rush  upon,  as- 
sail, assault,  attack;  to  seize,  take 
possession  of. 

in-vgho,  Sre,  vexi,  rectum,  v.  tr. 
To  carry  or  bear  into  a  place ; 
to  import,  carry  in;  to  inveigh 
against.  Pass.  To  ride,  sail,  fly 
to  a  place. 

in-v6nio,  ire,  reni,  ventum,  v. 
tr.  To  find,  discover,  invent. 

in-vicem,  adv.  (rlcis).  P.y 
turns,  one  after  another. 

in-victus,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj. 
(vinco).  Unconquered,  invincible. 


232 


INVIDIA  —  JANUA 


invldia,  <c,  f.  (in,  vfdeo).  En- 
vy, spite,  hatred,  odium,  ill-will ; 
evil  report. 

invidiose,  adv.  (invidiosus). 
Invidiously,  odiously. 

invidiosus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (mrr- 
dia).  Full  of  envy,  hateful,  odi- 
ous. 

in-violatus,  a,  u?n,  part,  and 
adj.  (ridlo).  Inviolate,  unhurt. 

in  vis  us,  a,  urn,  adj.  (in,  video). 
Odious,  hated,  detested. 

iiivlto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
invite ;  to  entertain. 

invitus,  a,  urn,  adj.  Unwilling, 
reluctant. 

in-vocatiis,  a,  urn,  (voco),  adj. 
Uninvited,  unbidden. 

in-volvo,  ere,  vi,  utum,  v.  tr. 
(ro/ro,  to  roll).  To  roll  to,  or  upon  ; 
to  wrap  up  in,  envelop. 

lollas,  a,  m.  A  son  of  Antipa- 
ter.  one  of  the  conspirators  against 
Alexander. 

Idnes,  urn,  m.    lonians. 

Ionia,  &,  f.  A  country  in  Asia 
Minor,  between  2E61is  and  Caria. 

ipse,  a,  um,  dcm.  pron.  (is,  and 
tho  affix  -pse).  Himself,  herself, 
itself;  he,  she,  it ;  just. 

Ira,  &,  f.    Anger,  wrath,  rage. 

iracunde,  adv.  (iracundus). 
Angrily,  passionately. 

iracimdus,  a,  um,  adj.  (zra). 
Angry,  wrathful,  passionate 

irascor,  i,  atus  sum,  .v.  dep. 
(ira).  To  be  angry,  be  in  a  pas- 
si  ;!1. 

Iratus,  a,  nm,  part.  See  irascor. 

irrideo,  ere,  risi,  risum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  (in,rideo).  To  laugh  at; 
to  mock,  ridicule,  hi  ugh  to  scorn. 

irrisfo,  are,avi,  atum,\.tr.  (in, 
rlc/o,  to  water).  To  draw  or  con. 
duct  water,  or  anything  liquid,  to 
a  place ;  to  water,  irrigate. 


irrlto,  are,  aui,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  excite,  irritate,  provoke,  anger, 
enrage. 

irritus,  a,  um,  adj.  (in,  rfltus, 
reor).  Not  ratified ;  vain,  of  no 
effect. 

is,  ea,  id,  dem.  pron.  He, 
she,  it ;  this,  that ;  such. 

iste,  a,  ud,  dem.  pron.  (is,  -te). 
This,  that. 

Ister,  or  Hister,  tri,  m.    The 
name  which  the  Danube  takes, 
from  the  Savus  to  its  mouth. 
•  Ita,  adv.  (is,  -ta).    So,  thus. 

Italia,  a,  f.    Italy. 

Ita-que,  conj.  And  so,  and 
thus;  therefore. 

item,  adv.  (is).  Also,  likewise, 
after  the  same  manner. 

iter,  itineris,  n.  (eo).  A  jour- 
ney, march ;  a  road. 

Iterate,  adv.  (itero,  to  repeat). 
Again,  once  more. 

iterurn,  adv.  (is,  with  compara- 
tive suffix).  Again,  the  second 
time. 

j. 

jaceo,  ere,  cm,  cttum,  v.  intr. 
(jacio).  To  be  thrown  or  cast 
down;  to  lie. 

jacio,  ere,jeci,jactum,  v.  tr.  To 
throw,  cast. 

jacto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(freq.  of  jacio).  To  throw,  c:sst; 
to  throw  out ;  to  toss  to  and  fro ; 
to  say,  boast. 

jaculum,  i,  n.  (jacio).  A  jave- 
lin, dart. 

jam,  adv.  Now,  at  the  time,  al- 
ready; jam-jam  or  jamjam,  just 
now,  already. 

jam-pridem,  adv.  Already,  a 
long  time  ago. 

janua,  ce,  f.  (Janus,  the  sun- 
god).  A  gate,  entrance. 


JE  JUNUS  —  LACUS 


233 


jejunus,  a,  um,  adj.  Fasting, 
hungry ;  poor,  mean,  insignificant. 

jocor,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(jdcus).  To  jest,  joke. 

jocularis,  e,  adj.  (jdcus).  Fa- 
cetious, laughable,  droll,  mcny. 

jdcus,  i.  m.,  plur.jdci  smdjo'ca, 
drum,  m,  and  n.  A  joke,  jest. 

jiibeo,  ere,jussi,jussum,  v.  tr. 
To  order,  command,  charge,  tell, 
bid ;  to  ratify,  decree. 

jucundus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (jdcus). 
Pleasant,  agreeable,  delightful. 

judex,  ids,  m.  and  f.  (judico). 
A  judge. 

judicium,  »",  n.  (judex).  A 
judgment,  opinion. 

judico,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(jus,  dico).  To  judge,  decide,  give 
sentence. 

jugum,  i,  n.  (jungo).  A  yoke ; 
a  bond  of  slavery. 

jungo,  ere,  junxi,  junctttm,  v. 
tr.  To  yoke ;  to  join  together. 

junior,  comp.  of  juvenis. 

Juno,  dnist  f.  The  goddess  Ju- 
no, daughter  of  Saturn,  sister  and 
wife  of  Jupiter. 

Jupiter,  Jdvis,  m.  Jupiter,  son 
of  Saturn,  brother  and  husband 
of  Juno,  the  chief  god  among  the 
Romans. 

jurgium,  *,  n.  (jurgo,  to  quar- 
rel). Strife,  dispute,  contention. 

juro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  (jus). 
To  take  an  oath, swear;  to  conspire. 

jus,  juris,  n.  (akin  to  jiibeo). 
Right,  law. 

j  u  s-j  ur  a  nd  urn ,  jurisjurandi,n. 
(juro).  An  oath. 

justitia,  CB,  f.  (Justus).  Justice. 

Justus,  a,  um,  adj.  (jus).  Just, 
honest,  lawful,  proper. 

juvencus,  i,  m.  (juvSn/s).  A 
young  bullock,  a  steer. 

,  e,  comp.  junior,  sup. 


supplied  by  minimus  natu,  adj. 
Young,  youthful.  Subs.  A  young 
person,  a  young  man. 

juventus,  utis,  f.  (juvtnis). 
The  age  of  youth. 

juxta,  prep,  with  ace.  (jungo)* 
Near  to,  nigh,  according  to. 

L, 

L.,  abbrev.  of  Lucius. 

Labeo,  onis,  m.  Quintus  Fa- 
bius,  a  Roman  consul. 

labor,  dm,  m.  Labor,  toil; 
distress. 

laboriosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (labor). 
Laborious,  toiling. 

laboro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  (labor).  To  work  at; 
to  toil,  labor. 

Lacedaemon,  dnis,  f.  Lace- 
dsemon,  called  likewise  Sparta,  the 
capital  of  Laconia,  a  country  of 
the  Peloponnesus. 

Lace  daemon  ius,  a,  um,  adj. 
(Ldcedcemon).  Lacedemonian, 
Spartan.  Subs.  Lacedcemonii, 
drum,  m.  The  Lacedaemonians, 
Spartans. 

lacero,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(Idcer, mangled).  To  tear  in  pieces ; 
to  mangle. 

lacertus,  i.  m.  The  upper  arm, 
the  arm. 

lacesso,  &re,  Im  (it),  Hum,  v.  tr. 
(intens.  of  lacio,  to  entice).  To 
excite,  provoke,  attack,  assail ;  to 
plague,  vex,  annoy. 

Laco,  or  Lacon,  onis,  m.  An 
inhabitant  of  Laconia,  a  country 
in  the  Peloponnesus. 

lacrima,  ce,  f.    A  tear. 

lacrimo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  intr. 
(Idcrima).  To  shed  tears;  to 
weep. 

lacus,  us,  m.    A  lake. 


234 


L2EDO  — LEO 


laedo,  ere,  fast,  Icrsum,  v.  tr.  To 
.injure,  harm,  hurt,  vex. 

laetitia,  cc,  f.  (fetus).  Joy,  glad- 
ness, pleasure,  delight,  mirth. 

Isetor,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(fetus).  To  rejoice. 

laetus,  a,  urn,  adj.  Joyful,  cheer- 
ful. 

laevus,  a,  um,  adj.  Left,  on  the 
left  hand  ;  (by  the  Greeks  in  tak- 
ing omens),  unlucky ;  (by  the  Ro- 
mans), lucky. 

lagona,  ce,  f.  A  flask,  flagon, 
bottle. 

Lamachus,  *,  m.  An  Athe- 
nian general. 

lambo,  ere,  bi,  bttum,  v.  tr.  To 
lick,  lap,  taste. 

Lamprus,  f,  m.  A  Greek  mu- 
sician. 

•  Lamp  sac  us,  i,  f.,  or  -um, »,  n. 
A  town  in  Mysia,  on  the  Helles- 
pont. 

laniger,  ggri,  m.  (tana,  wool, 
gero).  The  wool-bearer,  sheep. 

lanius,  i,  m.  (Idnio,  to  tear  to 
pieces).  A  butcher. 

lapideus,  a,  um,  adj.  (lapis). 
Of  stone. 

lapis,  tdis,  m.    A  stone. 

laqueus,  i,  m.  A  noose,  snare. 

Lar,  &ris,  plur.  Lares,  um  and 
turn,  m.  Tutelar .  deities,  house- 
hold gods,  Lares. 

largitio,  otiisj  f.  (largior,  to 
give  bountifully).  Liberality, 
prodigality;  bribery. 

largus,  a,  um,  adj.  Bountiful, 
plentiful,  abundant. 

late,  adv.  (lotus).  Far  and 
wide. 

lateo,  ere,  w,  v.  intr.  To  lie 
hid  or  concealed. 

latro,  onis,  m.  A  robber,  high- 
wayman. 

latus,  a,  um}  adj.  Broad,  large. 


laudafclSis,  e,  adj.  (la-ido). 
Praiseworthy,  commendable. 

laudo,   arc,   avi,   atum,    v.   tr. 
(laus).  To  praise,  commend,  culo- 
izc. 

laurea,  as,  f.  (hureus,  sc.  ar- 
bor). The  laurel  tree. 

laureus,  a,  um,  adj.,  (laurus, 
laurel).  Of -laurel. 

laus,  laudis,  f.  Praise,  glory, 
fame,  renown ;  merit. 

laxo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.tr.  (laxus, 
loose).  To  loosen,  slacken,  re- 
lax. 

lectica,  «P,  f.  (lectus,  a  couch). 
A  couch, sedan. 

lector,  5m,  m.  (fego).  A  reader. 

lectus,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj. 
(lego).  Chosen,  selected ;  choice, 
excellent. 

iegatio,  onis,  f.  (lego).  An 
embassy. 

legatus,  i,  m.  (lego).  Embas- 
sador,  deputy. 

legltimus,  a,  um,  adj.  (lex). 
Lawful,  just. 

lego,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  (lex). 
To  send  with  a  commission ;  to 
appoint  as  deputy. 

lego,  ere,  legi,  lectum,  v.  tr. 
To  collect ;  to  choose  out  from  a 
number;  to  pick  out,  select;  to 
read. 

Leimiii,  drum,  m.  Inhabitants 
of  Lemnos. 

Lemnos,  or  -us,  i,  f.  An  is- 
land in  the  north  of  the  .flSgean. 

lenis,  e,  adj.  Soft,  smooth, 
mild,  gentle. 

leniter,  adv.  (Ignis).  Calmly, 
slowly,  gently. 

lenocinium,  i,  n.  (leno,  a  pan- 
der). Allurement,  enticement. 

lentus,  a,  um.  adj.  Pliable,  sup- 
ple ;  slow,  lingering. 

leo,  onis,  m.    A  lion. 


LEOXIDAS  —  LOCUS 


235 


Leonidas,  <r,  m.  A  king  of 
Sparta. 

Leuctricus,  a,  um,  adj.  Of 
Leuctra,  a  town  in  Bccotia. 

levis,  e,  adj.  Light;  nimble, 
swift;  slight,  trivial ;  tickle. 

levo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  (iSvis). 
To  make  lighter ;  to  lighten,  les- 
sen, mitigate ;  to  lift  up,  raise ; 
dor  so,  to  take  on  the  back. 

lex,  legis,  f.  (lego).  A  law, 
statute,  ordinance ;  condition. 

libameutum,  i,  n.  (libo,  to 
pour  out).  A  drink-offering,  a  li- 
bation. 

Hbellus,  i,  m.  (dim.  of  tiber}. 
A  little  book. 

libenter,  or  lubenter,  adv. 
(llbet}.  Willingly. 

Liber,  eri,  m.  (liber}.  An  old 
Italian  deity,  who  presided  over 
planting  and  fructification ;  in  late 
Latin,  a  name  of  Bacchus. 

liber,  era,  erum,  adj.  (llbet}. 
Free,  frank,  unrestrained. 

liber,  bri,  m.  The  inner  bark, 
rind  of  a  tree ;  book.  / 

Hberalis,  e,  adj.  (liber}.  Liber- 
al, becoming  a  gentleman ;  boun- 
tiful, generous. 

Hberalltas,  atis,  f.  (HbSralis). 
Liberality,  bounty,  generosity. 

libere,  adv.  (liber).  Freely, 
frankly,  liberally. 

liberi,on*m  [sing,  rarely  used], 
m.  Children  (freeborn). 

libero,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  (li- 
ber). To  free,  make  free  ;  to  de- 
liver, let  go. 

libertas,  atis,  f.  (liber).  Free- 
dom, liberty. 

llbet,  ere,  nit  and  ifum  est,  v. 
impers.  It  pleases,  is  agreeable. 

Ilbidlnosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (libi- 
do, lust).  Lustful,  sensual,  capri- 
cious. 


licentia,  #,  f.  (licet).  Excess 
of  liberty,  lawlessness,  license; 
licentiousness. 

licet,  ere,  cult  and  citum  est,  v. 
impers.  It  is  allowable,  allowed, 
or  permitted. 

ligneus,  a,  um,  adj.  (lignum}. 
Wooden,  made  of  wood. 

lignum,  *',  n.    A  stick  of  wood. 

ligo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
bind. 

Ligus,  or  Ligur,  tiris,  m.  A 
native  of  Liguria,  a  Ligurian. 

lima,  ce,  f.    A  file. 

lime  n,  inis,  n.  A  threshold, 
sill ;  door,  entrance ;  house,  dwell- 
ing. 

limus,  i,  m.    Slime,  mud. 

lingua,  a,  f.  A  tongue ;  lan- 
guage. 

linquo,  ere,  liqui,  v.  tr.  To 
leave,  quit,  forsake. 

liquidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (llqueo,  to 
be  fluid).  Flowing,  clear,  trans- 
parent, liquid,  thin. 

liquor,  6m,  m.  (llqueo,  to  be 
fluid).  Fluidity;  fluid,  liquor, 
water. 

Us,  litis,  f.  Strife,  controversy ; 
a  lawsuit,  fine  imposed  by  law. 

litera,  or  littera,  a,  f.  (lino, 
to  besmear).  A  letter  of  the  al- 
phabet. PJur.  llten <z,  arum,  f.  A 
letter,  an  epistle  ;  literature,  learn- 
ing, letters. 

litoralis,  e,  adj.  (litus).  Of  or 
belonging  to  the  sea-shore. 

litus,  or  littus,  dris,  n.  The 
sea-shore,  coast,  beach. 

locfipleto,  are,  avi,atum,v.  tr. 
(Idcuples,  rich).  To  enrich,  make 
rich. 

locus,  t,  m.  [Plnr.  Idci,  drum, 
m.  single  places;  Idea,  drum,  n. 
places  connected  with  one  anoth- 
er, regions.]  Place,  rank,  position. 


286 


LONGE  —  MAGIS 


longe,  adv.  (longtis).  Far,  far 
off,  at  a  distance. 

longinquus,  a,  um,  adj.  (lon- 
gus).  Far  off,  distant ;  long. 

longitudo,  inis,  f.  (longus). 
The  length. 

Longus,  f,  m.  Tiberius,  a  Ro- 
man consul. 

lonsrus,  a,  urn,  adj.  Long;  last- 
ing, tedious. 

loquor,  i,  cutus  and  quutus  sum, 
v.  dep.  To  speak,  say,  tell;  to 
talk,  converse. 

loramentum,  i,  n.  (lorum).  A 
thong. 

lorum,  i,  n.  A  thong ;  a  bri- 
dle, reins. 

Lucani,  drum,  m.  The  Luca- 
nians,  a  people  in  lower  Italy. 

lucerna,  <z,  f.  (luceo,  to  shine). 
A  lamp,  candle. 

luctor,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
To  wrestle,  struggle. 

luctus,  us,  m.  (lugeo).  Sorrow- 
mourning,  lamentation. 

lucus,  i,  m.    A  wood,  grove. 

ludo,  8re,  si,  sum,  v.  tr.  and 
intr.  To  play,  sport,  frolic. 

Indus,  t,  m.  (ludo).  A  play, 
game ;  diversion,  sport ;  a  public 
game,  show,  spectacle. 

lugeo,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v.  tr.  and 
intr.  To  mourn,  lament. 

lumen,  inis,  n.  (for  luctmen, 
from  luceo,  to  shine).  Light. 

luo,  ere,  lui,  v.  tr.  To  wash  ;  to 
cleanse,  atone  for ;  to  pay  (a  debt) ; 
to  suffer  (a  punishment). 

lupus,  i,  m.    A  wolf. 

luscinius,  i,  m.  A  nightingale. 

lustro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(lustrum,  an  expiatory  offering). 
To  purify  by  means  of  a  propitia- 
tory offering ;  to  go  round,  wan- 
der over,  traverse,  go  through, 
visit. 


lusus,  m,  m.  (ludo).  Sport, 
play. 

lux,  lucis,  f.  (luceo,  to  shine). 
Light ;  daylight,  day. 

luxuria,  <K,  f.  (luxus).  Luxury, 
riotous  living. 

luxitriose,  adv.  (luxuridsus). 
Luxuriously. 

luxuridsus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (luxu- 
ria). Profuse,  luxurious. 

luxus,  us,  m.  Excess,  luxury, 
debauchery. 

Lycus,  i,  m.  The  father  of 
Thrasybulus. 

lympha,  tc,  f.  Water,  especially 
pure  or  spring  water. 

Lyncestes,  •#?,  m.  A  Lynces- 
tian ;  an  inhabitant  of  Lyncestis, 
in  Macedonia. 

Lysander,  dri,  m.  A  cele- 
brated Spartan  general. 

Lysimachus,  i,  m.  Father  of 
Aristides. 

Lysis,  tdis,  acc.-t'm,  m.  A  na- 
tive of  Tarentum,  who  instructed 
Epaminondas. 

M. 

M.,  abbrev.  for  Marcus. 

Macedo,  onis,  m.  A  Macedo- 
nian. 

Macedonia,  ce,  f.    Macedonia. 

Macedonicus,  a,  um,  adj. 
(Macedonia).  Of,  or  belonging  to, 
Macedonia,  Macedonian. 

niacies,  ei,  f.  (maceo,  to  be 
lean).  Leanness. 

macula,  ce,  f.    A  spot,  stain. 

maereo,  ere,  v.  tr.  and  intr. 
(akin  to  miser).  To  grieve. 

maeror,  roris,  m.  (mcered). 
Mourning,  sadness,  grief. 

maestus,  a,  um,  adj.  (mcereo). 
Sad,  sorrowful ;  troublesome. 

magis,  or  mage,  sup.  maxime, 


MAGISTER  —  MARITUS 


237 


no  positive,  adv.  (magnus).  In  a 
higher  degree,  more. 

magister,  tri,  m.  (root  MAG, 
whence  magnus.)  A  master, 
teacher. 

magistrates,  us,  m.  (mdgis- 
ter).  A  magistrate  ;  magistracy. 

Magnesia,  ce,  f.  A  town  of 
Lydia,  in  Asia  Minor. 

magnif icentia,  a,  f.  (magrilf- 
tcus).  Magnificence,  splendor. 

magnif  Icus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (mag- 
nus, f  ado).  Great,  eminent,  splen- 
did, sumptuous,  magnificent. 

magnitude,  inis,  f.  (magnus). 
Greatness,  size ;  power. 

magnopere,  adv.  (magnus, 
dpus).  Greatly,  very  much. 

magnus,  a,  urn,  comp.  major, 
sup.  maxlmus,  adj.  Great,  large. 

Mago,  onis,  m.  A  Carthagini- 
an general. 

magus,  t,  m.  A  learned  man, 
and  magician  among  the  Persians. 

majestas,  atis,  f.  (mdjus). 
Greatness,  grandeur,  dignity. 

major,  us,  gen.  oris,  adj.,  comp. 
of  magnus.  Subs,  majores,  umt 
m.  Ancestors,  forefathers. 

male,  comp.pejus,  sup.pesstme, 
adv.  (malus).  Ill,  badly. 

male-dico,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v.  tr. 
To  speak  ill  of;  to  abuse,  revile. 

male'dlcus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (mal&- 
dico).  Evil-speaking,  slanderous, 
scurrilous. 

male-f  Icus,  a,  um,  adj.  (facto). 
Evil-doing,  vicious,  wicked,  vile. 

malltiose,  ad  v.(wa/i^'osr<s, ma- 
licious). Spitefully,  maliciously. 

malo,  malle,  malui,  v.  irr.  (ma- 
gis,  vtilo).  To  be  more  willing; 
to  wish  rather. 

malum,  i,  n.  (mdlus).  An  evil, 
misfortune,  mischief,  bad  deed ; 
blemish. 


malum,  it  n.    An  apple. 

malus,  a,  um,  comp.  pejor,  sup. 
pesslmus,  adj.  Bad,  evil,  base, 
wicked ;  unskilful,  bungling. 
Subs.,  mail,  drum,  m.  bad  men. 

mamma,  ce,  f.    The  breast. 

man  datum,  i,  n.  (mando,  to 
commit  to  one's  charge).  A  com- 
mand, mandate. 

maneo,  ere,  si,  sum,  v.  tr.  and 
intr.  To  stay,  remain;  to  await, 
expect. 

manifesto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(m&nifestus,  clear).  To  make  pub- 
lic, manifest. 

Man  tinea, «,  f.  A  city  of  Ar- 
cadia. 

man  us,  us,  f.  A  hand ;  band 
or  body  of  men ;  action  ;  promp- 
tus  mami,  a  man  of  courage. 

Marathon,  onis,  f.  A  small 
town  of  Attica  about  twenty-two 
miles  north-east  from  Athens. 

Marathdnius,  a,  um,  adj. 
(Mardthon).  Of,  or  pertaining  to, 
Marathon. 

Marcellus,  i,  m.  Marcus  Clau- 
dius, a  Roman  general. 

Mardi,  orum,  m.  A  plunder- 
ing race,  dwelling  between  Media, 
Susiana,  and  Persis. 

Mardonius,  t,  m.  A  son-in- 
law  of  Darius,  general  of  the  Per- 
sians, slain  at  Plataea. 

mare,  is,  n.    The  sea. 

mar  gar  it  a,  re,  f.    A  pearl. 

margo,  Inis,  m.  and  f.  An 
edge,  border,  brink,  margin. 

maritimus,  a,  um,  adj.  (mare). 
Of,'  or  belonging  to,  the  sea,  lying 
near  the  sea,  maritime. 

maritns,  a,  um,  adj.  (mas,  a 
male).  Of  or  belonging  to  mar- 
riage. 

mfirltus,  t,  m.  (mdritus,  a, 
um).  A  husband. 


238 


MATER  —  METAPONTINI 


mater,  tris,  f.    A  mother. 

materia,  ce,  f.  (mater}.  Matter, 
material;  elements. 

maternus,  a,  umy  adj.  (mater). 
Of,  or  belonging  to,  a  mother, 
maternal. 

matriclda, #,  m.  and  f.  (mater, 
ccedo).  A  murderer  of  one's 
mother. 

matrimonium,  i,  n.  (mater). 
Marriage,  matrimony. 

mat  run  a,  a,  f.  (mater}.  A 
matron,  lady. 

mature,  adv.  (maturus).  Early, 
in  time,  seasonably. 

maturus,  a,  urn,  comp.  -ior, 
sup.  maturisstmus,  less  frequently 
maturrfmtis,  adj.  Ripe,  mature. 

maxinie,  sup.  of  magis,  adv. 
Very  much,  most  of  all,  espe- 
cially. 

medela,  ce,  f.  (meteor,  to  heal). 
A  cure,  remedy. 

mediclna,  ce,  f.  (medlcus). 
Medicine,  cure,  remedy. 

medlcus,  «",  m.  (medeor,  to 
•  heal).  A  physician. 

mediocris,  e,  adj.  (m&dius). 
Ordinary,  moderate. 

medius,  a,  urn,  adj.  That  is  in 
the  middle,  middle. 

Medius,  i,  m.  A  companion 
of  Alexander  the  Grent. 

meherciile,  meher cules,  and 
mghercle,  interj.  By  Hercules! 

mel,  mellis,  m.     Honey. 

melior,  us,  gen.  oris,  comp.  of 
bdmes,  adj.  Better. 

melius,  comp.  of  bSne,  adv. 
Better. 

melos  [only  nom.,  ace.,  and 
voc.  sing. ;  and  nom.  and  ace. 
plur.  m8le],  n.  Melody,  song. 

memini,  isse,  v.  dep.  (root  MEN, 
whence  also  mens).  To  remem- 
ber, recollect. 


memor,    dris;   abl.    dri,    pen. 

plur.,  drum,  adj.  (memini).  Mind- 
ful of  a  thing,  remembering  it. 

memoria,  &,  f.  (memor).  Mem- 
ory, recollection,  remembrance, 
record,  mention. 

Meneclides,  is,  m.  A  The- 
ban,  an  opponent  of  Epaminon- 
das. 

mens,  mentis,  f.  (root  MEN  ;  cf. 
memini).  The  mind,  the  intellec- 
tual faculties,  the  understanding, 
intellect;  opinion. 

mensa,  &,  f.    A  table. 

mensis,  is,  m.    A  month. 

mentio,  onis,  f.  (memini).  A 
calling  to  mind,  a  mention,  a  mak- 
ing mention  or  speaking  of. 

mentior,  iri,  it  us  sum,  v.  dep. 
To  lie,  tell  a  falsehood,  deceive, 
cheat ;  to  counterfeit,  falsely  pre- 
tend. 

merces,  iedis,  f.  (mereo,  to  de- 
serve). Hire,  pay,  reward. 

Mercurius,  i,  m.  The  son  of 
Jupiter  and  Maja,  messenger  of 
the  gods. 

mergo,  ere,  si,  sum,  v.  tr.  To 
dip,  sink  in,  immcrge. 

merito,  »dv.  (meritus,  deserv- 
ing). Deservedly. 

meritum,  i,  n.  (mereo,  to  de- 
serve). That  which  one  deserves, 
merit,  desert,  service;  kindness; 
benefit. 

merx,  mercis,  f.  Merchandise, 
wares,  any  commodities. 

Messena,  <?,  or  Messene,  es, 
f.  The  capital  of  Messenia,  a  dis- 
trict of  the  Peloponnesus. 

meta,  a,  f.  The  turning  post, 
goal  of  the  circus. 

me  tall  urn.  t,  n.  Metal;  a  mine. 

Metapontini,  drum,  m.  The 
Metapontians,  inhabitants  of  Met- 
apontum,  a  town  of  Lucania. 


METUS  —  MITTO 


239 


metus,  us  [not  used  in  gen., 
dat..  and  abl.  plural],  m*.  Fear, 
dread. 

metis,  a,  urn,  adj.  pron.  (ma). 
My,  mine. 

Mic  y thus,  i,  m.  A  Theban 
youth. 

Mida,  or  Midas,  ce,  m.  The 
son  of  Gordius,  and  king  of 
Phrygia. 

mile.    See  mille. 

miles,  Itis,  m.  and  f.  (akin  to 
mille).  A  soldier,  warrior. 

Milesius,  a,  urn,  adj.  (Miletus). 
Of  Miletus. 

Miletus,  i,  f.  A  city  of  Ionia, 
on  the  confines  of  Caria. 

militaris,  e,  adj.  (miles).  Of 
or  pertaining  to  a  soldier,  milita- 
ry, warlike,  soldier-like. 

militia,  ce,  f.  (miles),  Military 
service. 

nulito,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  intr. 
(miles).  To  serve  as  a  soldier. 

mille,  indecl.  adj.  millia,  ium,  n. 
In  the  plur.  only  subs,  with  a  gen- 
itive following.  A  thousand. 

M  Utilities,  is,  in.  An  Atheni- 
an general.  . 

miluus,  or  milvus,  i,  m.  A 
kite. 

minae,  arum,  f.  (mfneo,  to  hang 
over).  Threats. 

Minerva,  ce,  f.  The  goddess 
of  wisdom,  fabled  to  have  sprung 
from  the  head  of  Jupiter. 

in  inline,  adv.     Sup.  of  p&rum. 

ministro,  are,  ari,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(minister,  a  servant).  To  wait 
upon,  serve,  especially  at  table; 
to  provide,  furnish,  supply. 

minor,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(mince).  To  threaten. 

minor,  us,  gen.  oris,  comp.  of 
pamts,  adj.  Less. 

mlimo,    $ret  ui,  utum,  v.  tr. 


(minor).  To  lessen,  diminish,  im- 
pair. 

minus,  comp.  of  parum,  adv. 
Less. 

M!nutius,i,  m.  I.  M.  Rufus, 
master  of  horse  to  Fabius  Maxi- 
mus.  II.  Q.,  a  Roman  consul. 

minutus,  a,  urn,  part,  and  adj. 
(mlnuo).  Small,  insignificant. 

mirabilis,  c,  adj.  (miror). 
Wonderful,  strange. 

miraculum,  i,  m.  (miror).  A 
miracle,  wonder,  prodigy. 

miror,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
To  wonder  or  marvel  at;  to  be 
astonished  or  amazed  at ;  to  ad- 
mire. 

minis,  a,  um,  adj.  "Wonderful, 
extraordinary,  strange,  marvel- 
lous. 

misceo,  ere,  cui,  mistum  or 
mixtum,  v.  tr.  To  mix,  mingle, 
intermingle ;  to  checker. 

miser,  2ra,  Srum,  comp.  -tor, 
sup:  mlserrlmus,  adj.  Wretched, 
unfortunate,  miserable. 

miserandus,  a,  urn,  part,  and 
adj.  (miseror}.  Lamentable,  de- 
plorable, pitiable. 

misere,  adv.  (miser).  Wretch- 
edly, miserably. 

miseria,  ce,  f.  (miser).  Wretch- 
edness, misfortune. 

misericordia,  ce,  f.  (mistrt- 
cors).  Compassion,  pity. 

mise'rlcors,  cordis,  adj.  (mlse- 
reo,  to  pity,  cor).  Compassionate, 
pitiful. 

miseror,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(miser).  To  lament,  bewail,  de- 
plore, pity. 

missio,  onis,  f.  (mitto).  A  let- 
ting go ;  a  discharge  from  service. 

mitto,  ere,  misi,  missum,  v.  tr. 
(meo,  to  go).  To  cause  to  go  ;  to 
send ;  to  cast,  throw. 


240 


MODERATE  —  MULA 


moderate,  adv.  (modus).  "With 
moderation,  discreetly. 

mddestia,  ce,  f.  (modestus). 
Modesty,  humility ;  moderation, 
temperance ;  good  conduct. 

modestus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (mddus). 
Moderate,  keeping  within  due 
bounds  ;  modest,  gentle. 

modo,  adv.  (mddtts).  Lately, 
just  now,  now ;  only,  but ;  pro- 
vided that. 

modus,  i,  m.  A  measure ; 
manner,  fashion,  way,  method. 

moenia,  ium,  n.  (munio).  For- 
tified walls,  town. 

mcerens,  entis,  adj.  (mcereo). 
Grieving,  in  sorrow. 

mcereo,  ere,  ui,  v.  intr.  To 
grieve. 

moeror,  oris,  m.  (mcereo}. 
Mourning,  sadness,  grief. 

mcestiis,  a,  um,  adj.  (nicer  eo). 
Sad,  sorrowful,  troublesome. 

molestus,  a,  um,  adj.  (moles,  a 
burden).  Troublesome,  disagree- 
able. 

in  olio r,  m,  Uus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(moles,  a  burden).  To  attempt  or 
perform  any  thing  difficult ;  to 
contrive,  plot,  prepare,  manage, 
undertake. 

mdlitio,  onis,  f.  (molior).  An 
undertaking,  preparing  any  thing 
with  labor  or  pains. 

mollis,  e,  adj.  (mdvtbttis,  md- 
reo).  Easily  movable,  pleasant, 
easy. 

Molossus,  i,  m.  An  inhabitant 
of  Molos/is,  in  Epirus. 

mdmentum,  i,  n.  (for  mtivt- 
mentum,  from  moveo).  Motion,  or 
anything  that  causes  motion ; 
weight,  influence,  importance. 

moneo,  ere,  ui,  ifum,  v.  tr.  To 
remind,  advise,  admonish,  in- 
struct, warn ;  to  inform. 


mons,  montis,  m.  (root  MIN, 
whence  mineo).  A  mountain, 
mount. 

monstro,  are,  am,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(mdneo).  To  show,  point  out. 

mdnumentnm,  i,  n.  (mdneo). 
A  memorial,  record,  monument, 
sepulchre. 

mora,  a,  f.    A  delay. 

morbus,  i,  m.  A  sickness,  dis- 
ease, malady. 

mordax,  acis,  adj.  (mordco). 
Biting,  snappish. 

mordeo,  ere,  mdmordi,  mor- 
sum,  v.  tr.  To  bite. 

morior,  i  and  iri,  mortuus 
sum,  v.  dep.  (mors).  To  die,  ex- 
pire. 

moror,  on',  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(mdrd).  To  delay,  tarry,  stay, 
linger ;  to  pass  one's  time. 

mors,  mortis,  f.    Death. 

111  or s us,  its,  m.  (mordeo).  The 
bite. 

mortalis,  e,  adj.  (mors).  Sub- 
ject to  death,  mortal.  Subs,  mor- 
tales,  mortal  men,  mortals. 

mortifer,  era,  erum,  adj.  (morst 
fero).  •  Deadly,  causing  death, 

mortuus,  a,  urn,  part,  (morior). 
Dead. 

mos,  mom,  m.  Manner,  cus- 
tom, way  ;  plur.  mores,  morals  ; 
gerere  morem  alicui,  to  comply 
with  one's  desire. 

mot  us,  us,  m.  (mdveo).  A  mo- 
tion; movement  (of  the  body); 
emotion,  thought  (of  the  mind) ; 
terra  motus,  earthquake. 

moveo,  ere,  mom,  motum,  v.  tr. 
To  move,  set  in  motion,  disturb, 
trouble,  excite,  provoke,  per- 
suade. 

mox,  adv.  (mdveo).  Soon,  soon 
afterwards. 

mala,  #,  f.    A  she  mule. 


MULCO  —  NATURALIS 


241 


malco,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
beat,  pummel ;  to  punish. 

miiliebris,  e,  adj.  (mulier).  Of, 
or  pertaining  to,  a  woman. 

miilier,  eris,  f.  A  woman,  ma- 
tron. 

multimodis,  adv.  (for  multis, 
mddis).  In  many  ways. 

multitude,  inis,  f.  (multus).  A 
great  number,  a  multitude. 

multo,  are,  dvi,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
fine,  punish. 

multo,  adv.  (multus).  By  far, 
by  much,  greatl}7,  much. 

multum,  adv.  (multus}.  Much, 
often,  far,  very. 

multus,  a,  urn,  comp.  plus,  n., 
sup.  plurimus,  adj.  Much,  many. 

miilus,  i,  m.    A  mule. 

muudus, i,  m.    The  world. 

munlficetitia,  a,  f.  (munifi- 
cus,  bountiful).  Bountifulness, 
munificence. 

munio,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  Unm,  v.  tr. 
(mcenid).  To  fortify,  enclose  with 
walls,  defend,  secure,  strengthen; 
itinera,  to  make  roads. 

munitio,  dnis,  f.  (munio}.  A 
fortifying;  fortification. 

miinus,  en's,  n.  Gift,  present ; 
office,  service,  charge,  function. 

murus,  i,  m.  A  wall  of  a  city ; 
any  kind  of  a  wall. 

mus,  muris,  m.  and  f.  A  mouse. 

musa,  ce.  f.    A  muse. 

musca,  a,  f.    A  fly. 

muse  ipul  urn,  f,  n.  (mus,  ca- 
pio).  A  mouse-trap. 

musica,  a,  or  -ce,  es,  f.  Music. 
-  musicus.  it  m.  A  musician. 

mustela,  ce,  f.  (mus).  A  weasel. 

mfitatio,  onis,  f.  (muto).  A 
change. 

mulo,  are,  dvi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(contr.  for  mdvtto,  from  mtiveo). 
To  change,  alter. 

16 


mutus,  a,  um,  adj.  Dumb, 
mute. 

myrtus,  i,  and  us,  f.  The  myr- 
tle, myrtle  tree. 

mysterium,  {,  n.  A  mystery, 
secret  religious  rite. 

My  us,  untis,  f.  A  town  of 
Ionia. 

N. 

naenia,  ce,  f.  A  funeral  song; 
a  common,  trifling  song,  popular 
song,  trivial  lay,  nursery  rhyme. 

nam,  conj.    For. 

nam-que,  conj.  For  indeed, 
for. 

nanciscor,  i,  nactus  sum,  v. 
dep.  To  get,  obtain,  find,  meet 
with,  stumble  upon. 

naris,  is,  f.  A  nostril ;  usually 
in  plural,  ndres,  ium,  the  nostrils, 
nose. 

narro,  are,  dvi,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
tell,  relate,  narrate. 

iiarratio,  onis,  f.  (narro).  A 
narrating ;  a  story,  tale,  fable. 

iiascor,  i,  ndtus  sum,  fut.  part. 
nasclturus,  v.  dep.  To  be  born, 
spring  up ;  to  arise,  rise. 

iiata,  ce,  f.  (nascor).  A  daughter. 

iiatio,  onis,  f.  (nascor).  Birth, 
breed,  stock ;  a  nation,  people, 
tribe. 

nato,  are,  dvi,  atum,  v.  intr.  (in- 
tens.  of  no,  to  swim).  To  swim  ; 
to  float  about. 

natu,  used  only  in  abl.  m. 
(nascor).  By  birth  ;  minor  natu, 
younger ;  minimus  natu,  young- 
est ;  major  natu,  older ;  maximus 
natu.  oldest. 

11  fit ura,  ce,  f.  (nascor).  Birth, 
nature,  disposition. 

n fit u i  fills,  <?,  adj.  (ndtura). 
Natural. 


242 


NATUS  —  NIHIL 


natus,  a,  urn,  adj.  and  part. 
(nascor).  Born,  sprung ;  fit,  apt. 
»  natus,  t,  m.  (nascor).  A  son, 
ofiVrpring. 

naufragium,  t,n.  (navis,  f  ran- 
go,  to  break).  A  shipwreck ;  Jig., 
destruction. 

iiauta,  #,  m.  (contr.  from  na- 
vUa,  navis).  A  sailor. 

nautieus,  a,  um,  ac!j.  (nauta). 
Belonging  to  ships  or  sailors,  nau- 
tical. 

navalis,  e,  adj.  (nauis).  Of  or 
pert-lining  to  ships,  naval. 

navigabllis,  c,  adj.  (nai-iyo). 
Navigable. 

navigo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(navis ,  ago}.  To  sail. 

navis,  is,  f.  A  ship,  vessel, 
galley;  navis  tonga,  a  ship  of 
war. 

Naxus,  or  -os,  i,  f.  An  island 
in  the  JEgeanSca,  one  of  the  Cyc- 
lades,  now  Naxia. 

n6,  interrog.  particle,  appended 
to  a  word  in  asking  a  question. 
Is  it  ?  was  it  ?  do  you  ?  etc. 

ne,  conj.    That  not,  lest. 

nee,  conj.    Neither,  nor. 

necessario,  adv.  (necessaries, 
necessary).  Of  necessity,  neces- 
sarily. 

necesse,  adj.  indecl.  Neces- 
sary, unavoidable. 

necessitas,  atis,  f.  (necesse). 
Necessity,  force,  constraint. 

necessitudo,  fnis,  f.  (iiecesse). 
Relationship,  friendship. 

neco,  are,  avi  and  uit  atum,  v. 
tr.  (nex).  To  kill,  slay,  put  to 
death. 

ne-fas,  adj.  indecl.  Contrary 
to  divine  law,  impious,  sinful,  un- 
lawful. Subs.  An  impious  or  un- 
lawful action ;  horrid  crime. 

neglegenter,  or  negllgenter, 


adv.  (neyligo).  Carelessly,  negli- 
gently. 

ne^ligo,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v.  tr. 
(nee,  lego].  To  neglect,  overlook; 
to  slight,  scorn,  despise. 

nego,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  (ne, 
dio).  To  say  no  ;  to  deny,  refuse. 

iiegotium,  it  n.  (nee,  otium). 
Employment,  business ;  affair, 
mutter;  trouble. 

nemo,  Inis,  m.  and  f.  (ne,  Ji8- 
mo).  No  man,  nobody,  no  one. 

nempe,  adv.  In  truth,  cer- 
tainly, without  doubt. 

Neocles,  is  or  i,  m.  An  Athe- 
nian, father  of  Themistoclcs. 

Neontlchos,  i,  f.  A  fort  in 
Thrace. 

ne-que,  or  nee,  conj.  Neither, 
nor;  and  not,  not;  nee  —  nee,  nei- 
ther —  nor. 

ne-queo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  Mum,  v. 
irr.  (queo,  to  be  able).  To  be  un- 
able, not  to  be  able. 

ne-quis,  qua,  quod  or  quid,  in- 
def.  pron.  Lest  any  one. 

nequitia,  &,  f.  (nequam,  bad). 
Badness, naughty  conduct ;  worth- 
les.sness,  vilencss. 

nervus,  i,  m.  A  sinew,  tendon, 
nerve. 

ne-scio,  Ire,  iri  (ii),  Itum,  v.  tr. 
To  be  ignorant  of.  not  to  know. 

ne-ve,  conj.    Neither,  nor. 

nex,  necis,  f.  Death,  destruc- 
tion. 

nex  as,  us,  m.  (necto,  to  tie  to- 
gether). A  knot. 

Nicsea,  ce,  f.  Nicsea,  an  In- 
dian city  on  the  Hydaspes,  found- 
ed by  Alexander  the  Great. 

Nicias,  ce,  m.  An  Athenian 
general,  colleague  of  Alcibiades 
in  the  Syracusan  expedition. 

nlger,  gra,  grum,  adj.     Black. 

nihii,  and  contr.  nil,  n.  indeci., 


NIHILOMINUS  —  NUBILIS 


243 


or  illinium,  t,  n.  (ne,  hiliim,  a 
trifle).  Nothing,  nought. 

mliiloni  In  us,  adv.  (i&htlum, 
minus}.  By  nothing  less,  never- 
theless. 

nil.     See  nthil. 

Nilus,  i,  m.  The  Nile,  the 
principal  river  of  Africa. 

nim is,  adv.  Too  much,  over- 
much, excessively. 

iilmius,  a,  um,  adj.  (nlmis}. 
Too  much,  too  great,  excessive, 
superfluous. 

nisi,  conj.  (ne,  si}.  If  not,  un- 
less, except ;  nonnisi,  but,  only. 

nisus,  us,  m.  (nitor).  An  at- 
tempt, effort,  endeavor. 

niteo,  ere,  ui,  v.  intr.  To  shine ; 
to  be  sleek,  brilliant,  beautiful. 

nitor,  dm,  m.  (niteo).  Neat- 
ness, sleekness ;  brilliancy,  splen- 
dor. 

nitor,  i,  nisus  or  nixus  sum,  v. 
dep.  To  strive,  endeavor ;  to  lean 
upon,  depend  upon  ;  to  start  from. 

nix,  nlcis,  f.    Snow. 

nixns,  a,  urn,  part.     See  nitor. 

iiobHis,  e,  adj.  (nosco).  Known, 
well  known;  famous,  notorious; 
noble,  of  high  descent;  generous. 
Subs.  A  noble. 

noMlitas,  tdtis,  f.  (iwbilis). 
Celebrity,  nobility,  high  rank. 

nocens,  entis,  part,  and  adj. 
(ndceo).  Injurious,  criminal, 
wicked. 

ndceo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  v.  intr. 
To  hurt,  harm,  injure,  do  mis- 
chief to. 

nocivus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (nocco). 
Hurtful,  injurious. 

noctu,  only  in  abl.  (nox).  By 
night. 

nocturnus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (nox). 
Of  night,  nightly,  nocturnal. 

nodus,  it  m.    A  knot. 


n51o,  nolle,  nolui,  v.  irr.  (non, 
volo).  To  be  unwilling.  Impcr. 
noli,  with  an  infin.,  do  not. 

nonieu,  inis,  n.  (nosco).  A 
name ;  renown,  reputation. 

n6niinatim,adv.(?io??ie»).  By 
name,  expressly. 

noniino,  are,  dvi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(nomen).  To  name,  call ;  to  nomi- 
nate ;  to  arraign. 

non,  adv.    Not. 

nonaginta,  num.  adj.  indecl. 
(novem).  Ninety. 

non-duin,  adv.   Not  yet. 

non-nihil,  n.  indecl.  Some- 
thing, somewhat,  a  little. 

noii-nullus,  a,  um,  adj.  Some, 
several. 

nosco,  ere,  novi,  notitm,  v.  tr. 
To  know,  learn. 

noster,  tra,  trum,  adj.  pron. 
(nos).  Our,  our  own,  ours. 

iiota,  &,  f.  (nosco).  A  mark; 
brand. 

notus,  a,  um,  adj.  and  part. 
(nosco).  Known,  familiar;  famed. 

novacula,  cc,  f.  (novo,  to  re- 
new). A  razor. 

novem,  num.  adj.  indecl.  Nine. 

noverca,  ce,  f.    A  step-mother. 

novi.     See  nosco. 

novissime,  adv.  (ndvits).  Last- 
ly, finally. 

novitas,  atis,  f.  (novus).  Ne\v- 
ness,  strangeness,  novelty. 

novus,  a,  um,  comp.  wanting, 
sup.  ndvisslmus,  adj.  New,  re- 
cent, strange,  unusual ;  extraordi- 
nary. 

nox,  noctis,  f.  Night,  night 
time. 

noxa,  cc,  f.  (ndceo}.  Hurt,  harm,  , 
injury. 

nubilis,  e,  adj.  (nubo,  to  veil). 
Marriageable  (applied  to  fe- 
males). 


244 


NUDO  —  OBSIDIO 


iiiido,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(nudi(s).  To  make  bare. 

nudus,  a,  um,  adj.  Bare,  naked. 

nullus,  a,  ww,  gen.  nullius,  adj. 
(we,  ullus).  Not  any,  none,  no, 
nobody. 

num,  interrog.  adv.  implying 
the  expectation  of  a  negative  an- 
swer. Whether. 

numeii,.£ws,  n.  (nuo,  to  nod). 
A  nod ;  command,  will ;  divine 
will ;  the  power  of  the  gods. 

numero,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(numerus).  To  count,  reckon, 
number ;  to  count  out,  adduce. 

numerus,  i,  m.  A  number, 
quantity;  valne. 

Nnmidse,  arum,  m.  The  in- 
habitants of  Numidia. 

nummus,  i,  m.  A  coin,  piece 
of  money. 

numquam,  or  nunquam, 
adv.  (new,  unquam).  Never. 

nunc,  adv.  (ndvinque,  novinc, 
ntitus).  Now  at  this  time. 

nuncio,  or  -tio,  are,  avi,  atum, 
v.  tr.  (nuncius).  To  bring  news, 
announce,  report. 

nuncius,  or  -tins,  i,  IQ.  (ndvus, 
cieo).  A  messenger  ;  a  message. 

nuiicupo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(ndmcn,  cclpio).  To  call  by  name. 

n  unquam,  adv.  (ne,  unquam). 
Never,  at  no  time. 

nuptiae,  arum,  f.  (nubo,to  veil). 
A  marriage,  nuptials,  wedding. 

nutrix,  tew,  f.  (nutria,  to  nour- 
ish). A  nurse. 

nux,  nucis,  f.    A  nut. 

Nysa,  a,  f.    A  city  of  India. 

o. 

O,  inter).     O  !  Oh  ! 
6b,  prep,  with  ace.    For,  on  ac- 
count of;  before. 


ob-duco,  Ire,  xi,  ctum,  v.  tr. 
To  lead  against ;  to  bring  or  draw 
over ;  to  cover. 

obedio,  ire,  iii,  Hum,  v.  tr.  (oby 
audio.)  To  obey ;  to  comply  with, 
conform  to. 

6b-eo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  Itum,  v.  irr. 
To  go  to  or  about ;  to  enter  upon ; 
diem  (sc.  supremum),  to  die. 

obit  us,  t(s,  m.  (obeo).  A  com- 
ing or  meeting ;  death. 

ob-jecto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(jacto).  To  throw  against;  to  re- 
proach or  upbraid  with. 

objectus,  us,  m.  (objido).  An 
opposition ;  object,  sight. 

ob-jicio,  ere,jeci,jectum,  v.  tr. 
(jdcio).  To  throw  to  or  against; 
to  offer,  expose,  present  before; 
to  object,  oppose  ;  to  cast,  throw. 

oblitus,  a,  urn,  part.  See  obli- 
viscor. 

obliviscor,  visci,  oblitus  sum, 
v.  dep.  To  forget. 

ob-16co,  are,  v.  tr.  To  let  out 
for  hire. 

ob-noxius,  a,  um,  adj.  (nd- 
ceo).  Exposed  to. 

ob-ruo,  ere,  ui,  utum,  v.  tr.  To 
fall  upon ;  to  cover  over,  conceal, 
overwhelm,  bury. 

obscurus,  a,  um,  adj.  Dark, 
obscure,  gloomy. 

obsequium,  i,  n.  (ob,  sgquor). 
Deference  to  another's  wishes; 
compliance,  submission. 

ob-servo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  watch,  note,  mark,  heed. 

obses,  idis,  m.  and  f.  (ob,  s§- 
deo).  A  hostage,  surety. 

ob-sideo,  ere,  sedi,  sessum,  v. 
tr.  (sedeo).  To  besiege,  invest, 
blockade,  beset. 

obsidio,  onis,  f.  (obsldeo).  A 
besetting,  surrounding,  blockade, 
siege. 


OBSISTO  —  OLYMPIA 


245 


ob-sisto,  ere,  sttti,  stltum,  v. 
intr.  To  oppose,  obstruct. 

obsoletus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (obsd- 
lesco,  to  grow  out  of  u<e).  Obso- 
lete, out  of  use,  worthless. 

ob*  6  n  him,  and  opsonium, i, 
n.  Meat,  fish,  anything  eaten 
with  bread ;  victuals. 

ob-sto,  are,  stiti,  statum,  v.  in- 
tr. To  stand  in  the  way ;  to  ob- 
struct, oppose. 

ob-stringo,  ere,  nxi,  ctum,  v.  tr. 
To  bind  to  or  about ;  to  bind. 

ob-sum,  esse,  fui,  v.  irr.  To 
hurt ;  to  be  prejudicial  to. 

ob-tlneo,  ere,  id,  tentum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  (teneo).  To  hold,  have, 
or  possess ;  to  gain,  procure,  ob- 
tain ;  to  retain. 

obtrectatio,  onis,  f.  (obtrec- 
to).  A  disparaging,  slandering, 
envious  opposition. 

obtrectator,  dm,  m.  (obtrecto). 
A  traducer,  calumniator,  rival. 

ob-trecto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(tracto).  To  disparage;  to  oppose. 

obviam,  adv.  (obvius).  In  the 
way,  towards,  to  meet ;  ire  obviam, 
to  go  to  meet. 

obvius,  a,um,  adj.  (ob,via).  In 
the  way,  so  as  to  meet,  meeting. 

occasio,  onis,  f.  (occido).  An 
occasion,  opportunity, 

occidens,  entis,  m.  (occido). 
The  west,  the  Occident. 

occido,  Sre,  cldi,  casum,  v.  intr. 
(ob,  cddo).  To  fall  down ,  to  fall ; 
to  perish,  die. 

occido,  &re,  cidi,  cisum,  v.  tr. 
(ob,  cado).  To  kill,  slay. 

occiilo,  ere,  cului,  cuUum,  v.  tr. 
To  hide,  conceal. 

occultus,  a,  um,  adj.  (occulo). 
Hidden,  secret. 

occumbo,  8re,  ctibui,  ciibttum, 
v.  intr.  (ctibo,  to  lie  down).  To 


lie  or  sink  down ;  neci,  to  fall  in 
death,  to  die. 

occupo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(ob,  capio).  To  seize  upon ;  to  oc- 
cupy ;  to  get  the  start  of,  antici- 
pate ;  to  employ. 

occurro,  &re,  curri,  rarely  cti- 
curri,  cursum,  v.  intr.  (ob,  curt'o). 
To  run  to  meet ;  to  meet,  oppose, 
resist. 

oceaiius,  i,  m.    The  ocean. 

octi«§fenti,  a,  a,  num.  adj.  (oc- 
to,  centum).  Eight  hundred. 

octo,  num.  adj  indecl.     Eight. 

octoginta,  num.  adj.  indecl. 
(octo).  Eighty. 

oculus,  i,  m.    The  eye. 

odium,  i,  n.  (OB,  root  of  odi,  to 
hate).  Hatred,  grudge,  animosity. 

odor,  oris,  m.  A  smell,  scent, 
odor ;  perfume,  fragrance. 

CEdipus,  t,  or  6dis,  m.  The 
son  of  Lalus  and  locasta,  ar.d 
king  of  Thebes. 

offendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  v.  tr.  (ob, 
fendo,  obs.,  to  strike).  To  strike 
against;  to  offend. 

offeiisio,  onis,  f.  (ojfendo).  A 
striking  against ;  offence,  displeas- 
ure. 

offero,  ferrc,  obtuli,  oblatum,  v. 
tr.  (ob,Jero).  To  bring  before ;  to 
offer. 

officina,  ce,  f.  (contr.  from  Cpl- 
flcina;  dpus,  facio).  A  work- 
shop, manufactory,  shop. 

oflficium,  i,  n.  (ob,  facto).  Vol- 
untary service,  duty,  office,  obli- 
gation. 

olim,  adv.  (ottus,  the  old  form 
of  Hie).  Formerly,  of  old,  now  for 
some  time  ;  meanwhile  ;  long 
since. 

oliva,  ce,  f.    An  olive  tree. 

Olympia,  ce,  f.  A  sacred  place 
in  Elis,  in  the  Peloponnesus. 


246 


OLYMPIAS  — OPUS 


Olympias,  iadis,  f.  The  moth- 
er of  Alexander  the  Great. 

Oiympieus,  a,  urn,  adj.  Olym- 
pic. 

Olympiodorus,  i,  m.  A  mu- 
sician who  instructed  Epaminon- 
das. 

omen,  fnis,  n.  A  forebodJng, 
sign,  token,  omen. 

omitto,  ere,  mist,  missum,  v. 
tr.  (ob,  mitto).  To  let  go,  lay 
aside,  let  pass,  pass  over,  omit, 
neglect. 

omiiino,  adv.  (omnis).  Whol- 
ly, altogether. 

omnis,  e,  adj.  All,  eveiy,  the 
whole. 

ouerarins,  a,  tim,  adj.  (Onus). 
Serving  for  burden  or  carringe ; 
navis  oneraria,  a  ship  of  burden. 

onero,  are ,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(dnus).  To  load,  burden,  freight; 
to  oppress. 

onus,  oneris,  n.  A  load,  bur- 
den. 

onustus,  a,  um,  adj.  (dmts). 
Loaded,  laden,  l)urdcned. 

opera,  <?,  f.  (opus}.  Pains, 
exertion,  work,  labor,  endeavor  ; 
help,  means. 

operio,  ire,  ui,  pertum,  v.  tr. 
(ob,  pcirio).  To  cover,  shut,  hide, 
conceal. 

opinio,  onis,  f.  (dpinor).  An 
opinion,  belief,  expectation ;  re- 
port, rumor ;  imagination. 

opinor,  art,  at  its  sum,  v.  dep. 
To  be  of  opinion;  to  think,  judge. 

oportet,  ere,  uit,  v.  impers. 
(opus,  need).  It  behooves, -it  is 
meet  of  fit. 

opperior,  iri,  peritus  and  per- 
tus  sum,  v.  dep.  (akin  to  experior, 
from  perior,  whence  peritus).  To 
wait  for;  to  await,  expect. 

oppidanus,  a,  um,  adj.  (oppt- 


drm).    Of  a  town ;  subs.,  a  towns- 
man. 

.oppidum,  i,  n.  A  walled  town. 

oppono,  ere,  ]  osui,  positum, 
v.  tr.  To  place  against  or  in  the 
way  ;  to  oppose. 

opportunus,  a,  um,  rdj.  (06, 
portus,  lit.,  at  or  before  the  port). 
Fit,  meet,  suitable,  commodious  ; 
seasonable. 

oppressus,  a,  um,  part.  See 
opprlmo. 

opprimo,  ere,pressi,  pressumt 
v.  tr.  (ob,  prtmo).  To  oppress, 
crush,  overwhelm ;  to  squeeze  to 
death. 

opprobrium,  i,  n.  (ob,  pro- 
brum,  n  disgraceful  act).  A  re- 
proach, disgrace,  injury. 

oppugnator,  dm,  m.  (oppu- 
gno).  An  assaulter,  besieger. 

oppugno,  arc,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(ob,  pur/no).  To  fight  against ;  to 
assault,  besiege. 

ops,  dpis.  [nom.  sing,  does  not 
occur,  and'dat.  very  seldom],  f. 
Help,  aid  ;  plur.  power,  strength, 
resources,  riches,  ability,  wealth. 

opsdnium.     See  obsonium. 

optlmas,  dtis,  adj.,  used  chiefly 
in  the  plural  (optzmus).  One  of 
the  best.  There  were  tAvo  parties 
at  Rome  —  the  optimates,  or  the 
aristocracy,  the  nobles;  and  the 
populares,  the  popular  party.  So 
of  two  factions  in  Greece.  . 

optime,  sup.  of  bBne,  adv.  (op- 
tlmus).  Very  well,  excellently. 

optimus,  a,  um,  sup.  of  bdmts, 
adj.  Veiy  good,  best ;  excellent, 
right  good. 

opto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
wish. 

opus,  n.  indecl.    Need,  necessi- 
ty. Adj.  Needful,  necessary, 
dient. 


OPUS  — PADUS 


247 


opus,  eris,  n.  Work,  labor,  dif- 
ficulty. 

6ra,  <r,  f.  (6s).  The  extremity 
of  any  thing;  a  coast,  border. 

6ra.eulum,  i,  n.  (oro).  An  or- 
acle, an  answer  or  response  given 
by  a  priest  or  priestess  inspired  by 
a  god. 

oratio,  om's,  f.  (oro).  A  speech, 
oration,  language  ;  persuasion. 

orator,  6m,  m.  (oro).  An  or- 
ator. 

orbis,  is,  m.  A  circle;  orbis 
terrarum,  the  world. 

Orchomenii,  drum,  m.  The 
Orchomenians,  inhabitants  of  Or- 
chomenos. 

ordiuo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(ordo).  To  order,  arrange;  to 
draw  up  in  order  of  battle. 

ordior,  iri,  orsus  sum,  v.  dep. 
To  spin  or  weave;  to  begin;  to 
speak  or  write  of. 

ordo,  inis,  m.  Row,  order  ; 
company  of  soldiers. 

Orestes,  ce,  m.  and  is,  The  son 
of  Agamemnon,  king  of  Argos. 

oriens,  entis,  part,  (prior}.  As 
subs.,  the  quarter  where  the  sun 
rises,  the  east,  the  orient. 

orientalis,  e,  adj.  (orior).  Of 
or  belonging  to  the  east,  eastern, 
oriental. 

origo,  tnis,  f.  (orior).  Source, 
origin,  birth. 

orior,  driri,  ortus  sum.  fnt.  act. 
part,  ortturus,  v.  dep.  To  rise, 
appear. 

ornamentum,  i,  n.  (orno).  Ac- 
coutrement, equipment. 

o  mat  us,  a,  um,  adj.  and  part. 
(orno).  Adorned,  furnished,  pro- 
vided, accomplished. 

orno,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
deck,  adorn  ;  to  equip,  furnish  ;  to 
invest  with  honors. 


oro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  (os). 
To  plead  as  an  orator ;  to  pray, 
beg,  entreat. 

Orpheus,  eos,  m.  The  famous 
mythic  singer  of  Thrace. 

ortus,  us,  m.  (orior).  Rising, 
rise,  beginning,  birth. 

6s,  oris,  n.  The  mouth,  face, 
countenance,  appearance  ;  the 
beak  of  birds. 

os,  ossis,  n.    A  bone. 

osculor,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(osculum).  To  kiss. 

osculum,  i,  n.  (os).    A  kiss. 

ostendo,  ere,  di,  turn  and  sum, 
v.  tr.  (obs,  tendo).  To  stretch 
out ;  to  expose  to  view,  show,  dis- 
play ;  to  set  forth,  declare. 

ostentatio,  onis,  f.  (ostendo). 
An  exhibition,  display. 

ostium,  i,  n-  (os).  A  door,  en- 
trance, mouth. 

otiosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (otium). 
At  leisure,  unoccupied,  idle,  use- 
less. 

otium,  i,  n.  Leisure,  freedom 
from  business,  vacant  time  ;  re- 
pose, peace. 

ovis,  is,  f.    A  sheep. 

P. 

P.,  abbrev.  forPublius. 

paciscor,  i,  pactussum,  v.  dep. 
(pdco,  to  make  an  agreement).  To 
agree  upon  ;  to  bargain,  stipulate. 

pactus,  a,  um,  part.  See  pa- 
ciscor. 

pactum,  i,  n.  (pdciscor).  A 
bargain,  contract,  agreement  ; 
manner,  way,  means. 

Pact  ye,  es,  f.  A  town  on  the 
Propontis,  in  the  Thracian  Cher- 
sonese. 

Padus,  i,  m.  The  Po,  the 
largest  river  in  Italy. 


248 


P^NE-PASCOR 


paene,  adv.  Almost,  well  nigh, 
nearly,  all  but. 

paeiiula, a,  f.   A  cloak,  mantle. 

palaestra,  ce,  f.  A  school  for 
wrestling;  place  for  exercise; 
wrestling. 

pal  am,  adv.  Openly,  publicly ; 
plainly,  manifestly. 

palma,  a,  f.  The  palm  of  the 
hand ;  palm,  preeminence. 

pains,  udis,  f.    A  marsh. 

Pamphylius,  a,  urn,  adj.  Be- 
longing to  Pamphylia. 

Pandosia,  <z>,  f.  I.  A  city  of 
Epirus,  on  the  Acheron.  II.  A 
city  of  the  Bruttians. 

panis,  is,  m.     Bread ;  a  loaf. 

par,  pans,  adj.  Equal,  alike, 
the  same ;  proper  ;  match  for. 

Parapammeni,  drum,  m.  The 
Parapammeni. 

paratus,  a,  urn,  part.  See  pdro. 

parce,  adv.  (parcus).  Spar- 
ingly, frugally. 

parcimonia,  «?,  f.  (parciis). 
Sparingness,  frugality,  parsimony. 

parco,  ere,  peperci  and  parsi, 
parcltwn  cm&parsum,  v.  intr.  (par- 
cus). To  spare;  to  forbear,  par- 
don. 

parcus,  a,  um,  adj.  Frugal, 
economical. 

parens,  entis,  m.  andf.  (pario). 
A  parent. 

parento,  are,  ai'i,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(parens).  To  offer  a  solemn  sac- 
rifice in  honor  of  deceased  par- 
ents, relations,  or  other  beloved 
persons. 

pareo,  ere,  ui,  Hum,  v.  tr.  (kind, 
with  pario).  To  appear  ;  to  obey, 
submit  to,  comply  with,  indulge ; 
to  be  subject  to. 

pario,  ere,  peperi,  parltum  and 
pnrtum,  v.  tr.  To  bring  forth  ;  to 
get,  procure,  gain,  acquire. 


pariter,  adv.  (par).  In  like 
manner,  at  the  same  time,  equally. 

Parius,  a,  um,  adj.  Belonging 
to  Paros,  Parian.  Subs.  Parii. 
drum,  m.  Inhabitants  of  Paros. 

Parmenio,  dnis,  m.  Parme- 
nio,  one  of  Alexander's  generals. 

paro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
prepare,  make  ready,  furnish  ;  to 
procure,  purchase ;  copias,  to  levy 
forces. 

Paros,  or  us,  i,  f.  One  of  the 
Cyclades,  an  island  in  the  JEgean. 

pars,  partis,  f.  A  part,  share ; 
political  party. 

parsimonia,  a,  f.  (parcus}. 
Sp-.iringness,  frugality,  parsimony. 

Parthi.  drum,  m.  The  Parthi- 
ans,  a  Scythian  people,  situated 
at  the  north-east  of  the  passes  of 
the  Caspian. 

particeps,  ctpis,  adj.  (pars, 
cdpio).  Sharing.  Subs.  A  sharer, 
partaker. 

partim,  adv.  (ace.  of  pars). 
Partly,  in  part. 

partior,  iri,  Uus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(pars).  To  divide,  distribute. 

partiirio,  ire,  iri  (ii),  v.  intr. 
(desid.  of  pario).  To  be  in  labor. 

partus,  us,  m.  (pario).  A  bear- 
ing, birth ;  the  young. 

parum,  cornp.  minus,  sup. 
minlme,  adv.  (parvus).  Too  lit- 
tle, not  much. 

parvuius,  a,  um,  adj.  (dim.  of 
parvus).  Very  little,  very  small, 
young. 

parvus,  a,  um,  comp.  minor, 
sup.  minimus,  adj.  Little,  small. 

Parymae,  arum,  f.  The  Pary- 
mce. 

pasco,  ere,  pad,  pastum,  v.  tr. 
To  pasture,  feed,  graze ;  eras  dep. 

pascor,  i,  pastus  sum.  To 
feed  upon,  eat. 


PASSUS  —  PELOPIDAS 


249 


passus,  us,  m.  (pando,  to 
stretch  out).  A  pace,  step;  a 
double  pace. 

pastor,  6m,  m.  (pasco).  A 
shepherd. 

patefacio,  &re,feci,factum,  v. 
tr.  (pateo,  facio).  To  open,  lay 
open ;  to  discover,  detect. 

patena,  a,  f.  (patco).  A  plate, 
platter. 

pateo,  ere,  id.  To  be  open,  lie 
open,  stand  open;  to  be  clear,  be 
manifest. 

pater,  tris,  m.    A  father. 

pateruus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (pater). 
Of  or  belonging  to  a  father,  fa- 
therly, paternal. 

patiens,  entis,  part,  (patior). 
Able  to  bear  or  endure,  patient, 
submissive. 

pati  enter,  adv.  (patiens).  Pa- 
tiently. 

patieiitia,  ce,  f.  (patior).  The 
quality  of  bearing,  submission, 
submissiveness,  patience. 

patior,  i,  passus  sum,  v.  dep. 
To  bear,  suffer,  allow,  let,  endure. 

patria,  «,  sc.  terra,  f.  (pater). 
The  land  of  one's  fathers ;  one's 
native  country. 

patrimo  uium,  i,  n.  (pater). 
Patrimony. 

patrius,  «,  urn,  adj.  (pdter). 
Of  or  belonging  to  a  father,  pa- 
ternal, native. 

patrdcinium,  f,  n.  (patronus, 
a  protector).  Protection,  defence. 

patruus,  it  m.  (pftter).  A  fa- 
ther's brother,  uncle  on  the  fa- 
ther's side. 

pauci,  cc,  a,  adj.    See  paucus. 

paucitas,  at  is,  f.  (paucus). 
Fewness,  small  number. 

paucus,  a,  urn,  usually  in  plu- 
ral, adj.  Few.  Subs,  pauci,  orum, 
m.  A  few,  few. 


paulo,  and  paullo,  adv.  A 
little,  little,  somewhat. 

Paulus,  i,  m.  Lucius  ^Emilius, 
a  Roman  consul. 

pauper,  eris,  f.  Poor,  needy, 
feeble,  in  want. 

paupertas,  atis,  f.  (pauper). 
Poverty,  need,  indigence. 

Pausanias,  ce,  m.  I.  A  Spar- 
tan general,  who  defeated  the  Per- 
sians at  Plata:-a.  II.  A  Macedo- 
nian, the  murderer  of  Philip. 

paveo.  ere,  pavi,  v.  tr.  and  intr. 
To  fear. 

pavidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (paveo). 
Fearful,  frightened,  timid. 

pavo,  onis,  m.     A  peacock. 

pax,  pads,  f.  Peace,  quiet, 
tranquillity. 

pecco,  are,  ari,  atum,  v.tr.  and 
intr.  To  be  in  the  wrong ;  to  of- 
fend, err,  sin. 

pectus,  dm,  n.    The  breast. 

pecuuia,  «?,  f.  (pecus).  Money,- 
wealth,  property,  riches. 

pgdes,  ttis,  m.  (pes).  A  foot 
soldier,  a  footman  ;  plur.  infantry. 

ped ester,  and  -tris,  tris,  tre, 
adj.  (pedes).  On  foot,  belonging 
to  footmen.  Plur.  pedestres,  fout 
soldiers. 

Pedfculi,  orum,  m.  A  people 
of  Apulia. 

pejor,  us,  £en.  oris,  comp.  of 
mains,  r.dj.  Worse. 

pejus,  comp.  of  m&lp,  adv. 
Worse. 

pellex,  tcis,  f.    A  concubine. 

pellis,  is,  f.    A  skin,  hide. 

pello,  ere,  pepuli*  pulsum'v.  tr. 
To  drive,  drive  away;  to  beat, 
rout ;  to  banish. 

Pelopidas,  a,  m.  A  Theban 
general,  who  aided  Epnminondas 
to  raise  Thebes  to  power  and 
fame. 


250 


PELOPONNESIUS  -  PERICULUM 


Peloponnesius,  a,  um,  aJlj. 
(Peloponnesus}.  Of  or  belonging 
to  the  Peloponnesus. 

Peloponnesus,  it  f.  A  penin- 
sula  of  Greece,  now  called  the 
Morea. 

penates,  turn,  m.  (root  PEN, 
whence  penitus,  penetro,  express- 
ing the  idea  of  interior,  entering ; 
hence  as  deities  of  the  interior  of 
the  house).  Gods  worshipped  at 
home,  household  gods. 

pendeo,  ere,  pependi,  v.  intr. 
To  hang,  hang  upon. 

pendo,  Sre,  pependi,  pensum, 
v.  tr.  and  intr.  ( pendo).  To  weigh ; 
to  pay,  value;  poenas,  to  suffer 
punishment. 

pene,  ndv.    Nearly,  almost. 

pgnes,  prep,  with  ace.  In  the 
power  of. 

penitus,  adv.  (PEN,  whence 
penates,  penes,  etc.).  Inwardly, 
deeply,  far  within ;  wholly. 

penna,  <c,  f.     A  feather. 

per,  prep,  with  ace.  Through, 
b}T,  for,  during,  by  means  of.  Per 
in  comp.  greatly  heightens  the 
signification  of  the  simple  word. 

pera,  a,  f.    A  bag.  wallet. 

per-a?o,  ere,  egi,  actum,  v.  tr. 
To  curry  through,  accomplish,  ex- 
ecute, finish. 

per-agro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(ager).  To  wander  or  travel 
through ;  to  traverse. 

per-carus,  a,  um,  adj.  Very 
dear. 

per-contor,  ari,  atus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (cunctor).  To  ask  particu- 
larly ;  to  question  strictly ;  to  in- 
quire. 

per-cutio,  ere,  cussi,  cussum, 
v.  tr.  (qudtio,  to  shake).  To  strike, 
beat  down. 

Perdiccas,  &,  m.    One  of  the 


most  distinguished  generals  of 
Alexander  the  Great. 

per-do,  ere,  dull,  dltum,  v.  tr. 
To  destroy,  ruin  ;  to  lose. 

per-domo,  are,  m,  Uum,  v.  tr. 
To  subdue  thoroughly. 

per-duco,  ere,  duxi,  duchnn,  v. 
tr.  To  le^d  through  or  all  ihc 
way;  to  bringj  conduct;  to  briug 
over,  perstiade. 

peregrinus,  a,  um,  adj.  (per, 
dger).  That  comes  from  foreign 
parts,  foreign. 

per-eo,  ire,  ivi  (ii\  Uum,  v.  irr. 
To  perish,  be  ruined,  die. 

per-f  gro,  feme,  tiili,  latum,  v. 
rrr.  To  bear  or  carry  through,  or 
till  the  way ;  to  announce ;  to  bear, 
endure,  support. 

per-ficio,  ere,  feci,fcctum,  v- 
tr.  (f&cio).  To  perf<  nn,  accom- 
plish, finish ;  to  effect,  bring  about. 

perfldia,  &,  f.  (per,  fides). 
Faithlessness,  treachery,  perfidy. 

per-fimgor,  i,functus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (fungor,  to  perform).  To 
discharge  an  office  or  duty ;  to 
undergo. 

Pergamenus,  a,  urn,  adj.  Of 
or  belonging  to  Pergamos. 

pergo,  ere,  perrexi,  perrectum, 
v.  tr.  and  intr.  (per,  rego).  To  go 
on ;  to  go  or  come ;  to  continue, 
pursue. 

Pericles,  is,  m.  A  famous 
Athenian  orator  and  statesman. 

periclitor,  dri,  atus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (perlculum).  To  stand  in 
danger,  risk,  hazard. 

periclum,  i,  n.  See  pericii- 
luin. 

pgriciilosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (perl- 
ctilum).  Dangerous,  perilous. 

pe'riculum,  a',  n.  (peritus}.  Tri- 
al, experiment;  risk,  danger,  haz- 
ard ;  facere,  to  make  trial. 


PERITUS  —  PH^DKUS 


251 


peritus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (PERIOB, 
whence  also  periculum}.  Skilful, 
expert. 

per-lastro,  are,  dvi,  dtum,  v. 
tr.  To  go  or  wander  till  through. 

per-mitto,  ere,  misi,  missum, 
v.  tr.  To  give  up,  surrender, 
yield,  concede ;  to  suffer,  permit, 
allow. 

permotus,  a,  umy  part.  See 
permdveo. 

per-moveo,  ere,  movi,  motum, 
v.  tr.  To  move  greatly,  affect; 
to  disquiet ;  to  persuade. 

pernicies,  ei,  f.  (per,  need]. 
Utter  destruction,  ruin,  death. 

per-oro,  are,  dvi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  plead  a  cause  ;  to  conclude  an 
oration  ;  de  cceteris,  to  answer. 

per-pastus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (pas- 
co).  Well  fed. 

perpes,  etis,  adj.  (per,  peto}. 
Lasting  throughout;  continuous, 
uninterrupted. 

per-petior,  i,  pessus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (pdtior).  To  suffer,  bear,  al- 
low. 

per-petro,  are,  dvi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(patro,  to  bring  to  pass).  To  carry 
through,  accomplish,  execute. 

perpetuo,  adv.  (perpetuus}. 
Always,  forever,  perpetually,  con- 
stantly. 

perpetuus,  a,  um,  adj.  (per, 
peto).  Continuous,  uninterrupted, 
constant,  perpetual;  permanent, 
entire. 

Persepolis,  is,  f.  A  city  of 
Persia. 

per-sequor,  *,  cutus  or  quutus 
sum,  v.  dep.  To  follow  persever- 
ingly;  to  follow  after,  pursue, 
harass. 

Perses,  ce,  m.  A  Persian ;  plur. 
Persce,  drum,  m.  The  Persians. 

per-severo,  are,  dvi,  atum,  v. 


tr.  (sSverus,  serious).  To  persist, 
persevere ;  to  continue  constant. 

Persia,  a,  f.    See  Pern's. 

Perslcus,  a,  um,  adj.  Of  or 
belonging  to  Persia,  Persian. 

Persis,  tdis,  or  Persia,  ce,  f. 
The  country  of  Persis,  between 
Caramania,  Media,  and  Susiana, 
now  Fars  or  Farsistan. 

per-solvo,  ere,  solvi,  solutum, 
v.  tr.  To  pay. 

persona,  ce,  f.  (per,  sdno,  to 
sound).  A  mask ;  disguise,  char- 
acter, person,  personage. 

per-suadeo,  ere,  sudsi,  sudsum, 
v.  tr.  To  persuade,  advise,  con- 
vince. 

per-terreo,  ere,  m,  Itum,  v.  tr. 
To  frighten  greatly  ;  to  terrify. 

per-timesco,  ere,  ttmui,  v.  in- 
cept, (timeo}.  To  become  very 
much  frightened;  to  be  greatly 
afraid  ;  to  fear  greatly. 

per-tineo,  ere,  tenui,  tentum, 
v.  tr.  (teneo).  To  stretch  out ;  to 
reach  or  extend  to ;  to  belong  or 
pertain  to,  relate  to. 

per-veho,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v.  tr. 
To  carry  along,  convey. 

per-veiiio,  ire,  veni,  ventum, 
v.  intr.  To  come  to ;  to  arrive  at. 

per- vigil,  is,  adj.  Very  watch- 
ful; nox  pervigil,  a  night  passed 
without  sleep. 

per-vulgo,  are,  dvi,  atum,  v. 
tr.  (vulgus).  To  publish,  spread 
abroad,  make  known. 

pes,  pSdis,  m.    The  foot. 

pessimus,  a,  um,  sup.  of  md- 
lus,  adj.  Worst. 

peto,  &re,  ivi  (ii),  itum,  v.  tr. 
To  seek,  strive  after,  try  to  gain, 
aim  at ;  to  ask. 

petulans,  antis,  adj.  (peto). 
Wanton,  pert,  saucy. 

Phaedrus,  i,  m.    Phaedrus. 


252 


PHALEUJE  —  PLENUS 


phalerae,  arum,  f.  A  smooth, 
shining  ornament  for  the  breast, 
wo;  n  by  men,  especially  as  a  mili- 
tary decoration;  a  trapping  for 
the  forehead  and  breast  of  horses. 

Phalereus,  i,  m.  See  Deme- 
trius. 

Phalereus  portus,  called  also 
P'idlerum,  i,  or  Phdlera,  drum,  m. 
The  most  ancient  of  the  three  har- 
bors of  Athens. 

Phalericus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Phd- 
Uruni).  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
Phalerean  harbor. 

Pharnabazus,  i,  m.  A  Per- 
sian sutrap. 

Phidippus,  it  m.    A  runner. 

Philippus,  i,  m.  I.  A  king  of 
Macedonia,  father  of  Alexander 
the  Great ;  assassinated  B.  C.  333. 
II.  A  son  of  Antipiiter,  one  of  the 
conspirators  against  Alexander's 
life.  III.  Alexander's  physician. 
IV.  Son  of  Demetrius. 

Philocles,  is,  m.  An  Atheni- 
an commander. 

phildsdphia,  #,  f.  Philoso- 
phy. 

philosophus, «",  m.  A  philos- 
opher. 

Phil dt as,  ce,  m.  Philotas,  son 
of  Parmenio. 

Phocenses,  ium,  m.  The  Pho- 
ciuns,  inhabitants  of  Phocis. 

PhcEbus,  i,  m.  A  name  of 
Apollo,  as  god  of  the  sun. 

Phryges,  urn,  m.    Phrygians. 

Phrygia,  cc,  f.  A  country  of 
Asia  Minor,  divided  into  Great 
and  Little  Phrygia. 

pictus,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj. 
(pingo).  Painted,  adorned. 

pietas,  of  is,  f.  (pins,  devout). 
Dutiful  conduct  towards  the  gods, 
one's  parents,  relatives,  benefac- 
tors, country,  etc. 


piget,  ere,  ptguit,  plcjttum  est, 
v.  impers.  It  irks,  troubles,  dis- 
pleases, chagrins,  disgusts  one ;  I 
(thou,  he,  etc.)  dislike,  loathe,  etc. 

pignus,  oris,  n.  A  pledge,  se- 
curity. 

pila,  ce,  f.    A  pillar. 

pilus,  i,  m.    A  hair. 

pingo,  ere,  pinxi,  pictum,  v.  tr. 
To  paint,  adorn. 

pmus,  us  or  i,  f.    A  pine  tree. 

Piraeus,  f,  m.  The  principal 
port  of  Athens. 

Pisander,  dri,  m.  An  Athe- 
nian general  during  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  war. 

Pisistratus,  i,  m.  Pisistratus, 
an  Athenian,  a  tyrant  (in  a  good 
sense)  of  Athens,  about  580  B.  C. 

placeo,  ere,  cui,  cltum,  v.  intr. 
To  please.  Iinpers.  placet,  it 
pleases ;  placet  senatui,  the  senate 
decrees. 

placidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (placeo}. 
Calm,  placid,  gentle. 

p!a^a,  cc,  f.    A  bloM-,  stroke. 

p3ane,  adv.  (pldnus,  clear).  Cer- 
tainly, in  truth. 

plamties,  ei,  f.  (planus,  level). 
Level  ground,  a  plain. 

Plataea,  ce,  or  Plataeae,  arum, 
f.  A  t  jwn  in  Bceotia. 

Plataeenses,  ium,  m.  The 
Plata3ans,  inhabitants  of  Plataea. 

plaustrum,  i,  n.  A  wagon,  cart. 

plebes,  is  or  ei,  or  plebs,/>'e- 
bis,  f.  The  common  people. 

plecto,  ere,  xi  and  xui,  xum, 
v.  tr.  To  twist,  turn,  bend;  to 
plait,  knit. 

plecto,  ere,  v.  tr.  (akin  to  pld- 
ya).  To  beat,  punish. 

pleiie,  adv.  (plenus}.  Fully, 
completely. 

plenus,  a,  um,  adj.  (PLEO,  to 
make  full).  Full,  plentiful. 


PLERUSQUE  —  POST 


253 


pier  usque,  pleraque,  plerum- 
que,  very  rare  in  sing.,  adj.  (pie- 
rus,  a  great  many).  Very  many, 
the  most,  most. 

pluma,  tp,  f.    A  feather. 

plumbum,  i,  m.     Lead. 

plurimiis,  a,  um,  sup.  of  mul- 
tus,  adj.  The  most,  very  many, 
very  much. 

plus,  p'uris,  n.,  comp.  of  mul- 
tus,  adj.  More. 

poeiilum,  i,  n.  A  drinking  ves- 
sel, cup,  goblet. 

Pcecile,  es,  adj.    Decorated. 

poena,  tp,  f.  Compensation, 
satisfaction,  punishment,  penalty. 

peenitentia,  ce,  f.  (paenttco). 
Repentance,  penitence. 

pceniteo,  ere,  ui,  v.  intr.  (pu- 
nio).  To  he  sorry;  to  repent,  re- 
gret ;  more  frequently  iinpcrs. 
poeyitet  mey  it  repents  me  ;  i.  e.,  I 
repent,  am  sorry,  regret. 

PCBIIUS,  i,  m.    A  Carthaginian. 

poeta,  cc,  m.    A  poet. 

polio,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  Itum,  v.  tr. 
To  polish. 

polliceor,  en,  itus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(pro,  llceor,  prop.,  to  bid  or  offer 
fur).  To  promise,  make  liberal 
offers. 

PolyMus,  i,  m.  An  Arcadian 
historian. 

Polydamas,  antis,  m.  One  of 
Alexander's  officers. 

Poly  mills,  fdis,  m.  A  Thc- 
ban,  father  of  Epaminondas. 

Polyperchon,  ontis,  m.  A 
distinguished  officer  of  Alexander 
the  Great. 

pondus,  gris,  n.  (pendo).  A 
weight,  burden. 

polio,  ere,  pdsui,  pdsitum,  v. 
tr.  To  put,  place,  post,  station ; 
to  lay  aside  ;  to  lay  down  ;  to  lay 
a  foundation,  build. 


pons,  pontis,  m.    A  bridge. 

Pontus,  £,  m.  A  province  of 
Asia  Minor  on  the  Euxinc  Sea. 

populatio,  onis,  f.  (poptilor,  to 
lay  waste).  A  laying  waste,  rav-. 
aging,  plundering. 

populiscitum,  t,  n.  (pdpulus, 
scisco).  A  decree  of  the  people. 

populus,  «*,  m.  A  people,  na- 
tion. 

popiilus,  i,  f.  A  poplar;  pop- 
lar tree. 

porrigo,  ere,  rexi,  rectum,  v.  tr. 
(pro,  rego).  To  stretch  out,  ex- 
tend. 

porro,  adv.  Farther  on,  then, 
next,  moreover. 

porta,  cc,  f.  A  gate,  entrance, 
passage. 

portendo,  ere,  di,  turn,  v.  tr. 
(pro,  tendo}.  To  point  out,  fore- 
tell, predict,  portend. 

porticus,  us,  m.  (porta).  A 
covered  walk  surrounded  with 
pillars,  a  gallery. 

portio,  onis,  f.  A  share,  part, 
portion. 

porto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
bear,  carry,  convey,  bring. 

portus,  us,  m.  (FOR,  whence 
porto}.  A  harbor,  haven,  port. 

Porus,  i,  m.    A  king  of  India. 

posco,  ere,  pdposci,  v.  tr.  To 
ask  for  urgently  ;  to  beg,  demand, 
enrreat. 

possessio,  onis,  f.  (possideo). 
A  possessing,  possession. 

possideo,  ere,  edi,  sessum,  v.  tr. 
( po,  for  pdtis,  sedco).  To  have  the 
exclusive  use  of  a  thing;  t>  pos- 
sess, have,  hold,  enjoy,  occupy. 

possum,  posse,  pdtui,  v.  irr. 
(pdtis,  sum).  Ta  be  able,  have 
power,  weight,  or  influence 

post,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace. 
After;  behind;  since. 


254 


POSTEA  —  PR^DITUS 


post-ea,  adv.  Afterwards,  here- 
after. 

post-ea-quani,  adv.  After  that, 
after. 

posterns,  a,  urn,  comp.  poste- 
rior, sup.  postremus  or  postumus, 
adj.  Coming  after,  next,  follow- 
ing. Subs. posteri,  drum,  m.  Com- 
ing generations,  posterity. 

post-quam,  conj.  After,  after 
that. 

postremo,  adv.  (postremus). 
Lastly,  at  last. 

postremus,  a,  urn,  sup.  of  pos- 
terus,  adj.  The  last ;  ad  postre- 
mum,  finally. 

postridie,  adv.  (postero,  die}. 
The  day  after,  the  day  following. 

postulatum,  «,  n.  (postulo).  A 
demand,  request,  petition. 

postulo,  are,  ari,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  ask,  demand,  request,  to  de- 
sire ;  to  demand  as  a  right ;  to  sue 
at  law. 

poteiis,  entis,  adj.  (possum}. 
AT >le,  mighty,  powerful,  strong, 
capable. 

poteiitia,  «?,  f.  (potens).  Pow- 
er, might,  force,  influence. 

potestas,  at  is,  f.  (possum). 
Power,  authority,  abilit}r. 

potio,  onis,  f.  (polo).  A  drink- 
ing, drink,  draught. 

potior,  ius,  gen.  oris,  comp.  of 
pdtis,  adj.  Better,  preferable. 

potior,  iri,  Itus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(pdtis).  To  become  master  of;  to 
take  possession  of;  to  get,  obtain, 
acquire. 

potis,  e,  comp.  potior;  sup.  po- 
tissimus,  adj.  Able,  capable. 

potissimum,  sup.  of  pdtius, 
adv.  Chiefly,  especially,  in  pref- 
erence to  all. 

potius,  only  in  comp.  and  sup. 
pdtissime  and  potissimum,  adv. 


(pdtis}.    Rather,  chiefly,  in  pref- 
erence, more. 

poto,  are,  avi,  potatum  or  pd- 
tum,  v.  tr.  and  intr.  To  drink. 

potus,  us,  m.  (poto}.  A  drink- 
ing, drink. 

prae,  adv.  and  prep,  with  abl. 
Before,  in  comparison  with. 

praebeo,  ere,  ui,  ttum,  v.  tr. 
(prcc,  habeo).  To  hold  forth;  to 
offer,  afford,  give,  show. 

praeeeps,  itis,  adj.  (pra,  caput). 
Headlong,  head  foremost. 

prseceptor,  oris,  m.  (prcecipio}. 
A  preceptor,  master. 

prseceptum,  v  n-  (p^cipio). 
A  precept,  maxim,  direction ;  doc- 
trine. 

prae-cipio,  ere,  cepi,  ccptum,  v. 
tr.  (cdpio).  To  take  beforehand ; 
to  anticipate,  foresee  ;  to  teach,  in- 
struct ;  to  order,  decree. 

praecipito,  are,  ari.  atum,  v.  tr. 
(prteceps).  To  throw  headlong, 
precipitate,  hurry. 

prasclpuus,  a,  um,  adj.  (prce- 
cipio}.  Chief,  principal,  special. 

prae-cludo,  ere,  si,  sum,  v.  tr. 
(claudo).  To  shut  close  ;  to  close; 
to  stop. 

praeda,  cc,  f.  Prey,  booty,  plun- 
der; prize. 

praedator,  oris,  m.  (prada}. 
A  plunderer,  pillager,  robber. 

prae-dico,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(dlco,  to  proclaim).  To  tell  be- 
fore ,  to  make  known  ;  to  publish, 
declaiv,  proclaim,  tell;  to  extol. 

prae-dico,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v.  tr. 
To  say  beforehand  ;  to  predict, 
foretell,  prophesy. 

praedictum,  t,  n.  (prccdico}.  A 
foretelling,  predicting,  prophesy- 
ing. 

praeditus,  a,  um,  adj.  (prce,  do). 
Endowed  or  provided  with. 


PRJEDO  —  P1UETOU 


255 


praedo,  onis,  m.  (prteda).  A 
robber ;  maritimus,  a  pirate. 

praedor,  art,  dtus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(precd:i).  To  plunder,  rob. 

praefectus,  i,m.  (precffnio).  An 
overseer,  commander,  governor, 
prefect. 

prae-f  ero,  fcrre,  tuli,  latum,  v. 
irr.  To  bear  before ;  to  prefer ;  to 
reveal,  expose. 

pr&eficio,  &re,  fed,  fectum,  v. 
tr.  (facio).  To  set  over ;  to  place 
in  command  of. 

proe-fiiiio,  Ire,  Im  («'),  Hum, 
v.  tr.  To  determine  beforehand ; 
to  prescribe. 

prae-for,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(for,  to  say).  To  say  or  utter  be- 
forehand ;  to  premise. 

prae-frigidus,  a,um,  adj.  Very 
cold. 

prae-fulgeo,  ere,  si,  v.  intr.  To 
shine  forth  ;  to  glitter ;  to  adorn. 

praegnans,  antis,  adj.  (contr. 
from  prce-gcnans ;  root  GEN, 
whence  gignoi).  With  young,  preg- 
nant. 

pr  as -gusto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v. 
tr.  To  tnste  beforehand. 

praelior,  or  prcelior,  ari,  atus 
sum,  v.  dep.  (prcelium).  To  join 
battle ;  to  engage,  fight. 

praelium,  or  proelium,  i,  n.  A 
battle,  combat,  engagement. 

prae-luceo,  ere,  xi,  v.  intr.  (lu- 
ceo,  to  shine).  To  shine  before  ; 
to  give  light  to. 

prae-mitto,  ere,  mist,  missum, 
v.  tr.  To  send  before. 

premium,  i,  n.  (pro;,  emo). 
Profit,  reward,  prize. 

prae-moneo,  ere,  ui,  Mum,  v.  tr. 
To  forewarn,  admonish  before- 
hand. 

prae-opto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(opto).  To  wish  rather;  to  prefer, 


prae-p5no,  Sre,  pdsui,  pdsUum, 
v.  tr.  To  place  or  set  over  ;  to  in- 
trust with  the  charge  of. 

praesens,  ntis,  ndj.  (orig.  part. 
ofprasuiri).  Present;  favorable. 

praesentia,  er,  f.  (prcescns}. 
Presence  ;  presence  of  mind ;  in 
pr&sentia,  at  the  moment. 

praesepe,  is,  n.  (prce,  sepio,  to 
surround  with  a  hedge).  An  en- 
closure, stall,  fold. 

praesertini,  adv.  (prce,  s8ro,  to 
join,  put).  Especially,  particu- 
larly. 

presidium,  i,  n.  (prce,  sedeo). 
A  gti'.-.rd,  garrison ;  protection, 
safeguard,  defence,  security. 

praestans,  ntis,  part,  and  adj. 
(  p rccsto ) .  Ex traord inary ,  excel- 
lent. » 

prae-sto,  arc,  stlti,  stitum  and 
statum,  v.  tr.  and  intr.  To  stand 
before ;  to  have  charge  or  com- 
mand of ;  to  perform,  make  good  ; 
to  give,  afford,  render,  show  ;  to 
warrant,  guarantee ;  to  excel.  Im- 
pers.,  it  is  better. 

prae-sum,  esse,  fui,  v.  irr.  To 
be  before  ;  hence,  to  be  set  over; 
to  have  charge  or  command  of. 

praesimiptio,  onis,  f.  (pra,  su- 
mo). A  t-iking  beforehand,  anti- 
cipation. 

praeter,  prep,  with  ace.  Be- 
sides, except ;  beyond,  contra- 
ry to. 

praster-ea,  adv.  Besides,  more- 
over. 

praeter-eo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),Uum,  v. 
irr.  To  go  or  pass  by ;  to  ornit. 

praeter-mitto,  ere,  mm,  mis- 
sum,  v.  tr.  To  pass  over,  omit. 

praetor,  pris,  m.  (  prcc,  co).  A 
leader,  head,  commander ;  a  Ro- 
man magistrate,  charged  >v'.th  the 
administration  of  justice, 


256 


PRJETU1U  —  PIIODEO 


praetiira,  «,  f.  (prcetor).  The 
office  of  prcetor ;  praetorship. 

prae-valeo,  ere,  ui,  v.  intr.  To 
be  more  able ;  to  be  superior  to. 

pratum,  i,  n.    A  meadow. 

pravus,  a,  um,  adj.  Perverse, 
bad,  wrong,  wicked,  base. 

precor,  an,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(prex).  To  beg,  pray,  entreat. 

premo,  ere,  pressi,  pressum,  v. 
tr.  To  press,  oppress ;  to  stop,  to 
pursue  closely;  to  harass;,  to 
urge. 

pretium,  i,  n.  Worth,  value, 
price;  prize,  reward. 

prex,  precis,  f.  [in  nom.  and 
gen.  sing.  obs. ;  most  frequently  in 
plural.]  A  prayer,  request. 

prldem,  adv.  (obs.  pm,  whence 
prior,  and  demonstr.  -dem).  Long 
ago;  just  before. 

pridie,  adv.  (obs.  pris,  whence 
prior  and  dies).  On  the  day  be- 
fore. 

primo,  or  prlmum,  sup.  of  pri- 
us, adv.  (primus}.  First,  the  first 
time,  in  the  first  place. 

prlmum,  sup.  of  prius,  adv. 
(primus).  In  the  beginning,  first, 
in  the  first  place. 

primus,  a,  um,  sup.  of  prior, 
adj.  First,  chief. 

priiiceps.  Ipis,  m.  and  f.  (  pri- 
mus, capio.)  First,  foremost, 
chief;  instigator;  the  most  dis- 
tinguished or  noble  ;  principes, 
the  chief  men. 

prin cipatus,  us,  m.  (princeps). 
The  first  place,  pre-eminence ;  sov- 
ereignty, rule,  government. 

principia,  drum,  n.  pi.  (prin- 
ceps). A  Li rge,  open  space  in  a 
camp,  in  which  were  the  tents  of 
the  general  and  other  officers,  and 
where  speeches  were  made  and 
councils  held. 


prior,  its,  gen.  dm,  sup.  pri- 
mus, adj.  Former. 

priscus,  a,  um,  adj.  (pbs.jom, 
whence  prior).  Of  or  belonging 
to  old  times  ;  old,  ancient. 

pristmus,  a,  um,  adj.  (cbs. 
pris,  whence  priscus,  prior,  etc.). 
Ancient,  former,  early. 

prius,  sup.  primo  or  prlmum, 
adj.  (prior).  Before,  sooner. 

prius-quam,  adv.  Before  that, 
before. 

privatus,  a,  um,  adj.  (privus, 
single).  Private,  that  belongs  to  an 
individual,  peculiar  to  one's  self; 
invested  with  no  public  office. 

privignus,  i,  m.  (for  priiigS- 
nus,  from/win/*,  single,  w&gignQ, 
prop,  that  which  forms  a  separate 
race).  A  step-son. 

privo,  are,  an,  atum,  v.  tr.  (pri- 
vus, single).  To  deprive  of;  to  be- 
reave. 

pro,  prep,  with  abl.  For,  be- 
fore, in  presence  of,  according  to, 
in  proportion  to'. 

probo,  are,  dvi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(probus,  good).  To  test,  prove; 
to  approve  of,  esteem  as  good ;  to 
recommend  ;  to  try,  examine. 

procax,  acts,  adj.  (prdco,  to 
ask).  >Bold,  wanton,  grasping,  en- 
croaching. 

pro-cedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessum,  v. 
intr.  To  go  forth,  proceed. 

pro-creo,  arc,  ari,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  beget,  produce. 

procul,  adv.  (ptocello,  to  drive 
away).  Far,  far  off,  at  a  distance. 

pro-euro,  are,  aci,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  manage  for  another;  to  take 
care  of. 

prodeo,  ire,  iri  (ii),  ttum,  v. 
irr.  (pro,  eo).  To  go  or  come  forth  ; 
to  go  forward,  advance  ;  to  go  be- 
fore one. 


PRODIGIUM  —  PROPOSITUM 


257 


prodigium,  i,  n.  (for  prodici- 
um,  from  pro,  dlco).  A  prophetic 
sign,  token,  omen,  portent,  prod- 
igy- 

proditio,  onis,  f.  (prodo).  A 
betraying,  treason,  treachery. 

pro-do,  ere,  dldi,  dltum,  v.  tr. 
To  give  or  bring  forth;  to  give 
up,  betray ;  to  disclose,  tell,  nar- 
rate ;  to  hand  down,  transmit. 

pro-duco,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v.  tr. 
To  lead  forth,  bring  forward ;  to 
produce,  draw  out. 

prcelior,  art,  dtus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(prceiium).  To  fight,  contend. 

proelium,  i,  n.  A  battle,  com- 
bat, engagement. 

pro-fanus,  a,  um,  adj.  (fa- 
num,  a  sanctuary).  Profane,  im- 
pious, irreligious. 

profectio,  onis,  f.  (prdffcis- 
cor).  A  setting  forth,  going  away, 
departure. 

pro-fecto,  adv.  (pro-f acto,fd- 
cio).  Actually,  indeed,  really, 
truly,  certainly. 

pro-f  ero,  ferre,  tall,  Idtum,  v. 
irr.  To  bring  or  carry  out;  to 
hold  out  ;  to  stretch  forth ;  to 
show;  to  pronounce,  render. 

pro  ficio,  ere,  fed,  fectum,  v. 
tr.  (fctcio}.  To  go  forward,  ad- 
vance, make  progress. 

proflciscor,  i,  prdfectus  sum, 
v.  dep.  (pro,  fdcio,  orig.  to  make 
or  put  one's  self  forward).  To 
set  out,  go,  depart,  advance. 

pro-f  Iteor,  eri,  fessus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (fdteor,  to  confess).  To  de- 
clare openly ;  to  profess. 

pro-fligo,  are,  am,  dtum,  v.  tr. 
(j%o,  to  strike).  To  dash  to  the 
ground  ;  to  rout,  put  to  flight. 

pro-f  iisfio,  ere,fugi,  v.  tr.  and 
intr.  To  llee  from ;  to  run  away, 
escape. 

17 


pro  fug  us,  i,  m.  (profuyio).  A 
fugitive,  an  exile. 

pro-gredior,  i,  gressus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (grtidior,  to  go).  To  come 
or  £^o  forward;  to  proceed,  ad- 
vance. 

pro-lubeo,  ere,  ui,  Itum,  v.  tr. 
(habeo).  To  hold  back,  restrain, 
hinder,  prevent,  debar,  stop;  to 
forbid;  to  defend. 

pro-hide,  adv.  Therefore ;  qua- 
si, just  as  if. 

pro-jicio,  ere,jeci,jectum,  v.  tr. 
(jacio}.  To  throw  forth ;  to  throw 
down. 

prologus,  i,  m.  A  preface  or 
introduction,  prologue. 

pro-loquor,  i,  locutus  sum,  v. 
dep.  To  speak  out,  utter,  declare, 
say. 

pro-mitto,  ere,  misi,  missum, 
v.  tr.  To  send  or  put  forth;  to 
promise. 

promptus,  or  promtus,  a,  um, 
adj.  (promo,  to  bring  forth). 
Ready,  prompt ;  inclined  to. 

pro-patuhim,  i,  n.  (pdteo'). 
An  open  place,  court. 

prope,  comp.  prdpius,  sup. 
proxlme,  adv.  Near  at  hand,  near, 
almost,  nearly. 

propere,  adv.(/>r<5perws,quick). 
Hastily,  speedily. 

propinquus,  a,  um,  adj. 
(prope}.  Near,  neighboring; 
nearly  related,  allied.  Subs.  A 
relative,  kinsman. 

propior,  us,  gen.  oris,  sup. 
proxlmus,  adj.  (props).  Nearer. 

pro-pono,  ere,  posui,  pdsltum, 
v.  tr.  To  place  or  set  before ;  to 
propose. 

Propontis,  Idis,  f.  The  sea 
of  Marmora. 

proposttum,  i,  n.  (propono). 
Design,  purpose ;  statement,  point. 


258 


PROPRIUS  —  PUERULUS 


proprius,  a,  um,  adj.  One's 
own,  special,  peculiar. 

propter,  adv.  and  prep,  with 
ace.  Near,  hardly;  for,  on  ac- 
count of,  by  reason  of. 

prdpugnaculum,  i,  n.  (pro^ 
pugno).  A  bulwark,  rampart ; 
protection. 

prorsus,  adv.  (pro,  verto). 
Straightway,  certainly,  truly,  ex- 
actly, just. 

pro-sequor,  it  cut  us  sum.  v. 
dep.  To  follow  after,  pursue, 
continue ;  to  attend,  accompany ; 
to  proceed  with. 

pro-sllio,  ire,  ui,  less  freq.  ivi 
(ii),  v.  intr.  (scllio).  To  lead 
forth. 

prosper,and  prosperus,  a,um, 
adj.  (pro,  spero).  Agreeable  to 
one's  wishes,  favorable,  prosper- 
ous, fortunate,  successful. 

prospere,  a.&\. (prosper).  Pros- 
perously, successfully. 

pro-splcio,  ere,  exi,  ectum,  v. 
tr.  (specio,  to  look).  To  view  or 
behold  from  a  distance ;  to  foresee. 

pro-sterno,  ere,  stravi,  stra- 
tum, v.  tr.  (sterno,  to  stretch  out). 
To  overthrow,  lay  prostrate;  to 
discomfit,  rout. 

pro-sum, prodesse,profuit\.  irr. 
To  do  good,  profit,  benefit,  avail. 

pro-tmus,  and  pro-tenus,ndv. 
Right  forward,  straightway,  im- 
mediately, forthwith. 

pro-veho,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v.  tr. 
To  carry  forward ;  to  advance. 

pro-video,  ere,  vidi,  visum,  v. 
tr.  To  foresee,  provide,  furnish ; 
to  provide  for  or  against;  to  be- 
ware. 

provincia,  ce,  f.  (pro,  vinco). 
A  province ;  province  or  office  as- 
signed to  any  one. 

pro-voco,  are,  aci,  atum,  v.  tr. 


To  call  forth;  to  challenge  to  a 
contest. 

prd-volvo,  gre,  volvi,  vdlutum, 
v.  tr.  To  cast  one's  self  down  ; 
to  fall  down,  prostrate  one's  self 
at.  another's  feet. 

proxinrms.  a,  um,  sup.  of  prd- 
pior,  adj.  Nearest,  next,  last. 

prudens,  nils,  adj.  (contr.  from 
prdcldens  ;  pro,  video).  Foresee- 
ing; prudent,  thoughtful,  wise; 
skilful,  expert. 

prudentia,  a,  f.  (prudens). 
Foresight,  prudence,  discretion, 
skill. 

Prusias,  a,  m.  A  king  of 
Bithynia. 


Ptolemaeus,  i,  m.    Ptolemy 


one  of  Alexander's  generals,  to 
whom  Egypt  fell  upon  the  divis- 
ion of 'the  Macedonian  empire. 

publice,  adv.  (publlcus).  Pub- 
licly, in  the  name  or  in  behalf  of 
the  public;  openly;  at  the  cost 
of  the  state. 

publico,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(pu-.'licus).  To  confiscate,  sell  pub- 
licly. 

publlcus,  a,  um,  adj.  (poptt- 
lus}.  Public,  belonging  to  the 
people. 

pudet,  ere,puduit  andpiidttum 
est,  v.  impcrs.  To  be  ashamed; 
pudct  me,  I  am  ashamed. 

pudor,  oris,m.  (ptidet).  Shame ; 
modesty. 

puella,  a,  f.  A  girl,  maiden, 
lass. 

puer,  eri,  m.  A  child,  boy ;  a 
young  slave. 

pueriliter,  adv.  (puerllis,  boy- 
ish). In  a  childish  manner. 

puerltia,  ce,  f.  (puer).  Boy- 
hood, childhood,  youth. 

pueriilus,  t,  m.  (dim.  of  puer). 
A  lutle  boy  or  child. 


PUGNA  —  QUAMQUAM 


259 


pngna,  #,  f.  (pugno).  A  fight, 
battle,  skirmish,  contest. 

pugno,  are,  avi,  dtiim,  v.  intr. 
(root  PUG,  whence  pugnus,  a  fist). 
To  fight,  contend,  give  battle,  en- 
gage, resist. 

pule  her,  ra,  rum,  comp.  pul- 
chiior,  sup.  pulcherrtmus,  adj. 
Beautiful,  beauteous,  fair. 

pulchre,  comp.  pulchrius,  sup. 
pulchcrrtme,  adv.  (pulcher).  Beau- 
tifully, finely,  speciously,  well. 

pulchritude,  toiis,  f.  (pulcher'). 
Beauty. 

piillus,  i,  m.  A  young  animal, 
young  ;  gallinaccus,  a  young  cock. 

pulmentarium,  i,  n.  (pulmen- 
tum,  a  condiment).  Anything 
eaten  with  bread  ;  a  relish,  chinry. 

pulvis,  veris,  m.  and  f.    Dust. 

puiictus,  us,  m.  (pungo,  to 
prick).  A  pricking,  stinging; 
prick,  sting. 

punio,  ire,  iri  (ii),  Hum,  v.  tr. 
(ijccna).  To  punish. 

pupillus,  i,  m.  (pupulus,  a 
small  boy).  An  orphan. 

puppis,  is,  f.  The  stern  or  poop 
of  a  ship;  a  ship. 

purpureus,  a,  um,  adj.  (purpu- 
ra,  purple  color).  Purple  colored, 
purple. 

piiteus,  i,  m.     A  well,  pit. 

puto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
lop  off,  prune  ;  to  think,  deem. 

Pydna,  <E,  f.  A  town  of  Pieria, 
in  Macedonia. 

Pyrenaeus,  a,  um,  adj.  Of  or 
belonging  to  the  Pyrenees. 

Pythagoreus,  a,  um,  adj.  Py- 
thagorean. 

Pythia,  a,  f.  The  priestess  of 
Apollo  at  Delphi. 


Q. 


Q.,  abhrev.  for  Quintus. 

qua,  adv.  (qui).  Which  way, 
where. 

quacunque,  sc.  parte,  adv. 
(quicunque).  Wheresoever,  wher- 
ever. 

quadraginta,  num.  adj.  in— 
decl.  (qudtuor}.  Forty. 

quadrigsfe,  arum,  f.  (contr. 
from  quadrijugce ;  qudtuor,  ju- 
gitm}.  A  four-horse  team. 

quadringeni,  a,  a,  num.  adj. 
distrib.  (quadringenti).  Four  hun- 
dred each. 

quadringenti,  &,  a,  num.  adj. 
(qudtuor,  centum).  Four  hundred. 

quaere,  ere,  sivi,  sltum,  v.  tr.  -To 
ask,  inquire ;  to  seek,  search  for. 

quaeso,  ere,  iri  (ii),  v.  tr.  (an 
old  form  for  qucerd).  To  ask,  beg, 
pray. 

quaestio,  onis,  f.  (queer o).  A 
seeking,  inquiry,  question ;  a  ju- 
dicial investigation,  trial ;  inquisi- 
tion. 

quaestus,  us,  m.  (qutfro).  A 
gaining,  acquiring;  gain,  profit. 

quails,  e,  ndj.  (quis).  Of  what 
kind,  sort,  or  nature;  tails  —  qua- 
lis,  such  —  as. 

qualis-cunque,  qualecunque, 
adj.  Of  what  kind  soever. 

quam,  adv.  In  exclamations 
and  questions,  how,  how  much ; 
after  comparatives,  as,  than  ; 
with  superlatives  it  expresses  the 
highest  possible  degree,  as,  qwim 
plurimas  copias,  as  many  forces 
as  possible. 

quam-diu,  adv.     How  long. 
'quam-IIbet,  adv.  As  it  pleases. 

quam -ob- rein,  adv.  Where- 
fore. 

quamquam.    Sec  quanquam. 


260 


QUAMVIS  —  QUISQUE 


quam-vis,  adv.  and  conj.  Al- 
though, however,  very  much,  ever 
so  much. 

quando,  adv.    When  ;  since. 

quanquam,and  quamquam, 
conj.  Though,  although. 

quantum,  adv.  (quantus).  As 
much  as,  so  much  as,  as ;  as  far 
as. 

quantus,  a,  um,  adj.  How 
great,  how  much  ;  as,  such  as. 

qua-propter,  conj.  Where- 
fore. 

qua-re,  adv.  Wherefore,  why, 
for  what  reason. 

quartus,  a,  um,  num.  adj.  (qud- 
tuor).  The  fourth. 

quasi,  adv.     As  if. 

qua-teiius,  conj.  (tentis).  How 
fir ;  as  far  as  ;  seeing  that,  since, 
as. 

quatriduum,  i,  n.  (quatuor, 
dies).  A  space  of  four  days. 

quatuor,  and  quattuor,  num. 
adj.  indccl.  Four. 

que  [always  afnxed  to  the  word 
to  which  it  belongs],  conj.  And. 

quem-ad-modum,  adv.  Just 
as,  as. 

quercus,  us,  f.    An  oak  tree. 

querela,  ce,  f.  (queror).  Com- 
plaining, complaint. 

queror,  it  questus  sum,  v.  dcp. 
T-)  complain,  lament ;  to  complain 
of. 

qui,  adv.  (qui).    How. 

qui,  quse,  quod,  rcl.  pron. 
Who,  which,  what,  or  that;  also 
an  intcrrog.  pron.  Who  ?  which  ? 
what  ? 

quia,  conj.  (old  neuter  plur. 
of  qui}.  Because. 

qul-cunque,  qucecunque,  guod- 
cunque,  indef.  pron.  Whoever, 
whosoever,  whatsoever. 

qui du in,  qucedam,  qitoddam  or 


quiddam,  indef.  pron.  A  certain 
one. 

quid  em,  adv.  Indeed,  truly  ; 
ne-quidem,  not  even. 

quies,  etis,  f.  Rest,  quiet, 
sleep. 

quiesco,  ere,  guievi,  quiet  urn, 
v.  intr.  (quies).  To  be  quiet;  to 
rest,  repose,  be  at  rest. 

quietus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (guicsco). 
Quiet. 

qtiin,  conj.  (qui,  ne).  That  not ; 
but  that. 

qui-nam,  guanam,  quodnam, 
interrog.  pron.  Who,  which,  what, 
pray  ? 

quingenti,  «,  a,  num.  adj. 
(quinque,  centum).  Five  hundred. 

quinquageni,  a,  a,  num.  adj. 
(quinqiidyinta).  Fifty  each  ;  fifty 
by  fifty. 

quinquaginta,  num.  adj.  hi- 
ded. Fifty. 

quinque,  num.  adj.  indecl. 
Five. 

quinquennium,  t,  n.  (tjuin- 
quennis  ;  quinque,  annus).  A  pe- 
riod of  five  years. 

quinquies,  num.  adj.  (quin- 
que). Five  times. 

quintus,  a,  um,  num.  adj. 
(quinque}.  The  fifth. 

quippe,  adv.  and  conj.  (quia, 
-pc).  Surely,  for  indeed ;  inas- 
much ns. 

quis,  qua,  quod  or  quid,  inter- 
rog. pron.  Who  ?  which  ?  what  ? 

quis-nam,  qucenam,  quodnam 
or  quidnam,  interrog.  pron.  Who, 
Avhich,  what,  pray  ? 

quis-quam,  quaquam,  quic- 
guam  or  quidquam,  indef.  pron. 
Any  one,  any  thing,  any. 

quis -que,  guague,  guodgue  or 
quidque,  indef.  pron.  Each,  every 
one,  every  thing. 


QUISQUIS  —  RECUSO 


261 


quis  quis,  quaque,  quodquod, 
and  subs,  quicquid  [rare  except 
in  the  forms  quidquid,  quicquid, 
and  quoquo},  indcf.  pron.  Who- 
ever, whatever. 

qui-vis,  quavis,  quodvis,  and 
subs,  quidms,  indef.  pron.  "Who 
or  what  you  please,  any  you  wish. 

quo,  adv.  (qui).  Whither,  to 
what  place,  where ;  to  what  end ; 
conj.  that,  to  the  end  that. 

quo-ad,  adv.  and  conj.  So 
long  as,  as  long  as,  as  far  as,  until. 

quod,  conj.  (neuter  of  qui.)  Be- 
cause, that,  in  that;  though, 'al- 
though (as  particle  of  transition). 

quodanimodo,  adv.  (qridnm, 
modus}.  In  a  certain  manner,  in 
a  measure. 

quondam,  adv.(quidam).  For- 
merty,  once  on  a  time. 

quoniam,  adv.  (quum,  jam}. 
Because,  since  now,  since,  seeing 
that. 

quoque,  conj.  Also,  too;  truly. 

qudt,  adj.  plur.  indecl.  How 
many. 

q  not -a  mi  is,  adv.  (annus}. 
Ye.irly,  annually. 

qudtidie,  adv.  (quot,  dies). 
Daily,  every  clay. 

quoties-cumque,  adv.  (qud- 
ties,  ho\v  often).  As  often  as. 

qimm,  adv.  and  conj.  When, 
since,  seeing  that ;  quum  —  turn, 
not  only  -—  but  also,  both  —  and. 


R. 

radix,  ids,  f.  A  root ;  the  foot 
or  bottom  of  a  hill. 

ram osus,  «,  um,  adj.  (ramus,  a 
branch).  Full  of  branches,  branch- 
ing. 

ran  a,  <z,  f.    A  frog. 


rapio,  Src,  pui^  ptum,  v.  tr.  To 
seize  or  carry  off;  to  seize  upon. 

raptor,  dm,  m.  (rapio).  The 
seizer,  robber,  plunderer. 

rare,  and  raro,  adv.  (rarus). 
Seldom,  rarely. 

ra/us,  a,  nm,  adj.  Far  apart, 
seldom  to  lie  seen  or  met  with,  in- 
frequent, rare  ;  thin,  not  close  or 
thick;  phtr.,fa\v. 

ratio,  onis,  f.  (rear}.  Reason, 
cause,  manner;  account,  consid- 
eration. 

ratus,  a,  um,  adj.  (reor).  Rat- 
ified, confirmed. 

re-be!lo,  arc,  avt,  atum,  v.  intr. 
To  wage  war  again,  revolt,  rebel. 

re-cedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessum,  v. 
intr*  To  retire,  withdraw ;  to  go 
back ;  to  go  away,  depart. 

re-cido,  ere,  cidi,  casum,  v. 
intr.  (ccido).  To  fall  back  ;  tore- 
coil,  relapse  ;  to  end  in. 

recipero.     See  recupero. 

re-cipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptum,  v.  tr. 
(capio).  To  take  back  ;  to  take  or 
get  again,  recover;  to  take,  re- 
ceive; to  seize  upon;  se  recipere, 
to  return,  bct.ike  one's  self. 

re-cognosco,  ere,  gnod,  gni- 
tum,  v.  tr.  To  know  again,  rec- 
ognize ;  to  examine,  inspect. 

re-concilio,  are,  avi,  atum,  v. 
tr.  To  regain,  re-establish,  re- 
store, reconcile. 

recordatio,  onis,  f.  (recordor, 
to  think  over).  A  recalling  to 
mind,  recollection,  remembrance. 

recta,  adv.,  sc.  via  (rectus). 
Straightway,  directly. 

recte,.adv.  (rectus).    Rightly. 

rectns,  a,  um,  adj.  (rego,  to 
keep  straight).  Straight,  right. 

rS-cupero,  arc,  act,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(capio}.  To  get  again ;  to  recover. 

re-cuso,  arc,  aci,  atum,  V.  tr. 


262 


EEDDO  —  REOR 


(causa).  To  make  objection 
against;  to  be  reluctant  to  do  a 
thing;  to  refuse,  reject;  to  plead 
in  defence. 

red-do,  ere,  dldi,  dUum,  v.  tr. 
To  give  back,  return,  restore;  to 
pay,  offer  ;  to  make,  render. 

red-eo,  ire,  ici  (ii),  itum,  v.  irr. 
To  go  cr  come  back ;  to  return. 

red-igo,  ere,  egi,  actum,  v.  tr. 
(ago).  To  bring  or  drive  back; 
to  reduce,  restore. 

red-imo,  ere,  emt,  crnptum,  v.tr. 
(emo).  To  buy  back  ;  to  ransom, 
redeem. 

redltus,  us,  m.  (redeo).  A  re- 
turn, revenue,  income. 

re-diico,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v.  tr.  To 
bring  or  lead  back,  conduct  back ; 
to  reinstate,  restore. 

re-f  GTOyferrCy  tiili,  latum,  v.  irr. 
To  bear  back,  bring  back ;  to 
bring  back  word,  tell,  relate;  to 
compare ;  se  rcferre,  to  return ; 
impers.  refert,  it  matters,  con- 
cerns. 

refertus,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj. 
(refercio,  to  fill  up).  Filled,  full. 

re-ficio,  ere,feci,fectum,  v.  tr. 
(fdcio).  To  make  again,  renew, 
recruit ;  to  revive,  restore,  refresh. 

refiigium,  i,  n.  (re,  fugio).  A 
recourse,  refuge. 

regalis,  e,  adj.  (rex}.  Of  or  be- 
longing to  a  king,  royal,  regal. 

regina,  a,  f.  (rex).    A  queen. 

regio,  onis,  f.  (rego}.  A  region, 
district,  country. 

resrius,  a,  urn,  adj.  (rex}.  Royal, 
kingly,  princely. 

regno,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(regmnn}.  To  rule,  reign  as  king. 

regnum,  i,  n.  (rex).  A  king- 
dom, realm ;  royal  power. 

rego,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v.  tr.  To 
keep  straight ;  to  guide,  rule. 


re"-jicio,  Zre,jeci,jectum,  v.  tr. 
(jclcio).  To  throw  bick  or  off;  to 
reject. 

re-Saxo,  arc,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
unbond,  rela^x. 

religio,  dnis,  f.  Reverence  for 
God,  religion,  devotion,  venera- 
tion; religious  institution;  reli- 
gious obligation ;  scrupulousness. 

re-Iinquo,  ere,  liqui,  lictiim,  v. 
tr.  To  leave,  forsake,  relinquish, 
quit,  ab  mdon. 

reliquiaj,  arum,  f.  (reUnquo). 
The  leavings,  remains,  relics,  rem- 
nants. 

reliquus,  a,  um,  adj.  (rSlinquo). 
That  is  left;  remaining,  left. 

re-matieo,  ere,  mansi,  v.  intr. 
To  stay  or  remain  behind ;  to  stay, 
continue,  abide. 

remedium,  i,  n.  (re,  medeort 
to  heal).  A  remedy,  cure. 

re-mmiscor,  sd,  v.  dep.  (root 
MEN,  whence  mens,  memlni).  To 
call  to  mind;  to  remember. 

re-mitto,  ere,  misi,  missum,  v. 
tr.  To  send  or  throw  back ;  to 
give  up,  yield ;  to  slacken,  abate, 
remit ;  to  forgive. 

remotu.s,  a,  urn,  part,  and  adj. 
(remdveo).  Distant,  remote.  Fie/., 
having  nothing  to  do  with,  not 
connected  with,  not  feeling,  Lot 
enjoying. 

re-moveo,  ere,  movi,  mdtum, 
v.  tr.  To  remove,  drive  or  send 
away. 

re-novo,  are,  ari,  atum,  v,  tr. 
(ndfus).  To  renew,  make  or  build 
anew ;  to  refresh. 

re-nuncio,  or  nuntio,  are,  an, 
atum,  v.  tr.  To  bring  br.ck  woi  d, 
report ;  to  proclaim  ;  to  disclaim. 

reor,  reri,  ratus  sum,  v.  dep. 
To  think,  judge,  believe,  suppose, 
imagine. 


REPARO  —  RESTITUO 


263 


re-paro,  are,  act,  alum,  v.  tr. 
To  get  again  ;  to  renew. 

re-pello,  ere,puli,pulsum,  v.  tr. 
To  drive  or  thrust  back,  repel,  re- 
pulse, reject. 

repente,  adv.  (repent,  sudden). 
Suddenly,  unexpectedly. 

repentmns,  a,  um,  adj.  (repens, 
sudden).  Sudden,  hasty,  unex- 
pected. 

re-perio,  ire,  reperi,  repertum, 
v.  tr.  (pdrio}.  To  find  again;  to 
find,  meet  with,  discover;  to  in- 
vent, contrive. 

re-peto,  ere,  ivi  (ii),  itum,  v. 
tr.  To  seek  again  ;  to  recover;  to 
renew. 

re-pleo,  ere,  evi,  etum,  v.  tr. 
(pleo,  obs.,  to  fill).  To  fill  again ; 
to  fill  up. 

repo,  ere,  psi,  ptum,  v.  intr.  To 
creep,  crawl. 

re-pouo,  ere,  posui,  posUum, 
v.  tr.  To  lay,  set,  put  or  place 
back. 

re-porto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  carry  or  bring  back. 

repperio.    See  reperio. 

re-prehendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  v. 
tr.  (prehendo,  to  seize).  To  seize 
or  catch  again;  to  lay  hold  of; 
to  blame. 

re-prim o,  ere,  pressi,  pressum, 
v.  tr.  (premo).  To  repress,  check, 
restrain,  confine. 

repudium,  i,  n.  (re,  pes).  Di- 
vorce, repudiation. 

re-pugno,  are,  avi,  afum,v.  intr. 
To  fight  against ;  to  resist,  oppose. 

repulsa,  «?,  f.  (repello).  A  re- 
pulse. 

rgpulsus,  a,  um,  part.  See  re- 
pello. 

re-puto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  think  over,  reflect  upon,  con- 
sider, meditate  upon. 


re-quiro,  8re,  sivi,  sltum,  v.  tr. 
(quaro}.  To  seek  for  again ;  to 
seek  for,  ask  for ;  to  seek  in  vain. 

res,  rei,  i'.  A  thing,  affair,  busi- 
ness, fortune;  action,  deed,  ex- 
ploit, undertaking,  performance. 

re-scindo,  ere,  soldi,  scissum, 
v.  tr.  (sci/tdo,  to  cut).  To  cut  off ; 
to  cut  or  break  down. 

re-scisco,  ere,  ivi  (&),  itum,  v. 
intr.  (scio).  To  learn  again;  to 
learn. 

re-scrlbo,  ere,  psi,  ptum,  v.  tr. 
To  write  back,  reply. 

re-secro,  and  -sacro,  are,  avi, 
atum,  v.  tr.  (sacer).  To  take  off 
a  curse  or  execration. 

re-servo,  are,  ad,  aium,  v.  tr. 
To  keep  back. 

re-sideo,  ere,  ser/i,  v.  intr.  (,^- 
deo).  To  sit  down;  to  remain 
sitting. 

re-sisto,  ere,  stiti,  v.  intr.  To 
stand  still ;  to  oppose,  prevent. 

re-so!vo,  ere,  solci,  solutum,  v. 
tr.  To  untie,  loosen. 

respectus,  us,  m.  (resptcio). 
Respect,  regard,  consideration. 

re-spicio,  ere,  exi,  ectum,  v. 
intr.  (specio,  to  look).  To  look 
back  ;  to  review  ;  to  regard,  have 
a  care  for,  be  mindful  of. 

re-spiro,  are,  art,  atum,  v.  intr 
To  breathe  back,  respire. 

re-spondeo,  ere,  di,  sum,  v.  tr. 
spondeo,  to  pledge  one's  word). 
To  promise ;  to  answer,  respond, 
reply. 

responsum,  i,  n.  (respondeo). 
An  answer,  response ;  response 
of  an  oracle. 

res-publica,  reipubtica,  f.  A 
republic,  commonwealth,  state. 

re-spuo,  ere,  ui,  v.  tr.  (spuo,  to 
spit).  To  spit  back  ;  to  reject. 

re-stituo,  &re,  ui,  utum,  v.  tr. 


264 


RESTO  — RUSTICUS 


(statuo).  To  set  up  again;  tore- 
store,  rebuild,  renew. 

re-sto,  dte,  stlti,  v.  intr.  To 
oppose  ;  to  remain,  stop,  be  left. 

re-tardo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(tardo,  to  delay).  To  hinder,  re- 
tard, delay. 

re-tendo,  ere,  di,  turn  or  sum, 
v.  tr.  To  release  from  tension ;  to 
slacken,  relax,  unbend. 

retentus,  a,  urn,  part.  See  rS- 
tlneo. 

re-tineo,  ere,  ui,  tentum,  v.  tr. 
(teneo).  To  hold  or  keep  back ;  to 
detain,  retain,  restrain;  to  pre- 
serve, keep. 

re-torrldus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (tor- 
reo,  to  dry).  Dried  up;  wizen, 
wrinkled,  old. 

re-traho,  ere,  traxi,  tractum, 
v.  tr.  To  draw  or  pull  back ;  to 
withdraw ;  to  save,  keep  from. 

retro,  adv.  (re  and  pron.  suffix 
-tcr).  Backward,  back. 

rettudi.   -See  retundo. 

re-tundo,  ere,  tudi,  tusum  and 
tunsitm,  v.  tr.  (tundo,  to  beat). 
To  beat  back  ;  to  check. 

reus,  a,  um,  adj.  Accused. 
Subs.  A  defendant. 

re-verto,  ere,  ti,  sum,  v.  intr. 
and  — 

re-vertor,  i,  sus  sum.  v.  dep. 
To  turn  or  come  back  ;  to  return. 

re-voco,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  call  back,  recall;  to  invite  in 
turn ;  to  restore. 

rex,  regis,  m.  (rego).    A  king. 

rhetor,  dris,  m.  A  rhetori- 
cian ;  teacher  of  oratory  ;  orator. 

Rhddanus,  i,  m.  The  Rhone, 
a  river  of  Switzerland  and  France. 

Rhodii,  drum,  m.  The  Rhodi- 
ans,  inhabitants  of  Rhodus. 

Rhodus,  «,  f.  Rhodes,  an  is- 
land on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor. 


rideo,  ere,  si,  sum,  v.  intr.  To 
laugh. 

ridicule,  adv.  (ridco).  Mer- 
rily. 

rig'eo,  ere,  v.  intr.  To  be  stiff 
with  cold. 

rigor,  dris,  m.  (rtgeo).  Stiff- 
ness, rigidity,  numbness. 

risus,  us,  m.  (rideo).  Laughter, 
laughing,  merriment. 

rivus,  i,  m.  A  small  stream  of 
water ;  a  brook. 

robustus,  a,  um,  adj.  (robur, 
a  very  hard  kind  of  oak).  Made 
of  oak,  hard ;  Jig.,  strong,  robust, 

rogatus,  us,  m.  (rogo).  A  de- 
sire, request;  question. 

rogo,  are,  art,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
ask,  interrogate,  question ;  to  re- 
quest, entreat. 

rogus,  i,  m.    A  funeral  pile. 

Roma,  a,  f.    Rome. 

Romaiius,  a,  um,  adj.  Of 
Rome,  Roman.  Subs.  Romani, 
drum,  m.  The  Romans. 

rostrum,  i,  n.  (rodo,  to  gnaw). 
A  beak. 

Roxane,  es,  f.  A  daughter  of 
the  Bactrian  Oxyartes,  wife  of  Al- 
exander the  Great. 

riiber,  bra,  brum,  adj.  Red, 
ruddy. 

rudis,  e,  adj.  Rough,  unim- 
proved. 

rugosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (ruga,  a 
wrinkle).  Wrinkled. 

rumpo,  ere,  rupi,  ruptum,  v.  tr. 
To  burst,  break. 

ruo,  ere,  rui,  rutum,  v.  tr.  and 
intr.  To  rush,  rush  down,  fall. 

rursus  and  -sum,  adv.  (revcr- 
sus).  Back,  on  the  other  hand, 
again. 

rustic  us,  a,  um,  adj.  (rus,  the 
country).  Of  the  country,  rustic, 
clownish.  Sub*.  A  clown. 


SACCUS  —  SATIO 


265 


S. 

saccus,  i,  m.    A  sack,  bag. 

sacellum,  t.  n.  (dim.  of  sa- 
crum, sacer).  A  little  temple, 
chapel. 

sacer,  era,  crum,  adj,  Sacred, 
holy,  consecrated. 

sacerdos,  otis,  m.  and  f.  (sa- 
cer}. A  priest  or  priestess. 

sacramentum,  i,  n.  (sdcer). 
The  military  oath. 

sacrarium,  i,  n.  (sacer).  A 
sanctuary. 

sacrifice,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  (sacer,  f  ado).  To  sacri- 
fice ;  to  offer  or  perform  sacrifice. 

sacrilegium,  it  n.  (sacer,  lego}. 
Sacrilege. 

sacrum,  i,  n.  (sdcer).  Any- 
thing sacred  or  consecrated  to  the 
gods  ;  any  sacred  rite  or  sacrifice ; 
religious  worship. 

ssepe,  adv.  Often,  oftentimes, 
many  times,  frequently. 

saevio,  ire,  ii,  itum,  v.  intr. 
(scevus).  To  rage,  vent  one's  rage. 

saevitia,  ce,  f.  (seevtis).  Fierce- 
ness, hardness,  cruelty,  barbarity, 
severity. 

saevus,  a,  urn,  adj.  Cruel, 
rough,  severe,  fierce. 

sagacitas,  atis,  f.  (sdgax, 
shrewd).  Penetration,  sagacity, 
shrewdness. 

sagitta,  a,  f.    An  arrow. 

Saguntum,  or  -us,  i,  n.  and  f. 
A  city  of  Valentia,  in  Spain,  now 
Murviedro. 

Sal  am  is,  mis,  f.  An  island  in 
the  Saronic  Gulf. 

Sal  ami  n  ins,  a,  um,  adj.  (Sd- 
tomis).  Of  Salamis. 

salio,  iret  ui,  turn,  v.  intr.  To 
leap,  spring. 

saltern,  adv.  (salvus}.  At  least 


salto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  intr. 
(freq.  of  salio).  To  dance,  leap. 

saltus,  us  and  i,  m.  (sdlio).  A 
leap ;  forest,  thicket,  woody  val- 
ley, pass,  mountain-range. 

sfiSum,  *,.n.    The  sea. 

saSus,  utis,  f.  (sahus).  Health, 
safety,  preservation. 

saluto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(sdlus).  To  wish  health  to;  to 
greet,  salute. 

salvus,  a,  urn,  adj.  Safe,  un- 
hurt, sound,  in  good  health. 

Samos.  or  -us,  t,  f.  An  island 
in  the  ^Egean  Sea,  opposite  to 
the  promontory  of  Mycale,  on  the 
coast  of  Ionia. 

sanctus,  a,  um,  adj.  (sancio,  to 
render  sacred).  Sacred,  holy. 

sane,  adv.  (sanus,  whole).  Tru- 
ly, indeed. 

sanguis,  tnis,  m.    Blood. 

sauitas,  atis,  f.  (sanus,  sound). 
Health. 

sapiens,  entis,  adj.  (sdpio). 
Wise. 

sapienter,  adv.  (sdpiens). 
Wisely. 

sapientia,  &,  f.  (sapiens). 
Wisdom. 

sapio,  Sre,  ivi  (n),  v.  tr.  and 
intr.  To  taste  ;  to  be  wise. 

sapor,  oris,  m.  (sapio).    Taste. 

sarcina, «,  f.  (sarcio,  to  mend). 
A  burden,  pack. 

Sardinia,  «?,  f.  Sardinia,  an 
island  in  the  Mediterranean. 

Sardis,  is,  or  Sardes,  ium,  f. 
The  chief  city  of  Lydia. 

sarmentiim,  i,  n.  (sarpo,  to 
trim).  A  twig. 

satelles,  Mis,  m.  andf.  An  at- 
tendant, lifeguard. 

satio,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  (sd- 
tis).  To  fill  with  food ;  to  satiate, 
satisfy. 


266 


SATIS  —  SE  JUNGO 


satis,  adv.  Enough,  sufficient, 
sufficiently  ;  satis,  enough,  so  that 
one  needs  no  more ;  abunde,  more 
than  enough ;  affatim,  enough 
even  to  weariness. 

sat  or,  5m,  m.  (sej'o,  to  sow). 
The  creator,  father,  sire. 

satrapa,  «,  and  -es,  is,  m.  The 
governor  of  a  Persian  province, 
viceroy,  satrap. 

saturo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(satur,  sated).  To  fill,  glut,  sati- 
ate. 

saucio,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(saucius).  To  wound,  hurt. 

saucius,  a,  urn,  adj.  Wounded, 
hurt ;  wounded  in  mind,  sad, 
troubled. 

sax  urn,  t,  n.  Any  large,  rough 
stone ;  a  fragment  of  a  rock, 

scan  do,  ere,  di,  sum,  v.  intr. 
To  climb,  mount. 

scapha,  ce,  f.  A  little  boat ;  a 
skiff. 

scelestus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (scelus). 
Wicked,  base. 

scelus,  eris,  n.  A  heinous  ac- 
tion ;  a  crime,  an  evil  deed  ;  wick- 
edness ;  villany. 

scena,  ce,  f.  The  stage,  scene 
of  a  theatre. 

scilicet,  adv.  (contr.  for  scire, 
Kcet).  Forsooth,  to  wit,  truly. 

scio,  ire,  ivi  (ii),itum,v.tr.  To 
know,  understand,  have  knowl- 
edge of. 

Scipio,  onis,  m.  I.  Publius 
Cornelius,  surnamed  the  Elder 
Africanus.  II.  Publius  Cornelius 
Scipio  ^Emilianus,  surnamed  the 
Younger  Africanus. 

scribo,  Sre,  psi,  ptum,  v.  tr.  To 
write,  compose. 

scriptor,  oris,  m.  (scribo}.  A 
writer,  author. 

scyphus,  i,  m.    A  cup,  goblet. 


Scytha,  or  -es,  a,  m.  A  Scyth- 
ian, native  of  Scythia. 

Scythia,  «?,  f.  Scytliia,  the 
country  north  of  the  Black  and 
Caspian  Seas. 

seeius,  comp.  of  secus,  adv. 
Less ;  otherwise. 

sector,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dcp. 
(sequor).  To  follow  after ;  to  seek 
to  imitate. 

seculum,  *,  n.  A  race;  a  life- 
time, an  age. 

secum,  i.  e.,  cum  se. 

secundus,  a,  um,  adj.  (sequor). 
Following ;  following  the  first,  the 
second  ;  going  in  the  same  direc- 
ti:.n ;  fair,  prosperous,  favoring, 
favorable ;  res  secundte,  prosper- 
ity ;  secundo  cestu,  with  the  tide. 

securltas,  atis,  f.  (securus). 
Freedom  from  care,  unconcern. 

securus,  a,um,  adj.  (sine,  cura). 
Free  from  care,  unconcerned,  se- 
cure. 

sed,  conj.    But,  yet. 

sedeo,  ere,  sedi,  sessum,  v.  intr. 
To  sit. 

sedes,  is,  f.  (sedeo).  A  seat, 
bench;  position,  condition. 

sedltio,  onis,  f.  (sed,  i.  e.,  sine 
Uio,  from  eo).  Originally,  a  going 
aside;  civil  discord,  insurrection, 
sedition. 

seditiosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (sedftio). 
Factious,  mutinous,  seditious,  tur- 
bulent. 

sedo,  are,  avi,  dtum,  v.  tr.  and 
intr.  (sedeo).    To  allay,  appease, 
calm,  quiet,  end,  stop. 
*  segnis,  e,  adj.  (sequor).    Slow, 
tardy,  sluggish,  dilatory. 

se-grggo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(grex).  To  take  out  Of  the  flock  ; 
to  separate. 

se-jungo,  ere,  nxi,  nctum,  v.  tr. 
To  disjoin,  separate. 


SELLA  —  SEVERUS 


2G7 


sella,  ce,  f.  (sedeo).  A  seat, 
chair. 

semel,  adv.  Once,  but  once, 
once  for  all. 

semi-animis,  e,  adj.  (semi, 
half,  animus).  Half  alive,  half 
dead. 

semper,  adv.    Always,  ever. 

senarius,  a,  um,  adj.  (seni,  six 
each).  Containing  six  feet. 

senattis,  us,  m.  (sSnex).  A 
council  of  elders ;  the  senate. 

senecta,  ce,  f.  (senex). 'Old  age. 

senesco,  8re,  senui,  v.  intr. 
(senex).  To  grow  old,  decay. 

senex,  sSnis,  comp.  senior,  sup. 
supplied  by  maxlmus  natu,  adj. 
Old,  aged.  Subs.  An  old  person. 

sensim,  adv.  (sentio).  Gradu- 
ally, gently,  slowly. 

sensus,  us,  m.  (sentio}.  Sense, 
feeling ;  judgment,thought ;  mean- 
ing. 

sententia,  a,  f.  (sentio).  Opin- 
ion, judgment,  sentence,  expres- 
sion, thought,  reflection ;  purpose ; 
decree. 

sentio,  ire,  sensi,  sensum,  v.  tr. 
To  discern,  perceive,  think,  ob- 
serve, be  of  opinion ;  to  feel,  ex- 
perience. 

separatim,  adv.  (separo,  to 
disjoin).  Asunder,  apart,  sepa- 
rately, severally. 

sepelio,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  ultum,  v. 
tr.  To  bury,  inter. 

sepio,  ire,  psi,  ptum,  v.  tr.  (se- 
pes,  a  hedge).  To  hedge  in,  en- 
close, guard,  shelter. 

septem,  nom.  adj.  indecl. 
Seven. 

septentrio,  onis,  generally  in 
plur.  Septentriones,  urn,  m.  (sep- 
tem, ti tones,  ploughing  oxen). 
The  seven  stars,  near  the  north 
pole,  which  form  the  constellation 


of  the  Great  Bear,  or  Wain ;  the 
north  wind  ;  the  north. 

septimus,  a,-  um,  num.  adj. 
(septem).  Seventh;  septimus  de- 
cimus,  seventeenth. 

septingenti,  ce,  a,  num.  adj. 
(septem,  centum).  Seven  hundred. 

septuagesimus,  a,  um,  num. 
adj.  (septuagintd).  Seventieth. 

septuaginta,  num.  adj.  indecl. 
Seventy. 

sepulchrum,  or  -crum,  i,  n. 
(sepelio).  A  burial-place,  grave, 
sepulchre,  tomb ;  tombstone. 

sepultura,  #,  f.  (sepelio).  Buri- 
al, interment. 

sequor,  i,  cutus  sum,  v.  dep.  To 
follow,  pursue;  to  adopt;  to  be- 
long to. 

serenus,  a,  um,  adj.  Clear,  fair, 
bright,  serene. 

sermo,  onis,  m.  (sero,  to  join 
or  bind  together).  Common  dis- 
course, talk ;  rumor,  speech. 

serpeiis,  ntis,  m.  and  f.  (serpot 
to  creep).  A  snake,  serpent. 

serus,  a,  um,  adj.    Late. 

Servilius,  i,  m.  The  name  of 
a  Roman  gens. 

servio,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itum,  v.  intr. 
(servus).  To  be  a  slave ;  to  serve, 
obey  ;  to  provide  for,  take  care  of, 
attend  to ;  to  try  to  procure. 

servitus,  utis,  f.  (servus).  Sla- 
very, bondage. 

servo,  are,  am,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
keep,  lay  up,  preserve. 

serviilus,  i,  m.  (dim.  of  ser- 
vus). A  young  slave. 

servus,  i,  m.  A  slave,  bond- 
man ;  servant. 

se-se,  emphatic  for  se.  Sec  sui. 

severitas,  atis,  f.  (seuerus).  Se- 
verity, rigor. 

severus,  a,  ttm,  adj.  Grave, 
strict,  rigorous,  severe,. harsh. 


268 


SEUTHES  —  SOCRATES 


.  Seuthes/ts,  m.  A  king  of  the 
Tbracians  in  the  time  of  Alcibia,- 
dcs. 

sex,  num.  adj.  indecl.    Six. 

sexagenarius,  i,  m.  (sexage- 
ni).  A  man  of  sixty,  a  sexagena- 
rian. 

sexageni,  <z,  a,  num.  adj.  (sex- 
aginta).  Sixty  each,  sixty. 

sexaginta,  num.  adj.  indecl. 
Sixty. 

sexcenti,  a>,  a,  num.  adj.  (sex, 
centum).  Six  hundred. 

sextus,  a,  urn,  num.  adj.  (sex). 
Sixth. 

si,  conj.    If. 

sic,  r.dv.    So,  thus. 

Sicilia,  ee,  f.  Sicily,  the  largest 
island  in  the  Mediterranean. 

sic-ut,  and  sic-uti,  adv.  As, 
just  as,  so  as,  as  well  as. 

Sidonius,  a,  urn,  adj.  (Sidoti). 
Of  or  belonging  to  Sidon.  Sido- 
nia  (sc.  urbs).  The  city  Sidon. 

Sigambri,  drum,  m.  The  Si- 
gambri. 

significo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(signum,  facio).  To  give  notice 
or  warning ;  to  give  a  sign  or  sig- 
nal ;  to  signify,  indicate,  intimate. 

signum,  i,  n.  A  sign,  emblem, 
mark,  seal  ;  standard ;  signal. 

Silei,  drum,  m.    The  Silei. 

Silenus,  i,  m.  A  Carthaginian 
historian. 

sllentium,  *,  n.  (slleo).  Silence. 

sileo,.  ere,  ui,  v.  intr.  To  be 
silent. 

silva,  a>,  f.    A  wood,  forest. 

similis,  e,  adj.    Like,  similar. 

slmiliter,  adv.  (slmilis).  Like- 
wise, in  a  like  manner. 

sirnius,  i,  m.    An  ape. 

simpliciter,  adv.  (simplex, 
plain).  Plainly,  simply,  in  a 
straightforward  manner. 


simul,  adv.  Together,  in  com- 
pany, at  once,  at  the  same  time. 

simiil-ac,  adv.    As  soon  as. 

simulacrum,  i,  n.  (slmilis). 
An  image,  likeness. 

simfilo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(stmilis).  To  assume  the  appear- 
ance of  a  thing ;  to  make  like ; 
to  feign,  pretend,  counterfeit. 

sin,  conj.  (si,  ne).  But  if,  if 
not,  otherwise. 

sine,  prep,  with  abl.    Without. 

singuli,  &,  a  [in  the  sing,  only 
ante  and  post-classical],  num.  adj. 
distrib.  Separate,  single,  one  by 
one,  every,  several. 

sino,  ere,  sivi  (ii),  sUum,  v.  tr. 
To  suffer,  allow,  permit. 

sinus,  its,  m.    The  bosom. 

si-quidem,  adv.  If  indeed, 
since,  inasmuch  as. 

si-quis,  or  si-qui,  stqua,  siquid 
or  siquod,  indef.  pron.  If  any,  if 
any  one,  if  anything. 

sisto,  ere,  stlti,  stdtum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  To  check,  stop,  stay. 

sitio,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  v.  tr.  and  intr. 
(sUis).  To  thirst,  be  thirsty. 

sitis,  is,  f.    Thirst. 

situs,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj. 
(sino).  Situated,  planted. 

sl-ve,  conj.  Or  if;  sive  —  sive, 
whether  —  or. 

smaragdus,  *,  m.  An  emerald. 

sobdles,  is,  f.  (sub,  OLEO, 
whence  olesco,  to  grow).  Offspring, 
race,  progeny. 

socer,  eri,  m.   A  father-in-law. 

societas,  dtis,  f.  (sdcius).  Fel- 
lowship, partnership,  alliance,  as- 
sociation ;  society. 

socia,  ce,  f.  A  sharer,  partner, 
associate,  ally. 

sdcius,  i,  m.  A  partner,  com- 
panion, ally,  sharer,  associate. 

Socrates,  is,  m.    Socrates,  an 


SODALIS  —  SPERNO 


269 


Athenian,  the  most  celebrated 
philosopher  of  antiquity. 

sddalis,  is,  m.  and  f.  A  mate, 
comrade,  boon  companion. 

Sogdiani,  drum,  m.  The  Sog- 
diani,  inhabitants  of  Sogdiana,  ly- 
ing between  the  Oxus  and  the 
Jaxartes. 

so!,  soils,  m.    The  sun. 

solacium,  i,  n.  (solor,  to  con- 
sole). A  soothing,  comfort,  con- 
solation. 

solemnis,  e,  adj.  (sollus,  i.  e., 
totus,  annus).  Stated,  religious, 
solemn. 

solemnlter,  adv.  (solemnis]. 
In  a  religious  or  solemn  manner ; 
in  the  usual  manner. 

soleo,  ere,  itus  sum  [partici- 
ples solens  and  solltus],  v.  semi- 
dep.  To  be  wont,  be  accustomed ; 
to  use. 

soildus,  a,  tmi,  adj.  (solum). 
Firm,  dense,  compact ;  solid,  well- 
grounded. 

solitudo,  tnis,  f.  (solus).  Lone- 
liness, solitude ;  lonely  place, 
desert,  wilderness. 

solltus,  a,  um,  part,  and  adj. 
(sdleo).  "Wonted,  customary. 

sollemnis,  &c.    See  solemnis. 

sollicito,  are,  am,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(solllcitus).  To  move  violently; 
to  invite. 

sollicitiis,  a,  um,  adj.  (sollus, 
i.  e.,  totus,  cieo).  Anxious,  full  of 
care. 

solum,  adv.  (solus).  Only, 
merely,  alone. 

solum,  i,  n.  Soil,  land,  country. 

solus,  a,  um,  gen.  solius,  dat. 
soli,  adj.  Alone,  only,  solitary. 

solutio,  onis,  f.  (50/1*0).  A  loos- 
ing, payment. 

solvo,  ere,  solvi,  sdlutum,  v.  tr. 
To  loose,  untie,  set  free ;  to  pay. 


somiiium,  i,  n.  (somnus).  A 
dream. 

somnus,  i,  m.    Sleep. 

sonipes,  edis,  m.  (sdnus,  pes). 
A  charger,  courser,  steed. 

sonitus,  us,  m.  (sono,  to  sound). 
A  sound,  accent,  tune. 

soiius,  t,  m.  (sono,  to  sound). 
A  sound. 

soph  us,  t,  m.    A  wise  man. 

sorbitio,  onis,  f.  (sorbeo,  to 
drink).  Soup,  broth. 

sordidus,  a,  um,  adj.  (sordeot 
to  be  dirty).  Dirty,  mean,  ignoble. 

soror,  oris,  f.    A  sister. 

sors,  tis,  f.  (sero,  to  join).  Lot, 
chance. 

Sosilus,  i,  m.  A  Spartan  his- 
torian. 

spargo,  ere,  si,  sum,  v.  tr.  To 
spread  abroad ;  to  diffuse. 

Sparta,  a,  f.  The  capital  of 
Laconia. 

Spartanus,  a,  um,  adj.  (Spar- 
ta). Of  Sparta.  Subs.  A  Spartan. 

sparum,  i,  n.,  and  -us,  i,  m. 
A  kind  of  small  dart  or  lance. 

species,  el,  f.  (specio,  to  look). 
The  look,  appearance,  exterior; 
pretext. 

spectaculum,  »,  n.  (specto).  A 
show,  sight,  spectacle. 

specto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(freq.  of  specio,  to  look).  To  look 
at,  behold,  have  in  view ;  to  con- 
sider, regard ;  to  tend  or  point  to- 
wards ;  to  aim  at,  strive  after. 

speculator,  oris,  m.  (spSculor, 
to  view).  A  scout,  spy. 

speculum,  *',  n.  (specio,  to 
look).  A  mirror. 

specus,  us,  m.,  f.,  and  n.  A 
cave,  hole,  abyss,  cavern. 

sperno,  Sre,  sprevi,  spretum,  v. 
tr.  To  despise,  contemn,  reject, 
scorn. 


270 


SPERO  —  STUPOR 


spero,  are,  avi,  atuni,  v.  tr.  To 
hope,  trust,  expect. 

spes,  spSi  [wants  gen.,  dat.,  and 
abl.  plural],  f.  (spero).  Hope. 

spiritus,  us,  m.  (spiro).  Breath, 
life. 

spiro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  and 
intr.  To  breathe  ;  to  blow. 

splendidus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (splen- 
deo,  to  shine).  Bright,  illustri- 
ous. 

splendor,  oris,  m.  (splendeo, 
to  shine).  Splendor,  brilliancy, 
brightness. 

spolio,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(spolium).  To  rob,  plunder. 

spolium,  iy  n.  The  spoil  of  an 
animal,  skin,  hide;  the  arms  or 
armor  stripped  from  a  defeated 
enemy  ;  booty,  prey,  spoil. 

spondeo,  ere,  spdpondi,  spon- 
sum,  v.  tr.  To  promise  solemnly. 

spontis,  sponte  [gen.  and  abl. 
of  a  noun,  of  which  no  other 
cases  occur],  f.  Of  one's  own  ac- 
cord or  free  will. 

spumo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  (spuma,  foam).  To  foam. 

stadium,  i,  n.  A  stade,  stadium. 

stagnum,  i,  n.  (sto).  Standing 
water. 

statim,adv.  (sto).  Forthwith, 
straightway,  immediately. 

Statira,  ce,  f.  Statira,  the  eld- 
est daughter  of  Darius  Codoman- 
nus.  She  was  offered  by  him  in 
marriage  to  Alexander  the  Great 
before  the  battle  of  Arbela,  and 
was  afterwards  married  by  the 
conqueror  at  Susa. 

statua,  ce,  f.  (statuo).  An  im- 
age, statue. 

statuo,  ere,  ui,  utum,  v.  tr.  (sto). 
To  put,  place,  set  up,  erect ;  to 
fix,  determine,  appoint,  resolve. 

status,  its,  in.  (sto).    Condition. 


stercus,  cdris,  n.    Dung. 

steiilis,  e,  adj.    Barren. 

Ktcrqiiilluum,  f,  n.  (stercus). 
A  dunghill. 

Stesagoras,  ce,  m.  A  brother 
of  Miltiades. 

stipe  11  diarius,  a,  um,  adj. 
(stipmdium).  Tributary. 

stipe nd ium, /,  n.  (stips,  a  con- 
tribution, pendo).  A  tax,  pay, 
stipend. 

stirps,  stirpis,  m.  and  f.  The 
root  or  trunk  of  a  tree ;  stock  or 
family ;  offspring,  lineage. 

sto,  are,  .steti,  stdtum,  v.  intr. 
To  stand ;  to  continue,  remain. 

strages,  is,  f.  (sterno,  to  pros- 
trate).    An    overthrow,    defeat; 
slaughter,  massacre. 
-   strenuus.   a,  um,  adj.    Stout, 
manly  ;  active,  brave,  valiant. 

stringo,  ere,  inxi,  ictum,  v.  tr. 
To  draw  tight ;  to  bind  oi\  tie 
tight ;  to  draw,  bind,  or  press  to- 
gether. 

stropha,  ce,  f.  A  crook,  turn ; 
a  trick,  artifice. 

studiose,  adv.  (studiosus). 
Carefully,  eagerly,  studiously. 

studiosus,  a,  um,  adj.  (studi- 
um).  Careful,  eager,  fond,  dili- 
gent, studious. 

stfidium,  i,  n.  (studeo,  to  be  car- 
nest.).  Earnest  application  of 
mind,  study  ;  eager  pursuit,  zeal, 
devotion.  Plur.  studies. 

stulte,  adv.  (stultus).  Foolish- 
ly. 

stultitia,  ce,  f.  (stultus}.  Folly, 
foolishness,  stupidity,  silliness. 

stultus,  a,  um,  adj.  Foolish, 
simple,  silly,  stupid. 

stupeo,  ere,  ui,  v.  tr.  and  intr. 
To  be  astonished,  amazed,  stupe- 
fied. 

stupor,      oris,     m.     (stupeo). 


STUPRUM  —  SUGAMBRI 


271 


Numbness  ;  dulness,  stupidity  ; 
astonishment,  amazement. 

stuprum,  i,  n.  Dishonor,  adul- 
tery, ravishment. 

suadeo,  ere,  si,  sum,  v.  tr.  and 
intr.  To  persuade,  advise,  counsel. 

sufivis,  e,  adj.  Sweet,  pleas- 
ant, agreeable. 

sub,  prep,  with  ace.  or  abl.  Un- 
der, at,  near  the  time  of. 

sub-alai  is,  e,  adj.  (ala,  a  wing). 
Under  the  wing  ;  under  the  arm. 

sub-do,  ere,  dldi,  dltum,  v.  tr. 
To  put,  place,  set,  or  lay  under. 

sub-ddlus,  a,  urn,  adj.  Crafty, 
deceitful. 

sub-duco,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v  tr. 
To  withdraw,  remove ;  to  free 
from. 

sub-eo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  Mum,  v. 
irr. '  To  go  under;  to  undergo, 
suffer,  submit  to  ;  to  come  up  to. 

siib-isro,  ere,  egi,  actum,  v.  tr. 
(ticjo).  To  bring  under ;  to  coii- 
quer,  subdue,  force,  constrain. 

subito,  adv.  (subltus).  Sud- 
denly, on  a  sudden. 

subltus,  a,  um,  adj.  (subeo). 
Sudden,  hasty,  unexpected. 

sub-jicio,  ere,  jeci,  jectum,  v. 
tr.  (jdcio).  To  throw  or  place 
under ;  to  subject ;  to  substitute. 

sub-lSvo,  are,  aci,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  raise  up;  to  support,  help. 

sub-moveo,  ere,  mdvi,  motum, 
v.  tr.  To  move  or  drive  away. 

suboles,  is,  f.    See  sdbtiles. 

sub-orno,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
To  fit  out,  secretly  incite,  suborn. 

sub-ripio,  ere,  ui,  reptwn,  V. 
tr.  (rdpio).  To  take  secretly  ;  to 
steal. 

sub-s6qtior,  i,  sScutus  sum,\. 
dep.  To  follow  close  after. 

sub-sidium,  i,  n.  (sub,  sedco). 
Aid,  succor ;  a  body  of  reserve. 


sub-stituo,  ere,  ui,  utum,  v.  tr. 
(stdtuo).  To  place  under ;  to  put 
in  the  place  of  another ;  to  substi- 
tute. 

sub-sum,  esse,  fui,  v.  irr.  To 
be  under ;  to  be  at  hand  or  near. 

sub-verto,  &re,  ti,  sum,  v.  tr. 
To  turn  upside  down ;  to  over- 
throw, destroy,  subvert. 

succedo,  ere,  cessi,  cessum,  v. 
tr.  and  intr.  (sub,  cedo}.  To  go  or 
come  under ;  to  come  up,  ap- 
proach; to  submit;  to  succeed, 
prosper. 

succendo,  Sre,  di,  sum,  v.  tr. 
(sub,  candeo,  to  glow).  To  set  on 
me;  inflame. 

successor,  oris,  m.  (succedo). 
A  follower,  successor. 

successus,  us,  m.  (succedo). 
Success. 

succumbo,  ere,  tibiri,  tibitum, 
v.  intr.  (sub,cubo,  to  recline).  To 
sink  or  fall  under ;  to  sink  down ; 
to  yield,  submit,  give  up. 

succurro,  ere,  curri,  cursum, 
v.  intr.  (sub,  curro).  To  hasten 
to  help. 

sud or,  oris,  m.  (sudo,  to  sweat). 
Sweat, 

suff  ero,  ferre,  sustuli,  subla- 
tum,  v.  irr.  (sub,  f  ero).  To  hold 
up,  support ;  to  take  up,  pick  up  ; 
to  offer,  proffer,  give. 

suificio,  ere,  fed,  fectum,  v. 
tr.  (sub,  fdcio).  To  put  in  the 
place  of;  to  substitute,  appoint  as 
successor ;  to  furnish ;  to  be  suffi- 
cient; to  suffice. 

suffragium,  *,  n.  (sub,  fran- 
ffo).  A  vote,  suffrage. 

suffragor,  ari,  dtus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (suffragium).  To  vote  ;  to 
favor,  support. 

Siigambri,  drum,  m.  The  Su- 
gambri. 


272 


SUI  —  SUSTINEO 


sui,  slbi,  se,  pers.  pron.  Him- 
self, herself,  itself;  themselves. 

Sulpicius,  it  m.  I.  Publius 
Sulpicius  Galba,  a  consul  in  the 
time  of  Hannibal.  II.  Blitho,  a 
historian  who  wrote  an  account 
of  the  exploits  of  Hannibal. 

sum,  esse,fui,  v.  irr.    To  be. 

sum  ma,  a,  f.  (summits).  The 
amount ;  a  sum  of  money  ;  chief 
power,  command  ;  the  whole. 

summus,  a,  um,  sup.  of  supe- 
rus,  adj.  Highest,  greatest. 

sumo,  ere,  sumpsi,  sumptum,  v. 
tr.  (sub,  emo).  To  take,  assume. 

sum  plus,  and  sumtus,  us,  m. 
(sumo).  Expense,  cost. 

super,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl. 
Upon,  over, 'above,  about,  beyond  ; 
erat  super,  for  supererat,  was  left. 

superbia,  a,  f.  (superbus,  up- 
lifted). Haughtiness,  -pride. 

superior,  us,  gen.  oris,  comp. 
of  superus,  adj.  Higher. 

super-mitto,  ere,  misi,  mis- 
sum,  v.  tr.  To  put  in  afterwards ; 
to  add. 

siipero,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  (super).  To  go  or  climb 
over,  pass ;  to  overcome,  subdue ; 
to  excol,  surpass,  exceed. 

superstes,  ids,  adj.  (stiper, 
sto).  Remaining,  surviving. 

siiperstitio,  onis,  f.  (super, 
sto).  Superstition,  unreasonable 
religious  belief. 

super-sum,  esse,fui,  v.  irr.  To. 
be  over  and  above ;  to  be  super- 
fluous, abound  ;  to  be  left,  remain, 
survive. 

super  us,  a,  um,  comp.  superi- 
or, sup.  supremus  or  summus,  adj. 
(sfiper).  That  is  above,  high. 
Subs,  siiperi,  drum,  m.  The  gods 
above,  the  celestial  deities. 

super-vacaneus,   a,  um,  adj. 


(vdcuus,  empty).  Unnecessary, 
superfluous. 

super-venio,  ire,  veni,  ventum, 
v.  tr.  and  intr.  To  come  over ;  to 
arrive. 

suppedito,  are,  avi,  atum,  v. 
tr.  (sub,  peto).  To  furnish,  afford, 
supply. 

suppl erne  11  turn,  i,  n.  (sup- 
pleo).  A  filling  up ;  a  filling  up 
a  body  of  troops,  recruiting,  re- 
enforcement. 

suppleo,  ere,  evi,  etum,  v.  tr. 
(sub,  pleo,  to  fill).  To  fill  up. 

supple*,  ids,  adj.  (sub,  pllco, 
to  fold).  Bending  the  knee,  kneel- 
ing down,  humbly  begging,  be- 
seeching, suppliant. 

supplieium,  i,  n.  (supplex). 
Properly,  a  kneeling  down,  either 
as  a  suppliant  or  to  receive  pun- 
ishment; punishment. 

supra,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace. 
Above,  upon,  beyond. 

Susa,  drum,  n.,  and  Susa,  a,  f. 
The  ancient  capital  of  Persia. 

Susamlthres,  ce,  m.  One  of  the 
murderers  of  Alcibiades. 

suscipio,  ere,  cepi,  ceptum,  v. 
tr.  (sub,  capio).  To  take  up,  sup- 
port ;  to  undertake  ;  to  take,  re- 
ceive ;  to  beget,  bear  children. 

suspenclo,  ere,  di,  sum,  v.  tr. 
(sub,  pendo).  To  hang  up;  to 
hang,  suspend. 

suspicio,ere,  spexi,  spectum,  v. 
tr.  and  intr.  (sub,  sp$cio,  to  look). 
To  suspect,  mistrust. 

susplcio,  onis,  f.  (susplcor). 
Suspicion,  mistrust,  jealousy. 

susplcor,  dri,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(susplcio).  To  mistrust,  suspect. 

sustineo,  ere,  tlnui,  tentum,  v. 
tr.  (sub,  teneo).  To  hold  up  ;  to 
sustain,  endure ;  to  withstand,  re- 
sist ;  to  check,  restrain. 


SUSTULI  —  TEMPERO 


273 


snstuli.    See  tollo. 

sutor,  or/*,  m.  (suo,  to  sew). 
A  cobbler,  shoemaker. 

suns,  a,  um,  reflex,  adj.  pron. 
His  own,  her  own,  its  own;  one's 
own ;  their  own. 

Syracusae,  arum,  f.   Syracuse. 

Syracusani,  drum,  m.  Inhab- 
itants of  Syracuse,  Syracusans. 

Syria,  a,  f.  Syria,  a  country 
of  Asia. 

T. 

T.,  abbrev.  for  Titus. 

tabellarius,  i,  m.  (tabella,  a 
writing  tablet).  A  letter  carrier, 
a  courier. 

taberna,  ce,  f.  A  shop,  inn, 
tavern. 

taceo,  ere,  cut,  cltum,  v.  tr.  and 
intr.  To  be  silent. 

tacit e,  adv.  (tdcitus).  Silently, 
secretly. 

tacitus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (taceo).  Si- 
lent, tacit. 

tactus,  us,  m.  (tango).  A  touch- 
ing, touch,  handling. 

taedium,  i,  n.  (tcedet,  it  dis- 
gusts). Weariness,  irksomeness. 

taenia,  «,  f.  A  band,  ribbon, 
fillet ;  a  head-band. 

talentum,  i,  n.  A  talent,  a 
weight  or  a  sum  of  money.  The 
Attic  talent  is  usually  computed 
as  representing  about  $  1000. 

tails,  e,  adj.    Such,  like. 

tarn,  adv.  So,  so  much;  fol- 
lowed by  quam,  as. 

tam-dm,  adv.     So  long. 

tamen,  adv.  However,  not- 
withstanding, nevertheless,  yet. 

Tamphilus,  i,  m.  M.  Bae- 
bius,  a  Roman  consul. 

tam-quam,  or  tanquam,  adv. 
As,  as  well  as ;  as  it  were,  as  if. 

18 


Tanais,  is,  m.  I.  The  river 
Don.  II.  The  Jaxartes. 

tail d em,  adv.  (tarn  and  the  de- 
monstrative affix  -dem).  At  h.;;t, 
at  length. 

tango,  ere,  tetigi,  tactum,  v. 
tr.  To  touch ;  to  reach ;  to  med- 
dle with. 

tanto,  adv.  (tantus).  So  much, 
by  so  much. 

tan  turn,  adv.  (tantus}.  So 
much ;  only. 

tantus,  a,  um,  adj.  (tarn  and 
the  adjective  ending  -tus}.  So 
great  in  amount,  extent,  value, 
degree,  etc.,  so  much. 

tardus,  a,  um,  adj.  Slow,  slug- 
gish, lazy. 

Tarentinus,  a,  um,  adj.  Of 
or  belonging  to  Tarentum,  a  town 
of  Calabria,  in  Lower  Italy.  Subs. 
Tdrentini,  drum,  m.  The  Taren- 
tines. 

Tarsus,  i,  f.  Tarsus,  the  capi- 
tal of  Cilicia. 

tar  tare  us,  a,  um,  adj.  Of  or 
belonging  to  the  infernal  regions, 
Tartarean,  infernal. 

taurus,  i,  m.    A  bull. 

Taurus,  i,  m.  A  high  moun- 
tain range  in  Asia. 

tectum,  i,  n.  (tego).  Roof, 
house,  shelter. 

tego,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v.  tr.  To 
cover,  conceal ;  to  protect,  defend. 

telum,  i,  n.  Properly,  any  mis- 
sile weapon,  afterwards  in  general 
any  weapon  with  which  one  at- 
tacks an  enemy  ;  a  dart,  javelin. 

temere,  adv.  By  chance,  rash- 
ly, inconsiderately. 

temo,  dnis,  m.  (tcndo).  A 
beam,  pole  of  a  carriage. 

tempgro,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(tempus).  To  mingle  in  due  pro- 
portion ;  to  govern,  manage. 


274 


TEMPESTAS  —  THERMOPYL^ 


lempestas,  atis,  f.  (tempus}. 
Time,  season  or  time  of  the  year; 
weather,  storm,  tempest. 

templum,  ?,  n.    A  temple,  fane. 

tempus,  oris,  n.  (temno,  to  cut). 
A  portion  or  period  of  time ;  time, 
opportunity,  occasion ;  exigency, 
emergency. 

tendo,  ere,  tetendi,  tensum  or 
tenium,  v.  tr.  and  intr.  To  stretch 
out,  strain,  exert ;  (of  a  bow)  to 
bend  ;  to  direct  one's  course. 

teneo,  ere,  tSnui,  tentum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  To  hold,  keep,  possess, 
detain. 

tensus,  a,  um,  part.  See  tendo. 

tento,  arc,  ai'i,  at  urn,  v.  tr. 
(freq.  of  teneo).  To  try  or  exam- 
ine by  feeling;  to  try,  attempt, 
sound,  explore. 

teiiuis,  c,  adj.  Slender,  thin, 
fine;  feeble;  trifling;  mean. 

tenuitas,  atis,f.  (tenuis).  Thin- 
ness, leanness,  slenderness;  in- 
significance, poverty. 

teiius,  prep,  with  abl.  As  far 
as. 

Terentius, «',  m.  Cams  Varro, 
a  Homan  consul. 

tergum,  i,  n.    The  back. 

tergus,  dris,  n.    The  back. 

terminus,  i,  m.  A  boundary- 
line,  boundary,  bound,  limit. 

terra,  #>,  f.  The  earth,  land, 
ground ;  country. 

terreo,  ere,  ui,  ttum,  v.  tr.  To 
frighten,  alarm,  put  in  fear,  ter- 
rify. 

terrestris,  e,  adj.  (terra).  Of 
or  belonging  to  the  land,  earthly ; 
terresires  cxercitus,  land  armies. 

terribllis,  &,  adj.  (terreo). 
Frightful,  terrible,  dreadful. 

terror,  oris,  m.  (terreo).  Ter- 
ror, great  fear,  affright,  dread, 
alarm. 


tertio,  adv.  (tertius}.  For  the 
third  time,  thirdly. 

tertius,  a,  um,  num.  adj.  (tres). 
The  third. 

testa,  ce,  f.  A  potsherd,  earth- 
en ware ;  an  earthen  pot  or  j;ir ; 
a  shell,  brick,  or  tile ;  a  shell  used 
in  ostracism. 

testatus,  a,  um,  adj.  (testor). 
Generally  known,  notorious. 

tcstlmoniuni,  ^,  n.  (testis).  An 
evidence,  declaration,  testimony. 

testis,  is,  m.  and  f.    A  witness. 

tester,  ari,  dtus  sum,  v.  dcp. 
(testis).  To  bear  witness;  to  de- 
clare, assert;  to  call  to  witness, 
conjure. 

testudo,  rm>,_f.  (testa}.  A  tor- 
toise; tortoise-shell;  a  close  body 
of  men,  with  their  shields  over 
their  heads  locked  into  one  an- 
other; a  warlike  machine  made 
of  planks,  covered  with  raw  hides, 
under  cover  of  which  the  besieg- 
ers of  a  town  used  to  get  close  up 
to  the  walls,  cither  to  undermine 
them  or  to  apply  the  battering- 
ram. 

testula,  #,  f.  (dim.  of  testa). 
A  small  tile;  a  shell  used  by  the 
Athenians  in  the  ostracism. 

Thara,  cc,  f.  Thara,  a  town  of 
the  Parthians. 

Thebae,  arum,  f.  Thebes,  the 
capital  of  Boeotia. 

Thebanus,  a,  um,&&).(Theba). 
Of  or  belonging  to  Thebes.  Subs. 
A  Theban,  inhabitant  of  Thebes. 

Themistocles,  is,  m.  An 
Athenian. 

Theopompus,  i,  m.  A  Gre- 
cian historian  and  orator. 

Therameiies,  is,  m.  An  Athe- 
nian general. 

Thermopylae,  arum,  f.  A  pass 
between  Greece  proper  and  Thes- 


THESPIENSES  —  TRAJICIO 


275 


saly,  formed  by  Mount  (Eta,  and 
the  Malian  gulf. 

Thespienses,  ium,  m.  The 
Thespians*  inhabitants  of  Thespiae, 
a  town  in  Bceotia. 

Thessalus,  a,  urn,  adj.  Of  or 
belonging  to  Thessaly.  Subs.  A 
Thessaiian. 

Thracia,  <e,  f.  Thrace,  a  coun- 
try in  the  southeast  of  Europe. 

Thrasybulus,  i,  m.  An  Athe- 
nian, the  liberator  of  Athens  from 
the  thirty  tyrants. 

Thrasymenus,  or  Trasime- 
mi s,  i,  m.  The  Luke  of  Perugia, 
in  Etruria. 

Thrax,  ads,  m.  A  Thracian, 
inhabitant  of  Thrace. 

Thucydides,  is,  m.  An  Athe- 
nian histori.m. 

Thurii,  drum,  m.  A  city  of 
Lucania,  in  Italy ;  also,  by  meton- 
ymy, the  inhabitants  of  Thurii. 

Ti.  abbrev.  for  Tiberius. 

Tiberis,  is,  m.  The  River  Ti- 
ber, on  which  Rome  is  situated. 

Tiberius,  i,  m.  Longus,  a  Ro- 
man consul,  defeated  by  Hannibal 
at  the  river  Trehia. 

tibia,  ee,  f.  The  shin-bone;  a 
pipe,  flute. 

ti^illum,  *,  n.  (dim.  of  tignwri). 
A  small  log,  a  little  beam. 

tignum,  i,  n.  (tego).  A  log, 
beam. 

Timaeus,  i,  m.  A  Sicilian 
historian,  who  flourished  about 
B.  C.  260. 

timeo,  ere,  ui,  v.  tr.  and  intr. 
To  fear,  dread. 

1 1  m  Id  us,  a,  urn,  adj.  (tlmeo). 
Fearful,  timid,  cowardly. 

timor,  dm,  m.  (tlmeo).  Fear, 
dread. 

tingo,  ere,  nxi,  nctum,  v.  tr.  To 
wet,  moisten,  steep. 


tintinnabulum,  i,  n.  (tlntin- 
no,  to  ring).  A  bell. 

tiro,  onis,  m.  A  newly  levied 
soldier ;  a  recruit. 

tirocinium,  i,  n.  (tiro}.  The 
military  service  of  a  young  soldier. 

Tissaphernes,  is,  m.  A  sa- 
trap of  Persia. 

tit  ui  us,  i,  m.  A  label;  a  title 
of  honor ;  a  cause,  a  reason  al- 
leged, pretext. 

tollo,  ere,  sustuli,  sitblatum,  v. 
tr.  To  raise,  extol ;  to  take,  re- 
move ;  to  kill,  cut  off. 

torqueo,  ere,  torsi,  tortum,  v.  tr. 
To  twist ;  to  torment,  perplex. 

tot,  indecL  adj.    So  many. 

totidem,  num.  adj.  indecl.  (tdt 
and  the  demonstrative  affix  -dem). 
Just  so  many,  as  many. 

toties,  adv.  (tot).  So  often,  so 
many  times. 

totiis,  a,  um,  gen.  tdtius,  dat. 
tdti,  adj.  The  whole,  all. 

toxlcum,  i,  n.    A  poison. 

tracto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(intens.  of  trtiho).  To  draw  vio- 
lently ;  to  touch,  take  in  hand, 
handle. 

tract  us,  us,  m.  (traJio).  A 
drawing,  tract ;  a  belt. 

t rado,  or  trail sdo,  ere,  dldi, 
dltum,  v.  tr.  (trans,  do).  To  de- 
liver, give  up,  betray,  surrender ; 
to  hand  down,  transmit;  to  relate. 

traduco,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v.  tr. 
(trans,  duco).  To  bring  over,  con- 
vey from  one  place  to  another, 
transport ;  to  traduce. 

traglcus,  a,  um,  adj.    Tragic. 

traho,  ere,  xi,  ctum,  v.  tr.  To 
draw,  drag ;  to  derive  ;  to  receive ; 
to  prolong ;  to  lead ;  to  attract ;  to 
protract,  put  off,  delay. 

trajlcio,  ere,  jeci^jectum,  v.  tr. 
(tra?is,jacio).  To  throw  over;  to 


276 


TRANS  —  TUM 


cany  over,  transport,  transfer ;  to 
strike  through,  pierce,  transfix. 

trans,  prep,  with  ace.  On  the 
farther  side  of,  beyond. 

transcendo,  ere,  di,  sum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  (trans,  scando,to  climb). 
To  climb  or  step  over ;  to  pass  over. 

trail s-eo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  Uum,  v. 
irr.  To  go  or  pass  over. 

trans-fero,  ferre,  tali,  Idtum, 
\.  irr.  To  carry,  bring,  or  convey 
from  one  place  to  another ;  to 
transfer,  transport. 

trans-igo,  ere,  eyi,  actum,  v.  tr. 
(ago}.  To  drive  or  thrust  through ; 
to  spend  time ;  to  perform,  trans- 
act ;  to  conclude,  settle. 

transitus,  us,  m.  (transeo).  A 
going  over,  passage. 

trans-porto,  are,  avi,  atum,  v. 
tr.  To  carry  over,  transport. 

Trebia,  a,  f.  A  river  in  Gallia 
Cispadana. 

trecenti,  ce,  a,  num.  adj.  (ires, 
centum).  Three  hundred. 

tredecim,  num.  adj.  indecl. 
(tres,  deccm).  Thirteen. 

trepldo,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  intr. 
(treptdus,  alarmed).  To  hurry 
with  alarm ;  to  bustle  about  in  a 
state  of  confusion ;  to  tremble. 

tres,tria,  gen.trium,  num.  adj. 
Three. 

Tribal!  i,  drum,  m.  A  Thracian 
tribe  in  Mcesia,  on  the  Danube. 

tribunal,  alls,  n.  (tribwius,  a 
tribune).  A  judgment-seat,  tri- 
bunal. 

tribuo,  ere,  ui,  utum,  v.  tr.  To 
assign,  impart,  allot,  bestow,  give, 
grant,  ascribe. 

tricor,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(trices,  trifles).  To  trifle  ;  to  play 
tricks. 

triduum,  i,  n.  (tres,  dies).  The 
space  of  three  days. 


tricnuium,  i,  n.  (tres,  annus). 
The  space  of  three  years 

trieris,  is,  f.  A  trireme,  ship  or 
galley  with  three  banks"  of  oars. 

trigesimus,  a,  um,  num.  adj. 
(Iriginta).  The  thirtieth. 

triginta,  num.  adj.  indecl. 
(tres).  Thirty. 

triplex,  ids,  ndj.  (tres,  pllco,  to 
fold).  Threefold;  triple 

tripudio,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  intr. 
(tripiidium,  a  religious  dance).  To 
dance,  skip. 

triremis,  e,  adj.  (tres,  remits, 
an  oar).  Having  three  rows  or 
benches  of  oars. 

tristis,  e,  adj.  Sad,  sorrowful, 
mournful,  dejected ;  dismal,  af- 
flicting; morose,  sullen;  cruel, 
austere ;  grave,  solemn. 

Trcezen,  enis,  or  -ene,es,  f.  A 
city  of  Argolis  in  the  Peloponne- 
sus. 

Troja,  «?,  f.  Troy,  a  city  of 
Phrygia. 

Trojilnus,  a,um,  iidj.  (Troja}. 
Of  or  belonging  to  Troy,  Trojan. 

tropaBum,  i,  n.  A  trophy, 
sign,  or  token  of  victory. 

trucido,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(triuc,  savage,  caedo).  To  cut  to 
pieces,  slay,  cruelly  butcher. 

trunco,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(truncus}.  To  maim,  mutilate, 
cut  off. 

truncus, «,  m.  The  stem,  stock, 
or  trunk  of  a  tree. 

tu,  tui,  pers.  pron.    Thou. 

tueor,  eri,  tultus  or  tutus  sum, 
v.  dep.  To  look  at,  see,  behold  ; 
to  look  to,  care  for,  maintain,  sup- 
port ;  to  defend,  protect. 

turn,  adv.  Then,  at  that  time. 
When  quum  and  turn  follow  one 
another  in  s'uccessivc  clauses, 
quum  signifies  both,  turn  and. 


TUMEO  —  UNITS 


277 


tilmeo,  ere,  v.  intr.    To  swell. 
•tumor,   oris,    m.    (tilmeo).    A 
swelling;    excitement  from    any 
passion,  as  pride,  anger,  etc. 

tumultuor,  ari,  atus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (tumultus).  To  make  "a  dis- 
turbance ;  to  be  in  great  agitation 
or  confusion  ;  to  raise  a  tumult. 

tumult  us,  us,  m.  (tiimeo).  Tu- 
mult, uproar;  sudden  and  dan- 
gerous war. 

tumulus,  f,  m.  (tumeo).  A 
mound,  hillock;  sepulchre,  tomb. 

tune,  adv.  (turn,  with  the  em- 
phatic suffix  -ce).  Then,  at  that 
time. 

turba,  ce,  f.  A  tumult,  crowd, 
throng. 

turbo,  are,  am,  dtum,  v.  tr. 
(turba).  To  disturb,  confuse ;  to 
throw  into  disorder  or  confusion. 

turbulentus,  «,  um,  adj.  (tur- 
ba). Full  of  trouble,  confused, 
disturbed ;  turbid,  muddy. 

turpis,  e,  adj.  Ugly,  disagree- 
able, base. 

turplter,  adv.  (turpis).  Basely. 

tutela,  a,  f.  (tucor).  Keeping 
chnrge,  care,  protection. 

tuto,  adv.  (tutus).  Safely,  se- 
curely, 

tutor,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dcp. 
'(tueor).  To  protect. 

tutus,  a,um,  adj.  (tueor).  Safe, 
secure,  out  of  danger. 

tuus,  a,  urn,  adj.  pron.  (tu).  Thy, 
thine. 

tympanum,  t,  n.    A  drum. 

tyrannis,  tdis,  f.  (ti/rannus). 
Tyranny,  usurped  sovereignty. 

tyrannus,  it  m.  A  king,  ruler, 
despot,  tyrant,  usurper,  autocrat. 

Tyrius,  a,  urn,  adj.  (Tyrus). 
Of  or  belonging  to  Tyre,  Tyrian. 
Subs.  Tyrii,  drum,  m.  The 
Tyrians,  inhabitants  of  Tyre. 


Tyrus,  i,  f.  Tyre,  a  city  of 
Phoenicia. 

u. 

ubi,  adv.    "Where,  when. 

ulcisCor,  i,  ultus  sum,  v.  dcp. 
To  avenge  one's  self  on ;  to  take 
vengeance  on,  avenge. 

ulius,  a,  um,  gen.  ulllus,  adj. 
(contr.  from  unulus,  unus).  Any, 
any  one. 

ulterior,  us,  gen.  oris,  sup.  ul- 
tlmus,  adj.  (uls,  obs.,  beyond).  On 
the  farther  side  of,  beyond. 

ultimus,  a,  um.  sup.  of  ulterior, 
adj.  Farthest,  last. 

ultio,  onis,  f.  (ulciscor}.  A  tak- 
ing vengeance,  avenging,  revenge. 

ultor,  oris,  m.  (ulciscor).  A 
punisher,  avenger. 

ultro,  adv.  Of  one's  own  ac- 
cord, voluntarily. 

ululatus,  us,  m.  (ululo,  to 
howl).  A  wailing,  shrieking. 

umquam,  adv.    See  unqnam. 

uuda,  ce,  f.    A  wave,  water. 

untie,  adv.  Whence,  from 
what  place,  by  what  means. 

undecim,  num.  adj.  inclecl. 
(units,  decem).  Eleven. 

undlque,  adv.  (unde,  que). 
From  all  parts,  sides,  or  places, 
from  every  quarter,  on  all  sides. 

unguis,  is,  m.  A  nail,  claw, 
talon,  hoof. 

ungiila,  ce,  f.  (unguis).  A  hoof. 

uiucus,  a,  um,  adj.  (unus).  One 
and  no  more,  only,  sole. 

uiiiversus,  a,  um,  adj.  (units, 
verto).  The  whole,  altogether, 
universal. 

uuquam,  adv.  (contr.  from 
unum,  quam).  At  any  time,  ever. 

unus,  a,  um,  gen.  unius,  dat. 
uni,  num.  adj.  One,  alone. 


278 


URBS  —  VEHICULUM 


urbs,  urbisj  f.    A  city,  town. 

usque,  adv.  Constantly,  al- 
ways ;  all  the  way  to,  as  far  as ; 
as  long  as ;  even  unto,  until ;  even. 

usus,  a,  um,  part.     Sec  utor. 

usus,  us,  m.  (Utor}.  Use,  experi- 
ence ;  advantage ;  need ;  intimacy. 

ut,  or  uti,  conj.  and  adv.  That, 
when,  as  soon  as;  how,  as; 
though. 

ut-cunque,  adv.  However, 
in  what  way  soever,  in  one  way 
or  another. 

uter,  tra,  trum.  gen.  utrius,  dat. 
utri,  adj.  Whether  of  the  two, 
which. 

uter-que,  utrcique,  iitrumque, 
gen.  iitriusque,  adj.  Both  the  one 
and  the  other  ;  both,  each. 

uti.    Seettf. 

utilis,  e,  adj.  (utor).  Useful, 
profitable,  advantageous. 

utilitas,  atis,  f.  (utilis).  Use, 
utility,  usefulness ;  profit,  advan- 
tage. 

uti-nam,  adv.  0  that!  I  wish 
that!  would  that ! 

uti-que,  adv.  Certainly,  there- 
fore. 

utor,  i,  usus  sum,  v.  dep.  To 
use,  employ ;  to  occupy,  enjoy. 

utpote,  adv.    As,  as  being. 

utrinque,  adv.  (uterque).  On 
both  sides; 

utrobique,  adv.  (liter).  On 
both  sides,  everywhere. 

fit  rum,  adv.  (uter).    Whether. 

uva,  a,  f.  A  bunch  or  cluster 
of  grapes. 

uxor,  dris,  f.    A  wife,  spouse. 

v. 

vacatio,  onis,  f.  (vdco,  to  be 
free  from).  Freedom,  exemption, 
immunity. 


vacca,  ce,  f.    A  cow. 

vado,  ere,  vdsi,  vdsum,  v.  intr. 
To  go,  walk. 

vadum,  i,  n.  Water ;  shallow 
water. 

vagor,  dri%  Wtus  sum,  v.  dep. 
To  roam  or  stroll  about. 

valens,  entis,  adj.  (vdleo).  In 
good  health  ;  strong,  powerful. 

valeo,  ere,  ui,  ttum,  v.  intr.  To 
be  in  health ;  to  be  strong,  be 
able,  be  powerful ;  to  prevail ;  to 
flourish. 

valetudo,  fnis,  f.  (vdleo).  The 
constitution  or  bodily  health ; 
state  of  health. 

valide,  comp.  rdlidius,  sup. 
v&lldisslme,  adv.  (rdlco).  Stoutly, 
vehemently. 

vallum,  i,  n.  (rallus,  a  stake). 
A  rampart  of  earth  set  with  pali- 
sades, an  intrenchment,  fortifica- 
tion, bulwark. 

vanus,  «,  um,  adj.    Vain. 

varie,  adv.  (vdrius).  Vari- 
ously, in  different  ways. 

varius,  a,  um,  adj.  Diverse,  dif- 
ferent, various  ;  unlike,  inconstant. 

vas,  vasis,  plur.  idsa,  drum,  n. 
A  vessel ;  furniture. 

vastus,  a,  um,  adj.  Immense, 
vast,  huge. 

vaticmor,  art,  atus  sum,  v. 
dep.  (cafes,  a  prophet).  To  fore- 
tell, predict,  prophesy. 

ve,  conj.  enclitic,  or  used  only 

at  the  end  of  words.     Or,  either. 

vectigal,  alis,  n.  (reho).  Money 

paid  for  freight  or  carriage ;  toll, 

tax,  impost;  revenue,  income. 

vectus,  a,  um,  part.  (veho). 
Carried.  Subs.  A  passenger. 

vehemens,  entis,  adj.  Fierce, 
savage. 

vehlculum,  i,  n.'  (reho).  A  car- 
riage, vehicle. 


VEHO  —  VEXO 


279 


veho,  Sre,  vcxi,  rectum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  To  bear,  carry ;  to  be 
borne ;  to  ride. 

vel,  conj.  Or,  either;  even; 
vel —  vel,  cither — or. 

velocitas,  atis,  f.  (velox).  Swift- 
ness, speed,  nimbleness. 

velox,  ocis,  adj.   Swift,  nimble. 

velum,  i,  n.  (contr.  from  vehu- 
lum,  from  veho).  A  veil,  curtain ; 
sail. 

vgl-ut,  or  vel-uti,  adv.  As, 
like  as,  even  as,  just  as  ;  as  if. 

veiians,  ntis,  m.  and  f.  (prop, 
pavticip.  of  venor).  A  hunter. 

vendito,  are,  dvi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(freq.  of  vendo).  To  offer  again 
and  n  gain  for  sale ;  to  try  to  sell. 

vendo,  ere,  didi,  dltum,  v.  tr. 
(contr.  from  venum,  sale,  and  do). 
To  sell. 

venenatus,  a,  um,  adj.  (veneno, 
to  poison).  Infected  with  poison ; 
venomous,  poisonous. 

venenum,  i,  n.  A  drug,  poison. 

veneror,  art,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
To  worship,  adore,  venerate. 

venia,  «,  f.  Indulgence,  grace; 
leave,  permission ;  pardon. 

venio,  ire,  veni,  ventum,  v.  intr. 
To  come  ;  usu  venire,  to  happen. 

venor,  dri,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
To  hunt,  pursue. 

venter,  tris,  m.  The  belly, 
stomach. 

ventus,  *,  m.    The  wind. 

Venus,  eris,  f.  Venus,  the  god- 
dess of  love. 

Vgnusia,  <z,  f.  A  town  on  the 
borders  of  Apulia  and  Lucania, 
now  Venosa. 

verbosus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (verbum). 
Full  of  words,  wordy,  verbose. 

verbum,  i,  n.  A  word,  saying, 
speech;  dare  verba,  to  impose 
upon. 


vere,  adv.  (rents).  Truly,  in- 
deed, verily,  accurately. 

vereor,  eri,  ttus  sum,  v.  dep. 
To  revere,  reverence ;  to  fear, 
dread,  apprehend. 

veritas,  atis,  f.  (verus).  Truth. 

vero,  adv.  '(verus).  But,  truly, 
indeed. 

versor,  ari,  atus  sum,  v.  dep. 
(verto).  To  be  employed,  engaged, 
or  occupied ;  to  be  conversant ; 
to  be  ;  to  live,  dwell. 

versus,  us,  m.  (verto).  A  verse 
in  poetry;  a  sentence  or  line  in 
prose. 

verto,  &re,  vcrti,  versum,  v.  tr. 
and  intr.  To  turn ;  to  change. 

verum,  conj.  (verus).  In  truth, 
but. 

verum,  it  n.  (verus).  The 
truth. 

verus,  a,  um,  adj.  True,  real, 
sincere,  just. 

vescor,  i,  v.  dep.  To  eat,  de- 
vour. 

vespa,  ee,  f.    A  wasp. 

vester,  tra,  trum,  adj.  pron. 
(vos).  Your,  yours. 

vestigium,  i,  n.  A  footstep, 
step,  track. 

vestimentuni,  i,  n.  (vestis).  A 
garment,  any  kind  of  clothing, 
raiment,  apparel. 

vestio,  ire,  ivi,  ition,  v.  tr.  (ves- 
tis). To  clothe,  dress. 

vestis,  is,  f.  A  garment,  robe, 
attire. 

veteranus,  a,  um,  adj.  (vetus). 
Old,  veteran.  Subs,  veterdni  (sc. 
milltes),  drum,  m.  Experienced 
soldiers,  veterans. 

veto,  are,  ui,  ttum,  v.  tr.  To 
forbid ;  to  hinder,  prevent. 

ve"tus,  Sris,  comp.  rare;  sup. 
vgterrtmus,  adj.  Old. 

vexo,  are,  dvi,  atum,  v.  tr.  (in- 


280 


VIA  — VITIS 


tens,  of  veho).  To  shake,  maltreat, 
abuse;  to  injure,  annoy,  vex,  mo- 
lest ;  to  toss  about. 

via,  &,  f.  A  highway,  road, 
street,  path,  way. 

viator,  oris,  m.  (via).  A  trav- 
eller. 

vicesimus,  a,  urn,  num.  adj. 
(viginti).  The  twentieth. 

vielnitas,  atts,  f.  (vicinus). 
Neighborhood,  nearness,  vicinity ; 
the  people  in  the  neighborhood. 

vicinus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (vicus). 
Neighboring. 

vicis,  gen.  [nom.  wanting ;  vl- 
cem,  vice;  plur.  nom.  and  ace. 
vices,  dat.  and  abl.  vtctbus],  f. 
Change,  lot,  condition,  fortune. 

victor,  oris,  m.  (vinco).  A  con- 
queror, victor* 

victoria,  ce,  f.  (victor}.  Victory. 

victus,  a,  um,  part.     See  vinco. 

victus,  us,  m.  (vivo).  Food, 
sustenance,  victuals;  manner  of 
living. 

vicus,  i,  m.  A  street ;  village, 
hamlet. 

video,  ere,  vldi,  visum,  v.  tr. 
To  see,  perceive,  or  understand. 
Pass,  videor,  eri,  visits  sum.  To  be 
seen;  to  seem,  appear;  to  seem 
good,  right,  or  proper. 

vigeo,  ere,  id,  v.  intr.  To  be 
fresh,  strong,  vigorous ;  to  flour- 
ish, prosper. 

vigil,  His,  adj.  (rigeo).  Awake, 
on  the  alert,  watchful. 

viginti,  num.  adj.  indecl. 
Twenty. 

vilis,  e,  adj.    Worthless,  vile. 

vincio,  ire,  vinxi,  vinctum,  v. 
tr.  To  bind,  fetter. 

vinco,  ere,  vici,  victum,  v.  tr. 
To  comucr,  overcome,  subdue, 
vanquish. 

vinrulum,  i,  n.   (vincio}.     A 


band,  bond,  fetter,  chain  ;  prison, 
imprisonment. 

vindico,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(vetmm,  sale,  dlco).  To  lay  claim 
to  as  one's  own ;  to  avenge,  take 
vengeance,  revenge ;  to  defend  ; 
libertatem  or  se  in  libertatem  vin- 
dicare,  to  assert  one's  liberty. 

vindicta,  a,  f.  (vindico).  Re- 
venge. 

vlnea,  ce,  f.  A  vineyard;  a 
vine;  a  shed  or  mantlet;  a  war- 
like machine  made  of  wood  and 
hurdles,  covered  with  earth,  raw 
hides,  or  any  materials  that  could 
not  easily  be  set  on  fire.  These 
vinecc  were,  in  assaults,  pushed 
forward  on  wheels,  and  the  be- 
siegers under  them  either  worked 
the  battering-ram  or  undermined 
the  walls. 

vinum,  i,  n.    Wine. 

violenter,  adv.  (vidlens,  vio- 
lent). Vehemently,  violently. 

violo,  are,  am,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(vis).  To  hurt,  injure,  violate. 

vipera,  ce,  f.    A  viper. 

vir,  viri,  m.     A  man,  husband. 

virgo,  inis,  f.  (vlreo,  to  bloom). 
A  maiden,  virgin,  unmarried  wo- 
man. 

virtus,  utis,  f.  (vir).  Manliness, 
virtue,  valor,  courage ;  virtue, 
merit,  worth. 

vis,  vis,  dat.  sing,  rare,  f.  Force, 
strength,  violence  ;  a  host ;  quan- 
tity; plur.  vires,  ium.  Strength, 
power. 

viso,  ere,  si,  sum,  v.  tr.  (intens. 
of  video).  To  look  at  attentively; 
to  go  or  come  to  see,  visit ;  to  see, 
behold. 

vita,  <p.,  f.  (contr.  from  victa, 
vivo).  Life,  way  of  living. 

vltis,  ?s,  f.  A  vine;  a  grape- 
vine. 


VITIUM  —  ZOPYRION 


281 


vitium,  t,  n.  Vice,  defect,  fault, 
blemish. 

vlto,  arc,  ad,  atum,  v.  tr.  To 
shun,  avoid. 

vltulus,  i,  m.    A  calf. 

vitupero,  arc,  ad,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(cltium,paro}.  To  find  fault  with, 
censure,  blame. 

vivo,  ere,  vizi,  victum,  v.  intr. 
To  live. 

vlvus,  a,  urn,  adj.  (clco).  Alive, 
living;  lively. 

vix,  adv.  With  difficulty,  hard- 
ly, scarcely. 

v5eito,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(freq.  of  TOCO}.  To  call  frequently. 

voco,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr.  (vox). 
To  call,  name;  to  summon. 

volo,  velle,  volui,  v.  irr.  To 
wish  ;  to  be  willing ;  to  will,  wish, 
choose. 

v51ucer,  cris,  e,  adj.  (vdlo,  to 
fly).  Flying,  winged;  swift. 

volucris,  is,  f.  (v&lo,  to  fly). 
Anything  flying ;  a  bird ;  fly. 

volumen,  Inis,  n.  (volvo,  to 
roll).  A  rolling,  fold;  volume, 
book,  part  of  a  book. 

vSluntas,  atis,  f.  (rtffo).  Will, 
wish,  desire,  pleasure;  good  will, 
affection. 

voluptas,  atis,  f.  (vdlupe,  agree- 
ably). Pleasure. 

voluto,  arc,  ar.i,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(intcns.  of  volro,  to  roll).  To  roll 
about ;  to  wallow, 


votum,  i,  n.  (vdveo,  to  vow). 
A  vow ;  a  votive  otfering ;  a  wish. 

vox,  vocis,  f.  A  voice,  sound, 
cry  ;  exclamation. 

vulgaris,  e,  adj.  (culgus).  Com- 
mon. 

valgo,  adv.  Publicly,  every- 
where. 

vulgus,  f,  n.  sometimes  m. 
The- great  mass,  the  common  peo- 
ple, the  mob,  populace. 

vulnero,  are,  avi,  atum,  v.  tr. 
(oulnus).  To  wound. 

vulnus,  eris,  n.  A  wound; 
calamity,  misfortune. 

vulpeciila,  ce,  f.  (dim.  of  vul- 
pes).  A  little  fox. 

vulpes,  is,  f.    A  fox. 

Vulso,  onis,  m.  Cn.  Manlius, 
a  Roman  consul. 

vultus,  us,  m.  (vtilo).  The 
countenance,  looks. 

x. 

Xerxes,  is,  m.  Xerxes,  son  of 
Darius  I.,  king  of  Persia. 

z. 

Zama,  ce,  f.  A  town  of  Africa 
ProprLi,  near  which  Hannibal  was 
defeated  by  Scipio. 

Zopyrion,  onis,  m.  Zopyrion, 
one  of  Alexander's  generals. 


BOOK 


*•*•  -oEIjOW         '  E 

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